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Proust B, Horvat A, Tadijan A, Vlašić I, Herak Bosnar M. Mitochondrial NME6 Influences Basic Cellular Processes in Tumor Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9580. [PMID: 39273527 PMCID: PMC11395177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
NME6 belongs to the family of nucleoside diphosphate kinase enzymes, whose major role is to transfer the terminal phosphate from NTPs, mostly ATP, to other (d)NDPs via a high-energy intermediate. Beside this basic enzymatic activity, the family, comprising 10 genes/proteins in humans, executes a number of diverse biochemical/biological functions in the cell. A few previous studies have reported that NME6 resides in the mitochondria and influences oxidative phosphorylation while interacting with RCC1L, a GTPase involved in mitochondrial ribosome assembly and translation. Considering the multifunctional role of NME family members, the goal of the present study was to assess the influence of the overexpression or silencing of NME6 on fundamental cellular events of MDA-MB-231T metastatic breast cancer cells. Using flow cytometry, Western blotting, and a wound-healing assay, we demonstrated that the overexpression of NME6 reduces cell migration and alters the expression of EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) markers. In addition, NME6 overexpression influences cell cycle distribution exclusively upon DNA damage and impacts the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, while it has no effect on apoptosis. To conclude, our results demonstrate that NME6 is involved in different cellular processes, providing a solid basis for future, more precise investigations of its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Proust
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anđela Horvat
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Tadijan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ignacija Vlašić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Herak Bosnar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Balsa LM, Rodriguez MR, Ferraresi-Curotto V, Parajón-Costa BS, Gonzalez-Baró AC, León IE. Finding New Molecular Targets of Two Copper(II)-Hydrazone Complexes on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Using Mass-Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087531. [PMID: 37108690 PMCID: PMC10139133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with a high incidence estimated to reach 2.3 million by 2030. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is the greatest invasive class of breast cancer with a poor prognosis, due to the side-effects exerted by the chemotherapy used and the low effectivity of novel treatments. In this sense, copper compounds have shown to be potentially effective as antitumor agents, attracting increasing interest as alternatives to the usually employed platinum-derived drugs. Therefore, the aim of this work is to identify differentially expressed proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to two copper(II)-hydrazone complexes using label-free quantitative proteomics and functional bioinformatics strategies to identify the molecular mechanisms through which these copper complexes exert their antitumoral effect in TNBC cells. Both copper complexes increased proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, as well as the downregulation of proteins related to DNA replication and repair. One of the most relevant anticancer mechanisms of action found for CuHL1 and CuHL2 was the down-regulation of gain-of-function-mutant p53. Moreover, we found a novel and interesting effect for a copper metallodrug, which was the down-regulation of proteins related to lipid synthesis and metabolism that could lead to a beneficial decrease in lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Balsa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - María R Rodriguez
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Verónica Ferraresi-Curotto
- Instituto de Física La Plata, IFLP (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata), Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Beatriz S Parajón-Costa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Ana C Gonzalez-Baró
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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Ambur Sankaranarayanan R, Florea A, Allekotte S, Vogg ATJ, Maurer J, Schäfer L, Bolm C, Terhorst S, Classen A, Bauwens M, Morgenroth A, Mottaghy FM. PARP targeted Auger emitter therapy with [ 125I]PARPi-01 for triple-negative breast cancer. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:60. [PMID: 36104637 PMCID: PMC9474773 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks biomarkers for targeted therapy. Auger emitters display the best therapeutic effect, if delivered directly into the nucleus proximal to DNA. The nuclear protein Poly (ADP-ribose)-Polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a suitable target against which few inhibitors (PARPi) are clinically approved for treatment of breast cancer with germline BRCA mutation (BRCAmut). In this study, a theranostic approach was investigated in a TNBC xenografted mouse model by radiolabelling a close derivative of a PARPi Olaparib (termed PARPi-01) with the Auger emitters 123/125I. METHODS TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 was subcutaneously implanted in female NOD/SCID mice. At a tumour size of ~ 500mm3, [123I]PARPi-01 was administered intravenously, and SPECT/CT images were obtained at 4 h or 24 h post injection (p.i). A therapy study was performed with [125I]PARPi-01 in 4 doses (10 MBq/dose, 10 days apart). Tumour growth was monitored by CT scans longitudinally once per week. Upon reaching study endpoint, tissues were harvested and stained with TUNEL assay for detection of apoptosis induction. RESULTS SPECT/CT images showed rapid hepatobiliary tracer clearance at 4 h post injection (p.i.). Retention in thyroid at 24 h p.i. suggested tracer deiodination in vivo. The tumour and liver uptake were 0.2%ID/g and 2.5%ID/g, respectively. The tumour: blood ratio was 1.3. Endogenous therapy induced a significant delay in tumour growth (doubling time increased from 8.3 to 14.2 days), but no significant survival advantage. Significantly higher apoptosis ratio was observed in [125I]PARPi-01 treated tumour tissues. No radiotoxicity was detected in the liver and thyroid. CONCLUSION Considering the radio-cytotoxic effect in the tumour tissue and a delay on tumour doubling time, [125I]PARPi-01 presents a potential radiotherapeutics for treatment of TNBC. Improvements to overcome the suboptimal pharmacokinetics are necessary for its potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ambur Sankaranarayanan
