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Safiri S, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Shamekh A, Sullman MJM, Collins GS, Kolahi AA. The burden of schizophrenia in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990-2019. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9720. [PMID: 38678101 PMCID: PMC11055947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia ranks as the third-most common cause of disability among mental disorders globally. This study presents findings on the prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) as a result of schizophrenia in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), stratified by age, sex and sociodemographic index (SDI). We collected publicly accessible data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. This study reports the burden of schizophrenia, from 1990 to 2019, for the 21 countries that comprise MENA. In 2019, MENA exhibited an age-standardised point prevalence of 248.2, an incidence rate of 14.7 and an YLD rate of 158.7 per 100,000, which have not changed substantially between 1990 and 2019. In 2019, the age-standardised YLD rate was highest in Qatar and lowest in Afghanistan. No MENA countries demonstrated noteworthy changes in the burden of schizophrenia from 1990 to 2019. Furthermore, in 2019, the highest number of prevalent cases and the point prevalence were observed among those aged 35-39, with a higher prevalence among males in almost all age categories. Additionally, in 2019, the age-standardised YLD rates in MENA were below the worldwide average. Finally, there was a positive correlation between the burden of schizophrenia and the SDI from 1990 to 2019. The disease burden of schizophrenia has remained relatively stable over the past thirty years. Nevertheless, as the regional life-expectancy continues to increase, the burden of schizophrenia is also expected to rise. Therefore, early planning for the increase in the burden of the disease is urgently needed in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Safiri
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mark J M Sullman
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali-Asghar Kolahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Madkour A, Elsayed AM, Sweed H, Ebrashy IE, Abdelhamid M, Zidan M. Adult vaccination against respiratory infections in Egypt: a review of expert opinions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:561-569. [PMID: 38695193 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2348608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower respiratory tract infection is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world, with a substantial impact on healthcare costs. In Egypt, local consensus on its burden, diagnosis, and vaccination is scarce. This expert opinion is the first to address the local recommendations for vaccinating adults against respiratory infection. It sheds light on the growing need to understand the barriers and underpublicized concept of adult vaccination in Egypt. AREAS COVERED A collaborative multidisciplinary panel from Egypt developed an expert opinion-based suggestions/points, including epidemiology, microbiology, and highlights on vaccination in Egypt, as well as challenges and recommendations regarding adult vaccination. EXPERT OPINION Adult vaccinations against respiratory infections are now recommended for high-risk people by all healthcare regulatory bodies. However, it was acknowledged that there may be hesitancy and concerns among patients; in addition, healthcare professionals' awareness about vaccination guidelines and benefits needs improvement. There are several strategies that could be implemented to enhance vaccine adherence in Egypt. These approaches encompass conducting community education programs, addressing the concerns of patients, and enhancing awareness among healthcare professionals through education, policy changes, and periodical reminders in each healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Madkour
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel M Elsayed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Sweed
- Department of Geriatrics & Gerontology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim El Ebrashy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Zidan
- Department of Chest Diseases, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Dawood HN, Al-Jumaili AH, Radhi AH, Ikram D, Al-Jabban A. Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development. F1000Res 2023; 12:435. [PMID: 38283903 PMCID: PMC10811421 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132781.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is a global public health concern as it affects the young, aged and the immunocompromised. The development of pneumococcal vaccines and their incorporation in the immunization programs has helped to reduce the global burden of disease. However, serotype replacement and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes as well as the persistence of a few vaccine serotypes underscores the need for development of new and effective vaccines against such pneumococcal serotypes. In the Middle East, places of religious mass gatherings are a hotspot for disease transmission in addition to the global risk factors. Therefore, the periodic surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes circulating in the region to determine the effectiveness of existing prevention strategies and develop improved vaccines is warranted. Currently, there is a lack of serotype prevalence data for Iraq due to inadequate surveillance in the region. Thus, this review aims to determine the pneumococcal serotypes circulating in Iraq which may help in the development and introduction of improved pneumococcal vaccines in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed H. Radhi
