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Yousef M, Bou-Chacra N, Löbenberg R, Davies NM. Understanding lymphatic drug delivery through chylomicron blockade: A retrospective and prospective analysis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 129:107548. [PMID: 39098619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Scientists have developed and employed various models to investigate intestinal lymphatic uptake. One approach involves using specific blocking agents to influence the chylomicron-mediated lymphatic absorption of drugs. Currently utilized models include pluronic L-81, puromycin, vinca alkaloids, colchicine, and cycloheximide. This review offers a thorough analysis of the diverse models utilized, evaluating existing reports while delineating the gaps in current research. It also explores pharmacokinetic related aspects of intestinal lymphatic uptake pathway and its blockage through the discussed models. Pluronic L-81 has a reversible effect, minimal toxicity, and unique mode of action. Yet, it lacks clinical reports on chylomicron pathway blockage, likely due to low concentrations used. Puromycin and vinca alkaloids, though documented for toxicity, lack information on their application in drug intestinal lymphatic uptake. Other vinca alkaloids show promise in affecting triglyceride profiles and represent possible agents to test as blockers. Colchicine and cycloheximide, widely used in pharmaceutical development, have demonstrated efficacy, with cycloheximide preferred for lower toxicity. However, further investigation into effective and toxic doses of colchicine in humans is needed to understand its clinical impact. The review additionally followed the complete journey of oral lymphatic targeting drugs from intake to excretion, provided a pharmacokinetic equation considering the intestinal lymphatic pathway for assessing bioavailability. Moreover, the possible application of urinary data as a non-invasive way to measure the uptake of drugs through intestinal lymphatics was illustrated, and the likelihood of drug interactions when specific blockers are employed in human subjects was underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaz Yousef
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T9, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Nadia Bou-Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T9, Canada.
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T9, Canada.
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Souza AD, Scarim CB, Cotrim PC, Junior FB, Rocha BA, Calixto LA, Correia CJ, de Barros Araújo GL, Löbenberg R, Bou-Chacra NA, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone lymphatic uptake with nanostructured lipid carrier after oral administration in rats. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:293-301. [PMID: 38270378 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp., infects phagocyte cells present in lymphatic organs. This study demonstrates the influence of nanostructured lipid carrier-loaded hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NLC-NFOH) on lymphatic uptake using a chylomicron-blocking flow model in rats. Method: Lymphatic uptake of NFOH was assessed 1 h after oral administration of dimethyl sulfoxide with NFOH or NLC-NFOH with and without cycloheximide pretreatment. Result: Dimethyl sulfoxide with NFOH and NLC-NFOH showed NFOH serum concentrations of 0.0316 and 0.0291 μg/ml, respectively. After chylomicron blocking, NFOH was not detected. Conclusion: Despite log P below 5, NFOH was successfully taken up by the lymphatic system. Long-chain fatty acids and particle size might be main factors in these findings. NLC-NFOH is a promising and convenient platform for treating leishmaniasis via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Drugs & Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Cotrim
- Seroepidemiology, Cellular & Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, Jardim América, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Essentiality of Metals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Essentiality of Metals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Diadema - SP, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Jesus Correia
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Breithaupt-Faloppa
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
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