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexandru Florea
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Allekotte
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas T. J. Vogg
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Maurer
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XClinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Schäfer
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XInstitute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven Terhorst
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XInstitute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arno Classen
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XInstitute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Research School NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Morgenroth
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Li H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Yuan P, Liu J, Ding L, Ye Q. MiR-4310 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis through lipid synthesis. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:161-171. [PMID: 34303763 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is characterized by reprogrammed lipid metabolism, is a highly malignant tumor with a high incidence and mortality rate. While lipid metabolism is a promising target for HCC therapy, the regulation of lipid metabolism is not well elucidated. Through CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we show that miR-4310 inhibits lipid synthesis by targeting fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). In patients with HCC, miR-4310 is significantly downregulated, and its expression is negatively correlated with expressions of FASN and SCD1. Furthermore, low expression of miR-4310 is associated with poor prognosis. By suppressing SCD1-and FASN-mediated lipid synthesis, miR-4310 inhibits HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and suppresses HCC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Our data indicate that miR-4310 plays an important role in HCC tumor growth and metastasis by regulating the FASN- and SCD1-mediated lipid synthesis pathways. Targeting the miR-4310-FASN/SCD pathway may provide a novel strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayue Li
- Medical School of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhongwu Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory Zoonoses Research, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, PR China; School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lihua Ding
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Qinong Ye
- Medical School of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Farghadani R, Naidu R. Curcumin: Modulator of Key Molecular Signaling Pathways in Hormone-Independent Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143427. [PMID: 34298639 PMCID: PMC8307022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females worldwide. It is a highly heterogeneous disease, classified according to hormone and growth factor receptor expression. Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-negative) and hormone-independent HER2 overexpressing subtypes still represent highly aggressive behavior, metastasis, poor prognosis, and drug resistance. Thus, new alternative anticancer agents based on the use of natural products have been receiving enormous attention. In this regard, curcumin is a promising lead in cancer drug discovery due its ability to modulate a diverse range of molecular targets and signaling pathways. The current review has emphasized the underlying mechanism of curcumin anticancer action mediated through the modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, MAPK, NF-ĸB, p53, Wnt/β-catenin, apoptosis, and cell cycle pathways in hormone-independent breast cancer, providing frameworks for future studies and insights to improve its efficiency in clinical practice. Abstract Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Despite the overall successes in breast cancer therapy, hormone-independent HER2 negative breast cancer, also known as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking estrogens and progesterone receptors and with an excessive expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), along with the hormone-independent HER2 positive subtype, still remain major challenges in breast cancer treatment. Due to their poor prognoses, aggressive phenotype, and highly metastasis features, new alternative therapies have become an urgent clinical need. One of the most noteworthy phytochemicals, curcumin, has attracted enormous attention as a promising drug candidate in breast cancer prevention and treatment due to its multi-targeting effect. Curcumin interrupts major stages of tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis in hormone-independent breast cancer through the modulation of multiple signaling pathways. The current review has highlighted the anticancer activity of curcumin in hormone-independent breast cancer via focusing on its impact on key signaling pathways including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, JAK/STAT pathway, MAPK pathway, NF-ĸB pathway, p53 pathway, and Wnt/β-catenin, as well as apoptotic and cell cycle pathways. Besides, its therapeutic implications in clinical trials are here presented.
