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Jung P, Baumann K, Emrich D, Schermer M, Eckhardt KU, Jandl G, Leinweber P, Harion F, Wruck A, Grube M, Büdel B, Lakatos M. The dark side of orange: Multiorganismic continuum dynamics within a lichen of the Atacama Desert. Mycologia 2024; 116:44-58. [PMID: 37955984 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2263148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the decades our understanding of lichens has shifted to the fact that they are multiorganismic, symbiotic microecosystems, with their complex interactions coming to the fore due to recent advances in microbiomics. Here, we present a mutualistic-parasitic continuum dynamics scenario between an orange lichen and a lichenicolous fungus from the Atacama Desert leading to the decay of the lichen's photobiont and leaving behind a black lichen thallus. Based on isolation, sequencing, and ecophysiological approaches including metabolic screenings of the symbionts, we depict consequences upon infection with the lichenicolous fungus. This spans from a loss of the lichen's photosynthetic activity and an increased roughness of its surface to an inhibition of the parietin synthesis as a shared pathway between the photobiont and the mycobiont, including a shift of secondary metabolism products. This degree of relations has rarely been documented before, although lichenicolous fungi have been studied for over 200 years, adding an additional level to the view of interactions within lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jung
- Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, Pirmasens 66953, Germany
| | - Karen Baumann
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, Rostock 18051, Germany
| | - Dina Emrich
- Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Michael Schermer
- Biology, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckhardt
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, Rostock 18051, Germany
| | - Gerald Jandl
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, Rostock 18051, Germany
| | - Peter Leinweber
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, Rostock 18051, Germany
| | - Felix Harion
- Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, Pirmasens 66953, Germany
| | - Andreas Wruck
- Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, Pirmasens 66953, Germany
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Department of Biology, Rhineland-Palatinate Technical University Kaiserslautern Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Michael Lakatos
- Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, Pirmasens 66953, Germany
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Knudsen K, Kocourková J, Hodková E, Dart J, Huereca A, Malíček J. Three new species of Trimmatothelopsis (Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae) from southwestern North America. MycoKeys 2023; 99:251-268. [PMID: 37867781 PMCID: PMC10587834 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and study of three new species of Trimmatothelopsis from Southwestern North America, T.californica, T.mexicana, and T.novomexicana, adds not only to the diversity of the genus and family but generated new insights into the occurrence of two ascus types in the genus and the variety of conidiogenous cells and conidia. Trimmatothelopsis now includes 15 species with a mainly Holarctic distribution (Asia, Europe, North America) and one species in Australia. A key is supplied to the genus. An overview of the genus Trimmatothelopsis is given, including differentiation from other genera of Acarosporaceae. The monotypic genus Thelocarpella is considered to be a synonym of Trimmatothelopsis. The new combination Trimmatothelopsiswirthii is proposed. The ascus type is shown to be variable in the genus with species with two types being intermixed with each other in our phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Knudsen
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PrahaPraha - SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Jana Kocourková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PrahaPraha - SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Eva Hodková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech RepublicCzech University of Life Sciences PrahaPraha - SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Jason Dart
- Althouse and Meade, Inc. 1650 Ramada Drive, suite 180, Paso Robles, CA 93446, USAAlthouse and Meade, Inc.Paso RoblesUnited States of America
- Robert F. Hoover Herbarium, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic Institute, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USABiological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic InstituteSan Luis ObispoUnited States of America
| | - Alejandro Huereca
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences CW405, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, USAUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Jiří Malíček
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech RepublicThe Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of BotanPrůhoniceCzech Republic
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Park JS, Kwag YN, Han SK, Oh SO. Two New Species of the Family Acarosporaceae from South Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:216-229. [PMID: 38229684 PMCID: PMC10791086 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2249693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Acarosporaceae is a crustose lichen and is known as a species that has more than 50 multi-spores, and has hyaline spores. Those taxa are often found in rock and soil in mountain areas or coastal regions in Korea, and very diverse forms and species are known. However, after an overall genetic phylogenetic analysis of carbonized ascomata in 2015, species consisting only of the morphological base are newly divided, and several species of Acarosporaceae in Korea are also being discovered in this situation. As a result of analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuLSU gene analysis, Korean species belonged to Acarospora and Sarcogyne clade, and Acarospora classified as the Acarospora clade was mixed with the Polysporina group and the Sarcogyne clade is mixed with the Acarospora. We identified two new species (Acarospora beangnokdamensis J. S. Park & S. O. Oh, sp. nov., Sarcogyne jejuensis J. S. Park & S. O. Oh, sp. nov.) through morphological, molecular, and secondary metabolite substance and found one new record (Sarcogyne oceanica K. Knudsen & Kocourk). We have made a classification key for Acarospora and Sarcogyne in Korea and reported all information together here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Shin Park
