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Badmos FO, Muhammad HL, Dabara A, Adefolalu F, Salubuyi S, Abdulkadir A, Oyetunji VT, Apeh DO, Muhammad HK, Mwanza M, Monjerezi M, Matumba L, Makun HA. Assessment of dietary exposure and levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State of Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:74-90. [PMID: 38109413 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2293998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This study reports levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State, Nigeria, and provides a comprehensive assessment of their potential health risks by combining mycotoxin levels and dietary exposure assessment. A total of 240 samples of red and white sorghum were collected from both stores and markets across four microclimatic zones. Fungal species were identified using a dilution plate method. Aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and ochratoxin (OTA) were quantified using HPLC, whereas cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins (FUMs) and zearalenone were quantified using ELISA. A. flavus and A. fumigatus were dominant fungal species followed by F. verticilloides, A. oryzae and P. verrucosum. Aflatoxins (mean: 29.97 µg/kg) were detected in all samples, whereas OTA (mean: 37.5 µg/kg) and FUMs (mean: 3269.8 µg/kg) were detected in 72% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Mycotoxins frequently co-occurred in binary mixtures of AFs + OTA and AFs + FUMs. Dietary exposure estimates were highest for FUMs at 230% of TDI and margin of exposures (MOEs) for both AFs and OTA (<10,000) indicating a potential risk associated with combined exposure to AFs and OTA. The Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma cases (HCC/year) attributable to AFs and OTA exposure from sorghum was estimated to be 5.99 × 105 and 0.24 × 105 cases for HBsAg + individuals based on 13.6% HBV incidence. Similarly, the HCC/year for AFs and OTA were assessed to be 3.59 × 105 and 0.14 × 105 at an 8.1% prevalence rate. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the high prevalence and dietary exposure to mycotoxins through sorghum consumption, raising public health and trade concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Omolola Badmos
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Lami Muhammad
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Achi Dabara
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola Adefolalu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Susan Salubuyi
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Abdulkadir
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Victor Tope Oyetunji
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Ojochenemi Apeh
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Kudu Muhammad
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Maurice Monjerezi
- Department of Animal Health, Northwest University, Mafikeng, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Centre for Resilient Agri-Food Systems (CRAFS), University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group-NRC, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Hussaini Anthony Makun
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
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Baseline Data of the Fungal Phytobiome of Three Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor) Cultivars in South Africa using Targeted Environmental Sequencing. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110978. [PMID: 34829265 PMCID: PMC8622221 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated fungi, or the mycobiome, inhabit plant surfaces above ground, reside in plant tissues as endophytes, or are rhizosphere in the narrow zone of soil surrounding plant roots. Studies have characterized mycobiomes of various plant species, but little is known about the sorghum mycobiome, especially in Africa, despite sorghum being one of the most important indigenous and commercial cereals in Africa. In this study, the mycobiome associated with above- and below-ground tissues of three commercial sorghum cultivars, as well as from rhizosphere and surrounding bulk soil samples, were sequenced using targeted sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Relative abundance differences between fungal communities were found between above-ground and below-ground niches, with most differences mostly in the dominant MOTUs, such as Davidiellaceae sp. (Cladosporium), Didymellaceae sp. 1 (Phoma), Fusarium, Cryptococcus and Mucor. Above-ground communities also appeared to be more diverse than below-ground communities, and plants harboured the most diversity. A considerable number of MOTUs were shared between the cultivars although, especially for NS5511, their abundances often differed. Several of the detected fungal groups include species that are plant pathogens of sorghum, such as Fusarium, and, at low levels, Alternaria and the Ustilaginomycetes. Findings from this study illustrate the usefulness of targeted sequencing of the ITS rDNA gene region (ITS2) to survey and monitor sorghum fungal communities and those from associated soils. This knowledge may provide tools for disease management and crop production and improvement.