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Park S, Jung WH, Pittman M, Chen J, Chen Y. The Effects of Stiffness, Fluid Viscosity, and Geometry of Microenvironment in Homeostasis, Aging, and Diseases: A Brief Review. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100804. [PMID: 32803227 PMCID: PMC7477718 DOI: 10.1115/1.4048110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense biophysical cues in the micro-environment and respond to the cues biochemically and biophysically. Proper responses from cells are critical to maintain the homeostasis in the body. Abnormal biophysical cues will cause pathological development in the cells; pathological or aging cells, on the other hand, can alter their micro-environment to become abnormal. In this minireview, we discuss four important biophysical cues of the micro-environment-stiffness, curvature, extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture and viscosity-in terms of their roles in health, aging, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Wei-Hung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Matthew Pittman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Lee KJ, Mann E, Wright G, Piett CG, Nagel ZD, Gassman NR. Exploiting DNA repair defects in triple negative breast cancer to improve cell killing. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920958354. [PMID: 32994807 PMCID: PMC7502856 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920958354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lack of molecular targets for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has limited treatment options and reduced survivorship. Identifying new molecular targets may help improve patient survival and decrease recurrence and metastasis. As DNA repair defects are prevalent in breast cancer, we evaluated the expression and repair capacities of DNA repair proteins in preclinical models. Methods: DNA repair capacity was analyzed in four TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-157 (MDA-157), MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231), MDA-MB-468 (MDA-468), and HCC1806, using fluorescence multiplex host cell reactivation (FM-HCR) assays. Expression of DNA repair genes was analyzed with RNA-seq, and protein expression was evaluated with immunoblot. Responses to the combination of DNA damage response inhibitors and primary chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin or carboplatin were evaluated in the cell lines. Results: Defects in base excision and nucleotide excision repair were observed in preclinical TNBC models. Gene expression analysis showed a limited correlation between these defects. Loss in protein expression was a better indicator of these DNA repair defects. Over-expression of PARP1, XRCC1, RPA, DDB1, and ERCC1 was observed in TNBC preclinical models, and likely contributed to altered sensitivity to chemotherapy and DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors. Improved cell killing was achieved when primary therapy was combined with DDR inhibitors for ATM, ATR, or CHK1. Conclusion: Base excision and nucleotide excision repair pathways may offer new molecular targets for TNBC. The functional status of DNA repair pathways should be considered when evaluating new therapies and may improve the targeting for primary and combination therapies with DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Lee
- College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Elise Mann
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Griffin Wright
- College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Cortt G Piett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie R Gassman
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36607, USA
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Elsherbini AM, Sheweita SA, Sultan AS. Pterostilbene as a Phytochemical Compound Induces Signaling Pathways Involved in the Apoptosis and Death of Mutant P53-Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1976-1984. [PMID: 32900227 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1817513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pterostilbene is a natural nonflavonoid polyphenolic compound. It shows a remarkable range of biological activities, including antiproliferative, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activity. However, the mechanism of action of PT in breast cancer cells containing mutant p53 protein has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating the influence of PT on signaling pathways involved in the apoptosis of mutant p53-breast cancer cell lines. Immunocytochemistry and Western Immunoblotting techniques were used in this study. The present data showed that the viabilities and the proliferations of MDA-MB-231 and T-47D decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after treatment with different concentrations of PT. In addition, the morphological characteristics of both cell lines were changed after treatment with PT. Decreased protein expression of mutant p53 (R280 K, L194F) in MDA-MB-231 and T-47D breast cancer cell lines has also been achieved. In addition, overexpression of pro-apoptotic (Bax) protein, caspase-3 activity and histone release were increased after treatment of both cell lines with different PT concentrations. Furthermore, the protein expressions of cyclin D1, mTOR, and oncogenic β-catenin were significantly downregulated after treatment of both cell lines with PT. In conclusion, downregulations of protein expression of mutant p53, cyclin D1, mTOR, and β-catenin were increased after both cell lines had been treated with pterostilbene. PT could point to a promising use against the development and the progression of breast cancer as a natural therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Elsherbini