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwag
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kuk Han
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Soon-Ok Oh
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
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Yin AC, Zhong QY, Scheidegger C, Jin JZ, Worthy FR, Wang LS, Wang XY. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Glypholecia (Acarosporaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including a new species from northwestern China. MycoKeys 2023; 98:153-165. [PMID: 37396021 PMCID: PMC10308429 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypholeciaqinghaiensis An C. Yin, Q. Y. Zhong & Li S. Wang is described as new to science. It is characterized by its squamulose thallus, compound apothecia, ellipsoid ascospores, and the presence of rhizines on the lower surface of the thallus. A phylogenetic tree of Glypholecia species was constructed based on nrITS and mtSSU sequences. Two species G.qinghaiensis and G.scabra are confirmed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-cheng Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Qiu-yi Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Christoph Scheidegger
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ji-zhen Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fiona R. Worthy
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Li-song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xin-yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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Alla Ud Din, Niazi AR, Habib K, Khalid AN. Sarcogyne balochistanensis sp. nov. (Acarosporales, Acarosporaceae) from Pakistan. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022150079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Abdul Nasir Khalid. Acarospora sultanii sp. nov. (Acarosporaceae, Lichen Forming Ascomycota) from Darel Valley, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022150122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Abbas MZ, Khalid AN. A New Species of Lichen Genus Acarospora (Acarosporaceae, Lichen Forming Ascomycota) from Darel Valley, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022150110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Nascimbene J, Gheza G, Hafellner J, Mayrhofer H, Muggia L, Obermayer W, Thor G, Nimis PL. Refining the picture: new records to the lichen biota of Italy. MycoKeys 2021; 82:97-137. [PMID: 34421323 PMCID: PMC8373855 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.82.69027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the analysis of both historical and recent collections, this paper reports an annotated list of taxa which are new to the lichen biota of Italy or of its administrative regions. Specimens were identified using a dissecting and a compound microscope; routine chemical spot tests and standardized thin-layer chromatography (TLC or HPTLC). The list includes 225 records of 153 taxa. Twenty taxa are new to Italy, the others are new to one or more administrative regions, with 15 second records and 5 third records for Italy. Some of the species belong to recently-described taxa, others are poorly known, sterile or ephemeral lichens which were largely overlooked in Italy. Several species are actually rare, either because of the rarity of their habitats (e.g. old-growth forests), or because in Italy they are at the margins of their bioclimatic distribution. The picture of the lichen biota of Italy has now new pixels, but its grain is still coarse. Further analysis of historical collections, increased efforts in the exploration of some areas, and the taxonomic revision of critical groups are still necessary to provide more complete distributional data for new biogeographic hypotheses, taxonomic and ecological research, and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Nascimbene
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Gabriele Gheza
- BIOME Lab, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Josef Hafellner
- Division of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Helmut Mayrhofer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Walter Obermayer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Nimis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Moya P, Molins A, Chiva S, Bastida J, Barreno E. Symbiotic microalgal diversity within lichenicolous lichens and crustose hosts on Iberian Peninsula gypsum biocrusts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14060. [PMID: 32820199 PMCID: PMC7441164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyses the interactions among crustose and lichenicolous lichens growing on gypsum biocrusts. The selected community was composed of Acarospora nodulosa, Acarospora placodiiformis, Diploschistes diacapsis, Rhizocarpon malenconianum and Diplotomma rivas-martinezii. These species represent an optimal system for investigating the strategies used to share phycobionts because Acarospora spp. are parasites of D. diacapsis during their first growth stages, while in mature stages, they can develop independently. R. malenconianum is an obligate lichenicolous lichen on D. diacapsis, and D. rivas-martinezii occurs physically close to D. diacapsis. Microalgal diversity was studied by Sanger sequencing and 454-pyrosequencing of the nrITS region, and the microalgae were characterized ultrastructurally. Mycobionts were studied by performing phylogenetic analyses. Mineralogical and macro- and micro-element patterns were analysed to evaluate their influence on the microalgal pool available in the substrate. The intrathalline coexistence of various microalgal lineages was confirmed in all mycobionts. D. diacapsis was confirmed as an algal donor, and the associated lichenicolous lichens acquired their phycobionts in two ways: maintenance of the hosts' microalgae and algal switching. Fe and Sr were the most abundant microelements in the substrates but no significant relationship was found with the microalgal diversity. The range of associated phycobionts are influenced by thallus morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moya
- Botánica, ICBIBE, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Arantzazu Molins
- Botánica, ICBIBE, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Chiva
- Botánica, ICBIBE, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Bastida
- Geología, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Barreno
