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Rosas-Moreno J, Walker C, Duffy K, Krüger C, Krüger M, Robinson CH, Pittman JK. Isolation and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from an abandoned uranium mine and their role in soil-to-plant transfer of radionuclides and metals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162781. [PMID: 36906011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were recovered from soil samples from the naturally radioactive soil at the long-abandoned South Terras uranium mine in Cornwall, UK. Species of Rhizophagus, Claroideoglomus, Paraglomus, Septoglomus, and Ambispora were recovered, and pot cultures from all except Ambispora were established. Cultures were identified to species level using morphological observation and rRNA gene sequencing combined with phylogenetic analysis. These cultures were used in pot experiments designed with a compartmentalised system to assess the contribution of fungal hyphae to the accumulation of essential elements, such as copper and zinc, and non-essential elements, such as lead, arsenic, thorium, and uranium into root and shoot tissues of Plantago lanceolata. The results indicated that none of the treatments had any positive or negative impact on shoot and root biomass. However, Rhizophagus irregularis treatments showed higher accumulation of copper and zinc in shoots, while R. irregularis and Septoglomus constrictum enhanced arsenic accumulation in roots. Moreover, R. irregularis increased uranium concentration in roots and shoots of the P. lanceolata plant. This study provides useful insight into fungal-plant interactions that determine metal and radionuclide transfer from soil into the biosphere at contaminated sites such as mine workings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Rosas-Moreno
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christopher Walker
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 21A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Katie Duffy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Claudia Krüger
- Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Clare H Robinson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jon K Pittman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Unipartite and bipartite mycorrhizal networks of Abies religiosa forests: Incorporating network theory into applied ecology of conifer species and forest management. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2022.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Singh PP, Srivastava D, Shukla S, Varsha. Rhizophagus proliferus genome sequence reiterates conservation of genetic traits in AM fungi, but predicts higher saprotrophic activity. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Błaszkowski J, Niezgoda P, Meller E, Milczarski P, Zubek S, Malicka M, Uszok S, Casieri L, Goto BT, Magurno F. New taxa in Glomeromycota: Polonosporaceae fam. nov., Polonospora gen. nov., and P. polonica comb. nov. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhylogenetic analyses of sequences of the nuc rDNA small subunit (18S), internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), and large subunit (28S) region (= 18S-ITS-28S), as well as sequences of this region concatenated with sequences of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) gene, proved that the species originally described as Acaulospora polonica (phylum Glomeromycota) represents a new genus and a new family of the ancient order Archaeosporales, here introduced into the Glomeromycota under the names Polonospora and Polonosporaceae, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses and BLASTn queries also indicated that the Polonosporaceae with P. polonica comb. nov. still contains several morphologically undescribed taxa at the ranks of genus and species, which have a worldwide distribution.
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Kolaříková Z, Slavíková R, Krüger C, Krüger M, Kohout P. PacBio sequencing of Glomeromycota rDNA: a novel amplicon covering all widely used ribosomal barcoding regions and its applicability in taxonomy and ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:490-499. [PMID: 33780549 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is no consensus barcoding region for determination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) taxa. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed an approach to sequence an AMF marker within the ribosome-encoding operon (rDNA) that covers all three widely applied variable molecular markers. Using a nested PCR approach specific to AMF, we amplified a part (c. 2.5 kb) of the rDNA spanning the majority of the small subunit rRNA (SSU) gene, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and a part of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene. The PCR products were sequenced on the PacBio platform utilizing Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) sequencing. Employing this method for selected environmental DNA samples, we were able to describe complex AMF communities consisting of various glomeromycotan lineages. We demonstrate the applicability of this new 2.5 kb approach to provide robust phylogenetic assignment of AMF lineages without known sequences from pure cultures and to consolidate information about AMF taxon distributions coming from three widely used barcoding regions into one integrative dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kolaříková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Slavíková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Krüger
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, CZ-142 20, Czech Republic