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salah A Sheweita
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Reversine induces caspase-dependent apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells through extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:657-665. [PMID: 30953339 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine (reversine) acts as a chemopreventive agent and induces apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells. However, the anticancer effects of reversine on osteosarcoma cells are not clearly established. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reversine on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. METHODS Cell viability assay, histological analysis, DAPI staining, caspase activation analysis, flow cytometric analysis and immunoblotting were carried out in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. RESULTS Reversine inhibited the growth of cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Reversine-treated cells showed caspase-3/7 activation and increased apoptosis versus control cells. FasL, a death ligand associated with extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways, was significantly up-regulated by reversine treatment. Moreover, the caspase-8, a part of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, was activated by reversine treatments. Expressions of anti-apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, components of the mitochondria dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, significantly decreased following reversine treatment. The expressions of pro-apoptotic factors such as BAX, BAD and caspase-9 increased by reversine treatments. In addition, reversine activated caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to induce cell death. The Z-VAD-fmk significantly inhibited cell death through the suppression of caspase-3 expression in MG-63 cells treated with reversine. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the reversine may inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells through both the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway and the death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathway, and may have potential properties for the discovery of anti-cancer agents.
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Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhao W, Zeng C, Li W, Li B, Luo X, Li J, Jiang J, Deng B, McComb DW, Dong Y. Chemotherapy drugs derived nanoparticles encapsulating mRNA encoding tumor suppressor proteins to treat triple-negative breast cancer. NANO RESEARCH 2019; 12:855-861. [PMID: 31737223 PMCID: PMC6858063 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-019-2308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one type of the most aggressive breast cancers with poor prognosis. It is of great urgency to develop new therapeutics for treating TNBC. Based on current treatment guideline and genetic information of TNBC, a combinational therapy platform integrating chemotherapy drugs and mRNA encoding tumor suppressor proteins may become an efficacious strategy. In this study, we developed paclitaxel amino lipid (PAL) derived nanoparticles (NPs) to incorporate both chemotherapy drugs and P53 mRNA. The PAL P53 mRNA NPs showed superior properties compared to Abraxane® and Lipusu® used in the clinic including high paclitaxel loading capacity (24 wt.%, calculated by paclitaxel in PAL), PAL encapsulation efficiency (94.7% ± 6.8%) and mRNA encapsulation efficiency (88.7% ± 0.7%). Meanwhile, these NPs displayed synergetic cytotoxicity of paclitaxel and P53 mRNA in cultured TNBC cells. More importantly, we demonstrated in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of PAL P53 mRNA NPs in an orthotopic TNBC mouse model. Overall, these chemotherapy drugs derived mRNA NPs provide a new platform to integrate chemotherapy and personalized medicine using tumor genetic information, and therefore represent a promising approach for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Weiyu Zhao
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunxi Zeng
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wenqing Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiao Luo
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Junan Li
