1
|
Zhang AC, Maguire SM, Ford JT, Composto RJ. Using Focused Ion Beam Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to Depth Profile Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanocomposites. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1557-1565. [PMID: 37639375 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a versatile surface-sensitive technique for characterizing both hard and soft matter. Its chemical and molecular specificity, high spatial resolution, and superior sensitivity make it an ideal method for depth profiling polymeric systems, including those comprised of both inorganic and organic constituents (i.e., polymer nanocomposites, PNCs). To best utilize ToF-SIMS for characterizing PNCs, experimental conditions must be optimized to minimize challenges such as the matrix effect and charge accumulation. Toward that end, we have successfully used ToF-SIMS with a Xe+ focused ion beam to depth profile silica nanoparticles grafted with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-NP) in a poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile) matrix film by selecting conditions that address charge compensation and the primary incident beam angles. By tracking the sputtered Si+ species and fitting the resultant concentration profile, the diffusion coefficient of PMMA-NP was determined to be D = 2.4 × 10-14 cm2/s. This value of D lies between that measured using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (6.4 × 10-14 cm2/s) and the value predicted by the Stokes-Einstein model (2.5 × 10-15 cm2/s). With carefully tuned experimental parameters, ToF-SIMS holds great potential for quantitatively characterizing the nanoparticles at the surfaces and interfaces within PNC materials as well as soft matter in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aria C Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Materials Research Science & Engineering Center (MRSEC), University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Shawn M Maguire
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jamie T Ford
- Nanoscale Characterization Facility, University of Pennsylvania, 3205 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Russell J Composto
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Materials Research Science & Engineering Center (MRSEC), University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Graham DJ, Gamble LJ. Back to the basics of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of bio-related samples. I. Instrumentation and data collection. Biointerphases 2023; 18:021201. [PMID: 36990800 PMCID: PMC10063322 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is used widely throughout industrial and academic research due to the high information content of the chemically specific data it produces. Modern ToF-SIMS instruments can generate high mass resolution data that can be displayed as spectra and images (2D and 3D). This enables determining the distribution of molecules across and into a surface and provides access to information not obtainable from other methods. With this detailed chemical information comes a steep learning curve in how to properly acquire and interpret the data. This Tutorial is aimed at helping ToF-SIMS users to plan for and collect ToF-SIMS data. The second Tutorial in this series will cover how to process, display, and interpret ToF-SIMS data.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sorption of Fulvic Acids onto Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Extracted from Commercial Sunscreens: ToF-SIMS and High-Dimensional Data Analysis. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) are common ingredients of sunscreens and are often released into surface waters during usage. Once released, the surface chemistry of n-TiO2 changes by interacting with dissolved organic matter (DOM). In previous studies, these interactions were investigated using model n-TiO2 and; therefore, do not account for the complex composition of the coating of n-TiO2 aged in sunscreens. Taking advantage of a mild extraction method to provide more realistic nanoparticles, we investigated the potentials of time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) combined with high-dimensional data analysis to characterize the sorption of fulvic acids, as a model for DOM, on titanium dioxide nanoparticles extracted from ten different commercial sunscreens (n-TiO2 ⸦ sunscreen). Clustering analysis confirmed the ability of ToF-SIMS to detect the sorption of fulvic acids. Moreover, a unique sorption pattern was recognized for each n-TiO2 ⸦ sunscreen, which implied different fractionation of fulvic acids based on the initial specifications of nanoparticles, e.g., size, coating, etc. Furthermore, random forest was used to extract the most important fragments for predicting the presence of fulvic acids on the surface of n-TiO2 ⸦ sunscreen. Finally, we evaluate the potential of ToF-SIMS for characterizing the sorption layer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gibson J, Narayanan S, Swallow JEN, Thakur PK, Pasta M, Lee TL, Weatherup RS. Gently Does It!: In Situ Preparation of Alkali Metal - Solid Electrolyte Interfaces for Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:267-287. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The key charge transfer processes in energy storage devices occur at the electrode-electrolyte interface, which is typically buried making it challenging to access the interfacial chemistry. In the case of...