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Althagafi AM, Alshegifi HM, Qussyier TS, Tobaiqy M, Abdalbasit M. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed in Saudi Arabia: review of occurrence and toxicity. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2021-1-174-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Mycotoxins are reported to have a considerable impact on the health of consumers. There has been plentiful research into the effects of mycotoxins, fungi, and bacteria on the safety and quality of food and feed. This research paper reviews the literature on mycotoxins.
Study objects and methods. The study focused on mycotoxins in food and feed produced in Saudi Arabia. We reviewed literature on the occurrence and health impacts of foodborne mycotoxins. We also studied the presence of mycotoxins in herbs, nuts, cereals, dried fruits and vegetables, infant formulas and baby foods, as well as dairy products. Finally, the paper offers a review of mycotoxin analysis methods.
Results and discussion. The findings showed that mycotoxins attract a lot of scientific interest in Saudi Arabia. Certain types of mycotoxins (zearalenone, aflatoxins) and fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus niger) were common in the samples (isolates) of products tested in the Saudi regions. Furthermore, the researchers used different techniques of analysis such as the HPLC method, dilution plate method, thin layer chromatography, total plate count method, and seed-plate method to detect, identify, and isolate mycotoxins.
Conclusion. Most importantly, the results showed that mycotoxins have serious health impacts on consumers and most of the contamination cases are caused by improper storage conditions and/or inappropriate handling and harvesting practices.
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El-Samawaty AERM, El-Wakil DA, Alamery S, Mahmoud MM. Potency of plant extracts against Penicillium species isolated from different seeds and fruits in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3294-3302. [PMID: 34121867 PMCID: PMC8176084 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal activity of extracts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) were evaluated in vitro against 17 Penicillium spp. Seed disease and rotten fruit caused by these species cause considerable loss of quality for different agricultural products. Isolates of Penicillium spp. were screened for production of patulin an important serious mycotoxin. About 70.59% of Penicillium spp. produced this toxin in concentrations ranging from 4 to 31 ppb. The response of Penicillium spp. to plant extracts differed according to the plant extract and concentration. Cinnamon extract showed the greatest effect on P. asperosporum, P. aurintogriseum and P. brevicompactum, and cloves extract produced the greatest effect on P. chermesinum and P. duclauxii. Turmeric extract had less effect on P. duclauxii. Cloves extract was the most effective in reducing the growth of Penicillium spp. On the other hand, ginger extract with all concentrations used had less effect against most Penicillium spp in the laboratory. Plant extracts are promising as natural sources of environmentally friendly compounds in laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deiaa A. El-Wakil
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salman Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M.H. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
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Barral B, Chillet M, Doizy A, Grassi M, Ragot L, Léchaudel M, Durand N, Rose LJ, Viljoen A, Schorr-Galindo S. Diversity and Toxigenicity of Fungi that Cause Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050339. [PMID: 32455651 PMCID: PMC7291148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of the fungi responsible for fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease in pineapple has been the subject of investigation for some time. This study describes the diversity and toxigenic potential of fungal species causing FCR in La Reunion, an island in the Indian Ocean. One-hundred-and-fifty fungal isolates were obtained from infected and healthy fruitlets on Reunion Island and exclusively correspond to two genera of fungi: Fusarium and Talaromyces. The genus Fusarium made up 79% of the isolates, including 108 F. ananatum, 10 F. oxysporum, and one F. proliferatum. The genus Talaromyces accounted for 21% of the isolated fungi, which were all Talaromyces stollii. As the isolated fungal strains are potentially mycotoxigenic, identification and quantification of mycotoxins were carried out on naturally or artificially infected diseased fruits and under in vitro cultures of potential toxigenic isolates. Fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1-FB2) and beauvericin (BEA) were found in infected fruitlets of pineapple and in the culture media of Fusarium species. Regarding the induction of mycotoxin in vitro, F.proliferatum produced 182 mg kg⁻1 of FB1 and F. oxysporum produced 192 mg kg⁻1 of BEA. These results provide a better understanding of the causal agents of FCR and their potential risk to pineapple consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Barral
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +262-2-62-49-27-88
| | - Marc Chillet
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Anna Doizy
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France;
| | - Maeva Grassi
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Laetitia Ragot
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Mathieu Léchaudel
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Noel Durand
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Lindy Joy Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa; (L.J.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa; (L.J.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (M.G.); (L.R.); (M.L.); (N.D.); (S.S.-G.)