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Justin Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - David W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Gomes AS, Trovão F, Andrade Pinheiro B, Freire F, Gomes S, Oliveira C, Domingues L, Romão MJ, Saraiva L, Carvalho AL. The Crystal Structure of the R280K Mutant of Human p53 Explains the Loss of DNA Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041184. [PMID: 29652801 PMCID: PMC5979565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is widely found to be mutated in human cancer. This protein is regarded as a molecular hub regulating different cell responses, namely cell death. Compelling data have demonstrated that the impairment of p53 activity correlates with tumor development and maintenance. For these reasons, the reactivation of p53 function is regarded as a promising strategy to halt cancer. In the present work, the recombinant mutant p53R280K DNA binding domain (DBD) was produced for the first time, and its crystal structure was determined in the absence of DNA to a resolution of 2.0 Å. The solved structure contains four molecules in the asymmetric unit, four zinc(II) ions, and 336 water molecules. The structure was compared with the wild-type p53 DBD structure, isolated and in complex with DNA. These comparisons contributed to a deeper understanding of the mutant p53R280K structure, as well as the loss of DNA binding related to halted transcriptional activity. The structural information derived may also contribute to the rational design of mutant p53 reactivating molecules with potential application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Trovão
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Benedita Andrade Pinheiro
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Freire
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Sara Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Romão
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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12
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Mitkin NA, Muratova AM, Sharonov GV, Korneev KV, Sviriaeva EN, Mazurov D, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV. p63 and p73 repress CXCR5 chemokine receptor gene expression in p53-deficient MCF-7 breast cancer cells during genotoxic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:1169-1178. [PMID: 29107083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many types of chemotherapeutic agents induce of DNA-damage that is accompanied by activation of p53 tumor suppressor, a key regulator of tumor development and progression. In our previous study we demonstrated that p53 could repress CXCR5 chemokine receptor gene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via attenuation of NFkB activity. In this work we aimed to determine individual roles of p53 family members in the regulation of CXCR5 gene expression under genotoxic stress. DNA-alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate caused a reduction in CXCR5 expression not only in parental MCF-7 cells but also in MCF-7-p53off cells with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of the p53 gene. Since p53 knockout was associated with elevated expression of its p63 and p73 homologues, we knocked out p63 using CRISPR/Cas9 system and knocked down p73 using specific siRNA. The CXCR5 promoter activity, CXCR5 expression and CXCL13-directed migration in MCF-7 cells with inactivation of all three p53 family genes were completely insensitive to genotoxic stress, while pairwise p53+p63 or p53+p73 inactivation resulted in partial effects. Using deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that effects of NFkB on the CXCR5 promoter inversely correlated with p63 and p73 levels. Thus, all three p53 family members mediate the effects of genotoxic stress on the CXCR5 promoter using the same mechanism associated with attenuation of NFkB activity. Understanding of this mechanism could facilitate prognosis of tumor responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Mitkin
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa M Muratova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - George V Sharonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Sviriaeva
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Mazurov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anton M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Bassey-Archibong BI, Rayner LGA, Hercules SM, Aarts CW, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Bramson JL, Hassell JA, Daniel JM. Kaiso depletion attenuates the growth and survival of triple negative breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2689. [PMID: 28333150 PMCID: PMC5386582 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are highly aggressive and lack specific targeted therapies. Recent studies have reported high expression of the transcription factor Kaiso in triple negative tumors, and this correlates with their increased aggressiveness. However, little is known about the clinical relevance of Kaiso in the growth and survival of TNBCs. Herein, we report that Kaiso depletion attenuates TNBC cell proliferation, and delays tumor onset in mice xenografted with the aggressive MDA-231 breast tumor cells. We further demonstrate that Kaiso depletion attenuates the survival of TNBC cells and increases their propensity for apoptotic-mediated cell death. Notably, Kaiso depletion downregulates BRCA1 expression in TNBC cells expressing mutant-p53 and we found that high Kaiso and BRCA1 expression correlates with a poor overall survival in breast cancer patients. Collectively, our findings reveal a role for Kaiso in the proliferation and survival of TNBC cells, and suggest a relevant role for Kaiso in the prognosis and treatment of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyndsay G A Rayner
