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Toale C, Morris M, O'Keeffe D, Boland F, Ryan DM, Nally DM, Kavanagh DO. Assessing operative competence in core surgical training: A reliability analysis. Am J Surg 2023; 226:588-595. [PMID: 37481408 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study quantifies the number of observations required to reliably assess the operative competence of Core Surgical Trainees (CSTs) in Ireland, using the Supervised Structured Assessment of Operative Performance (SSAOP) tool. METHODS SSAOPs (April 2016-February 2021) were analysed across a mix of undifferentiated procedures, as well as for three commonly performed general surgery procedures in CST: appendicectomy, abdominal wall hernia repair, and skin/subcutaneous lesion excision. Generalizability and Decision studies determined the number of observations required to achieve dependability indices ≥0.8, appropriate for use in high-stakes assessment. RESULTS A total of 2,294 SSAOPs were analysed. Four assessors, each observing 10 cases, can generate scores sufficiently reliable for use in high-stakes assessments. Focusing on a selection of core procedures yields more favourable reliability indices. CONCLUSION Trainers should conduct repeated assessments across a smaller number of procedures to improve reliability. Programs should increase the assessor mix to yield sufficient dependability indices for high-stakes assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Toale
- Department of Surgical Affairs, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland.
| | - Marie Morris
- Data Science Centre, University of Medicine and Health Sciences at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Dara O'Keeffe
- Department of Surgical Affairs, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Fiona Boland
- Data Science Centre, University of Medicine and Health Sciences at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Donncha M Ryan
- Department of Surgical Affairs, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Nally
- Department of Surgical Affairs, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
| | - Dara O Kavanagh
- Department of Surgical Affairs, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
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Armstrong BA, Nemrodov D, Tung A, Graham SJ, Grantcharov T. Electroencephalography can provide advance warning of technical errors during laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 2022; 37:2817-2825. [PMID: 36478137 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative adverse events lead to patient injury and death, and are increasing. Early warning systems (EWSs) have been used to detect patient deterioration and save lives. However, few studies have used EWSs to monitor surgical performance and caution about imminent technical errors. Previous (non-surgical) research has investigated neural activity to predict future motor errors using electroencephalography (EEG). The present proof-of-concept cohort study investigates whether EEG could predict technical errors in surgery. METHODS In a large academic hospital, three surgical fellows performed 12 elective laparoscopic general surgeries. Audiovisual data of the operating room and the surgeon's neural activity were recorded. Technical errors and epochs of good surgical performance were coded into events. Neural activity was observed 40 s prior and 10 s after errors and good events to determine how far in advance errors were detected. A hierarchical regression model was used to account for possible clustering within surgeons. This prospective, proof-of-concept, cohort study was conducted from July to November 2021, with a pilot period from February to March 2020 used to optimize the technique of data capture and included participants who were blinded from study hypotheses. RESULTS Forty-five technical errors, mainly due to too little force or distance (n = 39), and 27 good surgical events were coded during grasping and dissection. Neural activity representing error monitoring (p = .008) and motor uncertainty (p = .034) was detected 17 s prior to errors, but not prior to good surgical performance. CONCLUSIONS These results show that distinct neural signatures are predictive of technical error in laparoscopic surgery. If replicated with low false-alarm rates, an EEG-based EWS of technical errors could be used to improve individualized surgical training by flagging imminent unsafe actions-before errors occur and cause patient harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie A Armstrong
- International Centre for Surgical Safety, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College St 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M6, Canada.