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Husnan LA, Kahtani MA, Farag RM. Bioinformatics analysis of aflatoxins produced by Aspregillus sp. in basic consumer grain (corn and rice) in Saudi Arabia. POTRAVINARSTVO 2019. [DOI: 10.5219/1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The food contaminants by aflatoxins are inevitable even when all precautions and good agricultural practices are applied. Samples of white rice and corn (yellow, red) grains were collected from different local markets and houses. Three Aspergillus flavus strain isolated were identified using molecular characterization of AFLR (aflR) toxin gene. DNA genome of the three A. flavus isolates (namely A. flavus _ YC; A. flavus _ RC; A. flavus _ Rice) which corresponds to isolates from, yellow corn, red corn and white rice respectively were used as a template for PCR to amplify Aspergillus flavus AFLR (aflR) toxin gene. Partially sequenced was amplified using a specific primer set to confirm its identity, phylogenetic relationships between the three isolates as well as determination of the corresponding antigenic determinants. The epitope prediction analysis demonstrated that there were 1, 2, 3 and 4 epitopes whose score were equal 1 in A. flavus _ YC; A. flavus _ RC; A. flavus _ Rice, respectively. Interestingly, there were great dissimilarity in the epitope sequences among the three isolates except in RLQEGGDDAAGIPA, SPPPPVETQGLGGD, RPSESLPSARSEQG and PAHNTYSTPHAHTQ were found to be similar between all isolates. This work articulates that the molecular identification and characterization of three A. flavus using Aspergillus flavus AFLR (aflR) toxin gene and the unique antigenic determinants that could be used for design of a broad-spectrum antibody for rapid detection of A. flavus in foods and support quality system of food safety.
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Taxonomic revision of the biotechnologically important species Penicillium oxalicum with the description of two new species from acidic and saline soils. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Synthesis and production of the antitumor polyketide aurovertins and structurally related compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6373-6381. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Frisvad J. A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A very large number of filamentous fungi has been reported to produce the small lactone mycotoxins patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin. Among the 167 reported fungal producers of patulin, only production by 29 species could be confirmed. Patulin is produced by 3 Aspergillus species, 3 Paecilomyces species, 22 Penicillium species from 7 sections of Penicillium, and one Xylaria species. Among 101 reported producers of penicillic acid, 48 species could produce this mycotoxin. Penicillic acid is produced by 23 species in section Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati, by Malbranchea aurantiaca and by 24 Penicillium species from 9 sections in Penicillium and one species that does not actually belong to Penicillium (P. megasporum). Among 40 reported producers of moniliformin, five species have been regarded as doubtful producers of this mycotoxin or are now regarded as taxonomic synonyms. Moniliformin is produced by 34 Fusarium species and one Penicillium species. All the accepted producers of patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin were revised according to the new one fungus – one name nomenclatural system, and the most recently accepted taxonomy of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Mixed cropping regimes promote the soil fungal community under zero tillage. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:1055-1064. [PMID: 29270767 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-1005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi of yield soils represent a significant portion of the microbial biomass and reflect sensitivity to changes in the ecosystem. Our hypothesis was that crops included in cropping regimes under the zero tillage system modify the structure of the soil fungi community. Conventional and molecular techniques provide complementary information for the analysis of diversity of fungal species and successful information to accept our hypothesis. The composition of the fungal community varied according to different crops included in the cropping regimes. However, we detected other factors as sources of variation among them, season and sampling depth. The mixed cropping regimes including perennial pastures and one crop per year promote fungal diversity and species with potential benefit to soil and crop. The winter season and 0-5 cm depth gave the largest evenness and fungal diversity. Trichoderma aureoviride and Rhizopus stolonifer could be used for monitoring changes in soil under zero tillage.