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shawn M Hercules
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Craig W Aarts
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - John A Hassell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Juliet M Daniel
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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14
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Simon M, Mesmar F, Helguero L, Williams C. Genome-wide effects of MELK-inhibitor in triple-negative breast cancer cells indicate context-dependent response with p53 as a key determinant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172832. [PMID: 28235006 PMCID: PMC5325553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, highly recurrent breast cancer subtype, affecting approximately one-fifth of all breast cancer patients. Subpopulations of treatment-resistant cancer stem cells within the tumors are considered to contribute to disease recurrence. A potential druggable target for such cells is the maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK). MELK expression is upregulated in mammary stem cells and in undifferentiated cancers, where it correlates with poor prognosis and potentially mediates treatment resistance. Several MELK inhibitors have been developed, of which one, OTSSP167, is currently in clinical trials. In order to better understand how MELK and its inhibition influence TNBC, we verified its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in claudin-low TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159 using MTS assays and/or trypan blue viability assays together with analysis of PARP cleavage. Then, using microarrays, we explored which genes were affected by OTSSP167. We demonstrate that different sets of genes are regulated in MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159, but in both cell lines genes involved in cell cycle, mitosis and protein metabolism and folding were regulated. We identified p53 (TP53) as a potential upstream regulator of the regulated genes. Using western blot we found that OTSSP167 downregulates mutant p53 in all tested TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SUM-159, and BT-549), but upregulates wild-type p53 in the luminal A subtype MCF-7 cell line. We propose that OTSSP167 might have context-dependent or off-target effects, but that one consistent mechanism of action could involve the destabilization of mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Simon
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fahmi Mesmar
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luisa Helguero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Department of Biosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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15
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Montazeri M, Sadeghizadeh M, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami F, Khodi S, Mohaghegh M, Sadeghzadeh H, Zarghami N. Dendrosomal curcumin nanoformulation modulate apoptosis-related genes and protein expression in hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:244-254. [PMID: 27234697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The side-effects observed in conventional therapies have made them unpromising in curing Hepatocellular carcinoma; therefore, developing novel treatments can be an overwhelming significance. One of such novel agents is curcumin which can induce apoptosis in various cancerous cells, however, its poor solubility is restricted its application. To overcome this issue, this paper employed dendrosomal curcumin (DNC) was employed to in prevent hepatocarcinoma in both RNA and protein levels. Hepatocarcinoma cells, p53 wild-type HepG2 and p53 mutant Huh7, were treated with DNC and investigated for toxicity study using MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed using Flow-cytometry and Annexin-V-FLUOS/PI staining. Real-time PCR and Western blot were employed to analyze p53, BAX, Bcl-2, p21 and Noxa in DNC-treated cells. DNC inhibited the growth in the form of time-dependent manner, while the carrier alone was not toxic to the cell. Flow-cytometry data showed the constant concentration of 20μM DNC during the time significantly increases cell population in SubG1 phase. Annexin-V-PI test showed curcumin-induced apoptosis was enhanced in Huh7 as well as HepG2, compared to untreated cells. Followed by treatment, mRNA expression of p21, BAX, and Noxa increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 decreased, and unlike HepG2, Huh7 showed down-regulation of p53. In summary, DNC-treated hepatocellular carcinoma cells undergo apoptosis by changing the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis and proliferation processes. These findings suggest that DNC, as a plant-originated therapeutic agent, could be applied in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Montazeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yones Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faraz Zarghami
- Imam Reza Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Khodi
- Department of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Mohaghegh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Hadi Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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