| | - Dan Nemrodov
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Tung
- International Centre for Surgical Safety, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College St 4th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M6, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Teodor Grantcharov
- International Centre for Surgical Safety, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Sankaranarayanan G, Parker LM, Jacinto K, Demirel D, Halic T, De S, Fleshman JW. Development and Validation of Task-Specific Metrics for the Assessment of Linear Stapler-Based Small Bowel Anastomosis. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 235:881-893. [PMID: 36102520 PMCID: PMC9669227 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Task-specific metrics facilitate the assessment of surgeon performance. This 3-phased study was designed to (1) develop task-specific metrics for stapled small bowel anastomosis, (2) obtain expert consensus on the appropriateness of the developed metrics, and (3) establish its discriminant validity. METHODS In Phase I, a hierarchical task analysis was used to develop the metrics. In Phase II, a survey of expert colorectal surgeons established the importance of the developed metrics. In Phase III, to establish discriminant validity, surgical trainees and surgeons, divided into novice and experienced groups, constructed a side-to-side anastomosis on porcine small bowel using a linear cutting stapler. The participants' performances were videotaped and rated by 2 independent observers. Partial least squares regression was used to compute the weights for the task-specific metrics to obtain weighted total score. RESULTS In Phase II, a total of 45 colorectal surgeons were surveyed: 28 with more than 15 years, 13 with 5 to 15 years, and 4 with less than 5 years of experience. The consensus was obtained on all the task-specific metrics in the more experienced groups. In Phase III, 20 subjects participated equally in both groups. The experienced group performed better than the novice group regardless of the rating scale used: global rating scale (p = 0.009) and the task-specific metrics (p = 0.012). After partial least squares regression, the weighted task-specific metric score continued to show that the experienced group performed better (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Task-specific metric items were developed based on expert consensus and showed good discriminant validity compared with a global rating scale between experienced and novice operators. These items can be used for evaluating technical skills in a stapled small bowel anastomosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Parker
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kimberly Jacinto
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Doga Demirel
- Department of Computer Science, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL
| | - Tansel Halic
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR
| | - Suvranu De
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - James W Fleshman
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Stogowski P, Fliciński F, Białek J, Dąbrowski F, Piotrowski M, Mazurek T. Microsurgical Anastomosis Rating Scale (MARS10): A Final Product Scoring System for Initial Microsurgical Training. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2021; 29:243-249. [PMID: 34760840 DOI: 10.1177/2292550320969649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High cost and ethical controversy of using living models in microsurgical training made non-living models more popular. However, non-living models don't provide appropriate feedback of microsurgical performance. Currently existing Global Rating Scales used for advanced microsurgical skills validation are difficult to apply on non-living model. This study presents a simple instrument for basic assessment of microsurgical anastomosis on non-living model. Methods Seventy medical students were divided into 2 groups depending on their prior microsurgical experience. Each participant performed 3 end-to-end anastomoses on chicken femoral artery model. Anastomoses were reviewed by 3 blinded experts and then photographed. Evaluation included a patency tests, longitudinal cut of anastomosis, and the newly proposed tool 10 Point Microsurgical Anastomosis Rating Scale (MARS10). Presented scale consists of 5 factors important for anastomosis closure (anastomosis closure, suture spacing, bites size, knot tying, and cut ends length), graded on 3 point scale (0-2 points). Results were analyzed with analysis of variance, Spearman correlation, and t Student test. Results Anastomoses evaluated by experts as patent significantly correlated with a high summary score in MARS10 scale (r = 0.73 P < .0001). There was a significant difference in MARS10 score between groups (P < .0001). There were no significant inter-rater differences in scoring among all 3 evaluators (p > .05). Conclusions 10 Point Microsurgical Anastomosis Rating Scale is a quick, valid, and reliable tool to assess microsurgical end-to-end arterial anastomoses on non-living model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Stogowski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Filip Fliciński
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan Białek
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Filip Dąbrowski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Piotrowski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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Video-Based Coaching: Current Status and Role in Surgical Practice (Part 1) From the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Health Care Quality and Outcomes Committee. J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 25:2439-2446. [PMID: 34355331 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patient safety and outcomes are directly related to surgical performance. Surgical training emphasizes the importance of the surgeon in determining these outcomes. After training is complete, there is a lack of structured programs for surgeons to audit their skills and continue their individual development. There is a significant linear relationship between surgeon technical skill and surgical outcomes; however, measuring technical performance is difficult. Video-based coaching matches an individual surgeon in practice with a surgical colleague who has been trained in the core principles of coaching for individualizing instruction. It can provide objective assessment for teaching higher-level concepts, such as technical skills, cognitive skills, and decision-making. There are many benefits to video-based coaching. While the concept is gaining acceptance as a method of surgical education, it is still novel in clinical practice. As more surgeons look towards video-based coaching for quality improvement, a consistent definition of the program, goals, and metrics for assessment will be critical. This paper is a review on the status of the video-based coaching as it applies to practicing surgeons.