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Melo CD, Walker C, Freitas H, Machado AC, Borges PAV. Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Terceira and São Miguel Islands (Azores). Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e49759. [PMID: 32280296 PMCID: PMC7142165 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e49759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data, presented here, come from samples collected during three research projects which aimed to assess the impact of land-use type on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) diversity and community composition in pastures of Terceira Island (Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal) and also in the native forest of two Azorean Islands (Terceira and São Miguel; Azores, Macaronesia, Portugal). Both projects contributed to improving the knowledge of AMF community structure at both local and regional scales. NEW INFORMATION Little is known on the AMF communities from Azores islands and this study reports the first survey in two Azorean Islands (Terceira and São Miguel). A total of 18,733 glomeromycotan spores were classified at the species level from 244 field soil samples collected in three different habitat types - native forests (dominated by Juniperus brevifolia and Picconia azorica), semi-natural and intensively-managed pastures. Thirty-seven distinct spore morphotypes, representing ten glomeromycotan families, were detected. Species of the family Acaulosporaceae dominated the samples, with 13 species (38% of the taxa), followed by Glomeraceae (6 spp.), Diversisporaceae (4 spp.), Archaeosporaceae (3 spp.), Claroideoglomeraceae (3 spp.), Gigasporaceae (3 spp.), Ambisporaceae and Paraglomeraceae, both with the same number of AMF species (2 spp.), Sacculosporaceae (1 sp.) and Entrophospora (family insertae sedis). Members of the family Acaulosporaceae occurred almost exclusively in the native forests especially associated with the Picconia azorica rhizosphere, while members of Gigasporaceae family showed a high tendency to occupy the semi-natural pastures and the native forests of Picconia azorica. Members of Glomeraceae family were broadly distributed by all types of habitat which confirm the high ecological plasticity of this AMF family to occupy the more diverse habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Drumonde Melo
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, PortugalcE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, AzoresPortugal
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401, Coimbra, PortugalCFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401CoimbraPortugal
| | - Christopher Walker
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, EH3 5LR, Edinburgh, United KingdomRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, EH3 5LREdinburghUnited Kingdom
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6009, Crawley, AustraliaSchool of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA 6009CrawleyAustralia
| | - Helena Freitas
- CFE – Centre for FunctionalCFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401, Coimbra, PortugalCFE – Centre for FunctionalCFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401CoimbraPortugal
| | - Artur Câmara Machado
- CBA-UAç – Biotechnology Center of Azores, Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Rua Capitão D´Ávila, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, PortugalCBA-UAç – Biotechnology Center of Azores, Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Rua Capitão D´Ávila, 9700-042Angra do HeroísmoPortugal
| | - Paulo A. V. Borges
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, PortugalcE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores - Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente, Rua Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, AzoresPortugal
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Environmental factors driving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with endemic woody plant Picconiaazorica on native forest of Azores. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important key roles in the soil ecosystems as they link plants to the root-inaccessible part of soil. The aims of this study were to investigate which environmental factors influence the spatial and temporal structuring of AMF communities associated to Picconia azorica in two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel islands), and investigate the seasonal variation in AMF communities between the two islands.
Methods
Communities of AMF associated with P. azorica in native forest of two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel) were characterised by spore morphology or molecular analysis.
Results
Forty-five AMF spore morphotypes were detected from the four fragments of P. azorica forest representing nine families of AMF. Acaulosporaceae (14) and Glomeraceae (9) were the most abundant families. AMF density and root colonisation varied significantly between islands and sampling sites. Root colonisation and spore density exhibited temporal patterns, which peaked in spring and were higher in Terceira than in São Miguel. The relative contribution of environmental factors showed that factors such as elevation, relative air humidity, soil pH, and soil available P, K, and Mg influenced AMF spore production and root colonisation.
Conclusion
Different sporulation patterns exhibited by the members of the commonest families suggested different life strategies. Adaptation to a particular climatic and soil condition and host phenology may explain seasonal differences in sporulation patterns. Cohorts of AMF associated to P. azorica are shaped by regional processes including environmental filters such as soil properties and natural disturbance.