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Ammar HA, Awny NM, Fahmy HM. Influence of environmental conditions of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus HFB1 on biocontrol of patulin produced by a novel apple contaminant isolate , A. terreus HAP1, in vivo and in vitro. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Molecular Characterization and Bioinformatics Analysis of ACT-toxin Produced by Alternaria spp. Isolated from Corn and Rice in Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abd-Elsalam KA, Hashim AF, Alghuthaymi MA, Said-Galiev E. Nanobiotechnological strategies for toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin control. FOOD PRESERVATION 2017:337-364. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804303-5.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Guerre P. Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E350. [PMID: 27886128 PMCID: PMC5198545 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, F-31076, France.
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Mahmoud MA. Detection of Aspergillus flavus in stored peanuts using real-time PCR and the expression of aflatoxin genes in toxigenic and atoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:289-96. [PMID: 25621617 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the main species from section Flavi responsible for aflatoxin accumulation in stored peanuts. Rapid methods to detect A. flavus could help to prevent aflatoxins from entering the food chain. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTi-PCR) assay was standardized for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of A. flavus in stored peanuts. A. flavus was detected in 53.6% and 50% of peanut samples by RTi-PCR and A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar culture, respectively, with 95% agreement between them. Twenty-two A. flavus isolates were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography for their capacity to produce aflatoxin AFB1 (B1). B1 was produced by >72% of the isolates. Sixteen isolates produced B1 at concentrations ranging from 1.64 to 109.18 μg/mL. Four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes (aflD, aflM, aflP, and aflQ) were evaluated using PCR and reverse-transcription PCR in 22 A. flavus isolates from peanut kernels with the aim of rapidly and accurately differentiating toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates. The PCR amplification of genes did not correlate with aflatoxin production capability. The expression of aflD and aflQ was a good marker for differentiating toxigenic from atoxigenic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
The genus Bipolaris includes important plant pathogens with worldwide distribution. Species recognition in the genus has been uncertain due to the lack of molecular data from ex-type cultures as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, we revise the genus Bipolaris based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, available ex-type cultures from worldwide collections and observation of type and additional specimens. Combined analyses of ITS, GPDH and TEF gene sequences were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the genus Bipolaris for species with living cultures. The GPDH gene is determined to be the best single marker for species of Bipolaris. Generic boundaries between Bipolaris and Curvularia are revised and presented in an updated combined ITS and GPDH phylogenetic tree. We accept 47 species in the genus Bipolaris and clarify the taxonomy, host associations, geographic distributions and species' synonymies. Modern descriptions and illustrations are provided for 38 species in the genus with notes provided for the other taxa when recent descriptions are available. Bipolaris cynodontis, B. oryzae, B. victoriae, B. yamadae and B. zeicola are epi- or neotypified and a lectotype is designated for B. stenospila. Excluded and doubtful species are listed with notes on taxonomy and phylogeny. Seven new combinations are introduced in the genus Curvularia to accomodate the species of Bipolaris transferred based on the phylogenetic analysis. A taxonomic key is provided for the morphological identification of species within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.S. Manamgoda
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- World Agro-forestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, China
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 20705, MA, USA
| | - A.Y. Rossman
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 20705, MA, USA
| | - L.A. Castlebury
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville 20705, MA, USA
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - H. Madrid
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Medicine Faculty, Mayor University, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - E. Chukeatirote
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - K.D. Hyde
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- World Agro-forestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, China
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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Kostarelou P, Kanapitsas A, Pyrri I, Kapsanaki-Gotsi E, Markaki P. Aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus and strains of Aspergillus section Nigri in currants of Greek origin. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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