Collapse
|
5
|
Tiddia M, Mihara I, Seah MP, Trindade GF, Kollmer F, Roberts CJ, Hague R, Mula G, Gilmore IS, Havelund R. Chemical Imaging of Buried Interfaces in Organic-Inorganic Devices Using Focused Ion Beam-Time-of-Flight-Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4500-4506. [PMID: 30604956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials enable the design and fabrication of new materials with enhanced properties. The interface between the organic and inorganic materials is often critical to the device's performance; therefore, chemical characterization is of significant interest. Because the interfaces are often buried, milling by focused ion beams (FIBs) to expose the interface is becoming increasingly popular. Chemical imaging can subsequently be obtained using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). However, the FIB milling process damages the organic material. In this study, we make an organic-inorganic test structure to develop a detailed understanding of the processes involved in FIB milling and SIMS imaging. We provide an analysis methodology that involves a "clean-up" process using sputtering with an argon gas cluster ion source to remove the FIB-induced damage. The methodology is evaluated for two additive manufactured devices, an encapsulated strain sensor containing silver tracks embedded in a polymeric material and a copper track on a flexible polymeric substrate created using a novel nanoparticle sintering technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariavitalia Tiddia
- Università Degli Studi di Cagliari , Dipartimento di Fisica , S. P. 8 Km 0.700 , 09042 Monserrato (CA) , Italy
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Ichiro Mihara
- Kuraray Company Limited , 2045-1 , Sakazu, Kurashiki , Okayama 710-0801 , Japan
| | - Martin P Seah
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Gustavo Ferraz Trindade
- ∥ Centre for Additive Manufacturing , The University of Nottingham , Jubilee Campus , Nottingham NG8 1BB , U.K
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Felix Kollmer
- IONTOF GmbH , Heisenbergstr. 15 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Clive J Roberts
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Richard Hague
- ∥ Centre for Additive Manufacturing , The University of Nottingham , Jubilee Campus , Nottingham NG8 1BB , U.K
| | - Guido Mula
- Università Degli Studi di Cagliari , Dipartimento di Fisica , S. P. 8 Km 0.700 , 09042 Monserrato (CA) , Italy
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vorng JL, Kotowska AM, Passarelli MK, West A, Marshall PS, Havelund R, Seah MP, Dollery CT, Rakowska PD, Gilmore IS. Semiempirical Rules To Determine Drug Sensitivity and Ionization Efficiency in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Using a Model Tissue Sample. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11028-11036. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Vorng
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Kotowska
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa K. Passarelli
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew West
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Marshall
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P. Seah
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Colin T. Dollery
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina D. Rakowska
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chu YH, Liao HY, Lin KY, Chang HY, Kao WL, Kuo DY, You YW, Chu KJ, Wu CY, Shyue JJ. Improvement of the gas cluster ion beam-(GCIB)-based molecular secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profile with O2(+) cosputtering. Analyst 2016; 141:2523-33. [PMID: 27000483 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, cluster ion beams have displayed their capability to analyze organic materials and biological specimens. Compared with atomic ion beams, cluster ion beams non-linearly enhance the sputter yield, suppress damage accumulation and generate high mass fragments during sputtering. These properties allow successful Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis of soft materials beyond the static limit. Because the intensity of high mass molecular ions is intrinsically low, enhancing the intensity of these secondary ions while preserving the sample in its original state is the key to highly sensitive molecular depth profiles. In this work, bulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was used as a model material and analyzed using Time-of-Flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS) with a pulsed Bi3(2+) primary ion. The optimized hardware of a 10 kV Ar2500(+) Gas Cluster Ion Beam (GCIB) with a low kinetic energy (200-500 V) oxygen ion (O2(+)) as a cosputter beam was employed for generating depth profiles and for examining the effect of beam parameters. The results were then quantitatively analyzed using an established erosion model. It was found that the ion intensity of the PET monomer ([M + H](+)) and its large molecular fragment ([M - C2H4O + H](+)) steadily declined during single GCIB sputtering, with distortion of the distribution information. However, under an optimized GCIB-O2(+) cosputter, the secondary ion intensity quickly reached a steady state and retained >95% intensity with respect to the pristine surface, although the damage cross-section was larger than that of single GCIB sputtering. This improvement was due to the oxidation of molecules and the formation of -OH groups that serve as proton donors to particles emitted from the surface. As a result, the ionization yield was enhanced and damage to the chemical structure was masked. Although O2(+) is known to alter the chemical structure and cause damage accumulation, the concurrently used GCIB could sufficiently remove the surface layer and allow the damage to be masked by the enhanced ionization yield when the ion-solid interaction volume was kept shallow with a low O2(+) energy. This low O2(+) energy (200 V) cosputtering also produced a smoother surface than a single GCIB. Because the oxidized species were produced by O2(+) and removed by GCIB simultaneously, a sufficiently high O2(+) current density was required to produce adequate enhancements. Therefore, it was found that 10 kV with 2 × 10(-6) A per cm(2) Ar2500(+) and 200 V with 3.2 × 10(-4) A per cm(2) O2(+) produced the best profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shard AG, Havelund R, Spencer SJ, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Angerer TB, Aoyagi S, Barnes JP, Benayad A, Bernasik A, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Deeks C, Fletcher JS, Graham DJ, Heuser C, Lee TG, Marie C, Marzec MM, Mishra G, Rading D, Renault O, Scurr DJ, Shon HK, Spampinato V, Tian H, Wang F, Winograd N, Wu K, Wucher A, Zhou Y, Zhu Z. Measuring Compositions in Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tina B. Angerer
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Satoka Aoyagi
- Department
of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Barnes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Anass Benayad
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA-LITEN/DTNM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, TP125, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | | - Christopher Deeks
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, East
Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Fletcher
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Graham
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christian Heuser
- Faculty
of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Camille Marie
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Mateusz M. Marzec
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gautam Mishra
- Corporate
Research Analytical Laboratory (CRAL), 3M Deutschland GmbH, Carl-Schurz-Straße
1, Neuss 41460, Germany
| | - Derk Rading
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenberg Straße
15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olivier Renault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - David J. Scurr
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun Kyong Shon
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- Istituto di Fisica dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Hua Tian
- Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Fuyi Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kui Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Faculty
of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yufan Zhou
- EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seah MP, Spencer SJ, Havelund R, Gilmore IS, Shard AG. Depth resolution at organic interfaces sputtered by argon gas cluster ions: the effect of energy, angle and cluster size. Analyst 2015; 140:6508-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents, for the first time, the different operating parameters defining the best depth resolution in SIMS organic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Seah
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - S. J. Spencer
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - R. Havelund
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - I. S. Gilmore
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| | - A. G. Shard
- Analytical Science Division
- National Physical Laboratory
- Teddington
- UK
| |
Collapse
|