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Lu N, Xu X, Wang P, Zhang P, Ji B, Wang X. Succession in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be attributed to a chronosequence of Cunninghamia lanceolata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18057. [PMID: 31792242 PMCID: PMC6889488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in plant-fungi communities. It remains a central question of how the AM fungal community changes as plants grow. To establish an understanding of AM fungal community dynamics associated with Chinese fir, Chinese fir with five different growth stages were studied and 60 root samples were collected at the Jiangle National Forestry Farm, Fujian Province. A total of 76 AM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by high-throughput sequencing on an Illumina Miseq platform. The genera covered by OTUs were Glomus, Archaeospora, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Diversispora. Glomus dominated the community in the whole stage. The number and composition of OTUs varied along with the host plant growth. The number of OTUs showed an inverted V-shaped change with the host plant age, and the maximum occurred in 23-year. Overall, the basic species diversity and richness in this study were stable. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis based on bray-curtis distance revealed that there were remarkable differentiations between the 9-year and other stages. Besides, AM fungal community in 32-year had a significant difference with that of 23-year, while no significant difference with that of 45-year, suggesting that 32-year may be a steady stage for AM fungi associated with Chinese fir. The cutting age in 32-year may be the most favorable for microbial community. The pH, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, available K, organic matter and Mg varied as the Chinese fir grows. According to Mantel test and redundancy analysis, available N, available P, K and Mg could exert significant influence on AM fungal communities, and these variables explained 31% of variance in the composition of AM fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Lu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuelei Xu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Experimental Forest Farm, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Baoming Ji
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation Joint-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Davison J, Moora M, Öpik M, Ainsaar L, Ducousso M, Hiiesalu I, Jairus T, Johnson N, Jourand P, Kalamees R, Koorem K, Meyer JY, Püssa K, Reier Ü, Pärtel M, Semchenko M, Traveset A, Vasar M, Zobel M. Microbial island biogeography: isolation shapes the life history characteristics but not diversity of root-symbiotic fungal communities. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2211-2224. [PMID: 29884829 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Island biogeography theory is one of the most influential paradigms in ecology. That island characteristics, including remoteness, can profoundly modulate biological diversity has been borne out by studies of animals and plants. By contrast, the processes influencing microbial diversity in island systems remain largely undetermined. We sequenced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal DNA from plant roots collected on 13 islands worldwide and compared AM fungal diversity on islands with existing data from mainland sites. AM fungal communities on islands (even those >6000 km from the closest mainland) comprised few endemic taxa and were as diverse as mainland communities. Thus, in contrast to patterns recorded among macro-organisms, efficient dispersal appears to outweigh the effects of taxogenesis and extinction in regulating AM fungal diversity on islands. Nonetheless, AM fungal communities on more distant islands comprised a higher proportion of previously cultured and large-spored taxa, indicating that dispersal may be human-mediated or require tolerance of significant environmental stress, such as exposure to sunlight or high salinity. The processes driving large-scale patterns of microbial diversity are a key consideration for attempts to conserve and restore functioning ecosystems in this era of rapid global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia.
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Leho Ainsaar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Marc Ducousso
- CIRAD UMR082 LSTM, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Inga Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Nancy Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5694, USA
| | | | - Rein Kalamees
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Jean-Yves Meyer
- Délégation à la Recherche de la Polynésie française, Bâtiment du Gouvernement, Avenue Pouvanaa a Oopa, B.P. 20981, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Kersti Püssa
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Ülle Reier
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Marina Semchenko
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies, CSIC-UIB, Miquel Marqués 21, Esporles, 07190, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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Wang X, Sui X, Liu Y, Xiang L, Zhang T, Fu J, Li A, Yang P. N-P fertilization did not reduce AMF abundance or diversity but alter AMF composition in an alpine grassland infested by a root hemiparasitic plant. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:117-126. [PMID: 30175292 PMCID: PMC6114256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization has been shown to have suppressive effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and root hemiparasites separately in numerous investigations, but its effects on AMF in the presence of root hemiparasites remain untested. In view of the contrasting nutritional effects of AMF and root hemiparasites on host plants, we tested the hypothesis that fertilization may not show strong suppressive effects on AMF when a plant community was infested by abundant hemiparasitic plants. Plants and soil samples were collected from experimental field plots in Bayanbulak Grassland, where N and P fertilizers had been applied for three continuous years for control against a spreading root hemiparasite, Pedicularis kansuensis. Shoot and root biomass of each plant functional group were determined. Root AMF colonization levels, soil spore abundance, and extraradical hyphae length density were measured for three soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm). Partial 18S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect AMF diversity and community composition. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between relative abundance of different AMF genera and environmental factors using Spearman's correlation method. In contrast to suppressive effects reported by many previous studies, fertilization showed no significant effects on AMF root colonization or AMF species diversity in the soil. Instead, a marked increase in soil spore abundance and extraradical hyphae length density were observed. However, fertilization altered relative abundance and AMF composition in the soil. Our results support the hypothesis that fertilization does not significantly influence the abundance and diversity of AMF in a plant community infested by P. kansuensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiaolin Sui
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Juanjuan Fu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Airong Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peizhi Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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