- Botánica, ICBIBE, Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Yin AC, Wang XY, Liu D, Zhang YY, Yang MX, Li LJ, Wang LS. Two New Species of Placolecis (Lichenized Ascomycota) from China. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:401-407. [PMID: 32010461 PMCID: PMC6968434 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1672984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two new species of the lichen genus Placolecis are discovered in China, namely P. kunmingensis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang and P. sublaevis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang. The new combination P. loekoesiana (S.Y. Kondr., Farkas, J.J. Woo & Hur) An. C. Yin is proposed. Placolecis kunmingensis is characterized by having simple, spherical or ellipsoid, hyaline spores, and pear-shaped pycnidia; while P. sublaevis can be distinguished by its thallus forming larger aggregations with slightly flattened lobes at the thallus margin, and urn-shaped pycnidia. Descriptions, a phylogenetic tree and a key are provided for all the known Placolecis species in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Cheng Yin
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Korean Lichen Research Institute (KoLRI), Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Yan Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Xia Yang
- Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Federal Institute for Forest, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Li Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China
| | - Li Song Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, Kunming, China
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Jung P, Emrich D, Briegel-Williams L, Schermer M, Weber L, Baumann K, Colesie C, Clerc P, Lehnert LW, Achilles S, Bendix J, Büdel B. Ecophysiology and phylogeny of new terricolous and epiphytic chlorolichens in a fog oasis of the Atacama Desert. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e894. [PMID: 31276321 PMCID: PMC6813448 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atacama Desert is one of the driest and probably oldest deserts on Earth where only a few extremophile organisms are able to survive. This study investigated two terricolous and two epiphytic lichens from the fog oasis “Las Lomitas” within the National Park Pan de Azúcar which represents a refugium for a few vascular desert plants and many lichens that can thrive on fog and dew alone. Ecophysiological measurements and climate records were combined with molecular data of the mycobiont, their green algal photobionts and lichenicolous fungi to gain information about the ecology of lichens within the fog oasis. Phylogenetic and morphological investigations led to the identification and description of the new lichen species Acarospora conafii sp. nov. as well as the lichenicolous fungi that accompanied them and revealed the trebouxioid character of all lichen photobionts. Their photosynthetic responses were compared during natural scenarios such as reactivation by high air humidity and in situ fog events to elucidate the activation strategies of this lichen community. Epiphytic lichens showed photosynthetic activity that was rapidly induced by fog and high relative air humidity whereas terricolous lichens were only activated by fog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jung
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dina Emrich
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schermer
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lena Weber
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karen Baumann
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Colesie
- Edinburgh Global Change Institute, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Philippe Clerc
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Lukas W Lehnert
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Bendix
- Faculty of Geography, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Plant Ecology and Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Schneider K, Resl P, Spribille T. Escape from the cryptic species trap: lichen evolution on both sides of a cyanobacterial acquisition event. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3453-68. [PMID: 27037681 PMCID: PMC5324663 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Large, architecturally complex lichen symbioses arose only a few times in evolution, increasing thallus size by orders of magnitude over those from which they evolved. The innovations that enabled symbiotic assemblages to acquire and maintain large sizes are unknown. We mapped morphometric data against an eight-locus fungal phylogeny across one of the best-sampled thallus size transition events, the origins of the Placopsis lichen symbiosis, and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in size differences. Thallus thickness increased by >150% and fruiting body core volume increased ninefold on average after acquisition of cyanobacteria. Volume of cyanobacteria-containing structures (cephalodia), once acquired, correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed-effects analyses. Our results suggest that the availability of nitrogen is an important factor in the formation of large thalli. Cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as acidic, rain-washed rock surfaces. In the case of the Placopsis fungal symbiont, this has led to an adaptive radiation of more than 60 recognized species from related crustose members of the genus Trapelia. Our data suggest that precyanobacterial symbiotic lineages were constrained to forming a narrow range of phenotypes, so-called cryptic species, leading systematists until now to recognize only six of the 13 species clusters we identified in Trapelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Plant SciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6A‐8010GrazAustria
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of GrazUniversitätsplatz 2A‐8010GrazAustria
| | - Philipp Resl
- Institute of Plant SciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6A‐8010GrazAustria
| | - Toby Spribille
- Institute of Plant SciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 6A‐8010GrazAustria
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of Montana32 Campus DriveMissoulaMT59812USA
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Westberg M, Timdal E, Asplund J, Bendiksby M, Haugan R, Jonsson F, Larsson P, Odelvik G, Wedin M, Millanes A. New records of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi in Scandinavia. MycoKeys 2015. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.11.6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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