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Tapper R. What lessons can surgeons learn from sport? The reflections of a retired athlete. ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:1987-1990. [PMID: 34402151 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surgery often looks to other domains of high performance such as the airline industry for ideas on how to improve surgical performance however little is written about what surgeons might learn from high performance sport. In this paper I offer some observations and ideas from my experience as an Olympic swimmer which I feel may be applicable to surgery and some thoughts on how these concepts might be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tapper
- Department of Surgery, Canterbury District Health board, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define criteria for robotic credentialing using expert consensus. BACKGROUND A recent review of institutional robotic credentialing policies identified significant variability and determined current policies are largely inadequate to ensure surgeon proficiency and may threaten patient safety. METHODS 28 national robotic surgery experts were invited to participate in a consensus conference. After review of available institutional policies and discussion, the group developed a 91 proposed criteria. Using a modified Delphi process the experts were asked to indicate their agreement with the proposed criteria in three electronic survey rounds after the conference. Criteria that achieved 80% or more in agreement (consensus) in all rounds were included in the final list. RESULTS All experts agreed that there is a need for standardized robotic surgery credentialing criteria across institutions that promote surgeon proficiency. 49 items reached consensus in the first round, 19 in the second, and 8 in the third for a total of 76 final items. Experts agreed that privileges should be granted based on video review of surgical performance and attainment of clearly defined objective proficiency benchmarks. Parameters for ongoing outcome monitoring were determined and recommendations for technical skills training, proctoring, and performance assessment were defined. CONCLUSIONS Using a systematic approach, detailed credentialing criteria for robotic surgery were defined. Implementation of these criteria uniformly across institutions will promote proficiency of robotic surgeons and has the potential to positively impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bilgic
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Education, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, #D6.136, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Sofia Valanci-Aroesty
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, #D6.136, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Gerald M Fried
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, #D6.136, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
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O'Logbon J. What can surgery learn from other high-performance disciplines? Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 55:334-337. [PMID: 32577226 PMCID: PMC7305423 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance disciplines have always been concerned with safety and exceptional performance. They have established a culture of vigilance and accepted that human error is both inevitable and ubiquitous. These disciplines, therefore, have all implemented a 'systems approach' to error by focusing on predicting, preventing, rescuing and reporting errors that occur so that they can constantly adapt and improve. Given the complexity of surgery, and the error-prone environment within which it takes place, extracting positive behaviours from other high-performance disciplines will serve to improve performance and enhance patient safety. Surgery is being practiced in an ever-changing environment. Currently, there is less available operative experience for surgical trainees; multi-morbidity in patients is growing and rapidly evolving technology means that more high-tech equipment is being used in procedures. This article evaluates the effectiveness of current surgical protocol in reducing errors and possible modifications that can be made to fit the new environment that surgery is now being practiced in. It will then describe how three different high-performance disciplines: aviation, professional sport and Formula 1, have developed in their approaches to safety and excellence, which will serve as the basis for a discussion about what more can be learnt from these disciplines so that the surgical profession can continue to excel in the face of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica O'Logbon
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Newcomen St., London SE1 1UL, UK
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Goldenberg M. Editorial Comment. J Urol 2017; 197:1250. [PMID: 28183522 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Goldenberg
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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