- F.i.c.m.s/ C.M, Center for disease control and prevention, Baghdad, Iraq
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Al Awaidy S, Ozudogru O, Badur S. Meningococcal disease within the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2193120. [PMID: 37051899 PMCID: PMC10158544 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2193120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review reports on the recent epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries (focusing from 2012 onwards), the existing immunization strategies and the potential for IMD resurgence. MenACWY vaccination is now established in infant or adolescent immunization programs in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. At present, GCC Countries do not include MenB immunization. National health surveillance reports indicate a total of 156 IMD cases reported across the GCC Countries between 2012 and 2021; between 30% and 80% of cases were reported in individuals aged ≥15 years. Lack of serogroup data hinders the assessment of vaccine impact and decision-making on additional vaccine introductions (e.g. MenB immunization). Hajj/Umrah pilgrimage and the increasing number of large-scale commercial and social events held in the GCC Countries pose a potential risk for future IMD outbreaks. Immunization policies for such events could be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Selim Badur
- Vaccines Scientific Affairs and Public Health, GSK, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bizri A, Ibrahim A, Dagher E, Matar M, Mohammed M, Bitar N, Atallah P, Moghnieh R, Musharrafieh U, Aoun-Bacha Z. Pneumococcal Disease in High-Risk Adults in Lebanon: Expert Opinion. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101650. [PMID: 36298515 PMCID: PMC9607522 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease affects people across all ages but is more prevalent in young children and the elderly. Despite the availability of the pneumococcal vaccine for adults, the disease burden and mortality associated with it remains a challenge. A few studies conducted in Lebanon have reported epidemiology of pneumococcal disease, concurring the high burden among adults and older adults in the region. The pneumococcal vaccine is a part of the routine immunization schedule for children, but there are no recommendations for adult vaccination. A medical advisory board was hence conducted in September 2020 to discuss the burden of pneumococcal disease (PD) among adults in Lebanon. The participants were experts from the fields of internal medicine, family medicine, hematology, cardiology, oncology, endocrinology, pulmonology, and infectious diseases. The experts reached a consensus that there is a need to take steps to increase the rate of adult vaccination uptake and create awareness among physicians, pharmacists, caregivers, and patients. The physicians should be trained on adult immunization and should actively discuss the importance of the pneumococcal vaccine, especially with high-risk adult patients. Implementing adult vaccination as a routine practice and involving various stakeholders to address the gaps can help in reducing the burden of pneumococcal disease in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Bizri
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim
- Al Makassed General Hospital, Tarik Jdide P.O. Box 6301, Lebanon
| | - Elissar Dagher
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Madonna Matar
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | | | - Nizar Bitar
- Sahel General Hospital, Ghobeiry P.O. Box 99/25, Lebanon
| | - Paola Atallah
- Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Rmeil P.O. Box 166378, Lebanon
| | - Rima Moghnieh
- Al Makassed General Hospital, Tarik Jdide P.O. Box 6301, Lebanon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-13829363
| | - Umayya Musharrafieh
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Aoun-Bacha
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, University Medical Center, Saint Joseph University, Alfred Naccache P.O. Box 166830, Lebanon
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Abouqal R, Beji M, Chakroun M, Marhoum El Filali K, Rammaoui J, Zaghden H. Trends in Adult and Elderly Vaccination: Focus on Vaccination Practices in Tunisia and Morocco. Front Public Health 2022; 10:903376. [PMID: 35844850 PMCID: PMC9286557 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.903376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) are a prevailing concern among the adult population, despite availability of vaccines. Unlike pediatric vaccination programs, adult vaccination programs lack the required reach, initiative, and awareness. Clinical studies and real-world data have proven that vaccines effectively reduce the disease burden of VPDs and increase life expectancy. In Tunisia and Morocco, the national immunization program (NIP) focuses more on pediatric vaccination and have limited vaccination programs for adults. However, some vaccination campaigns targeting adults are organized. For example, influenza vaccination campaigns prioritizing at risk adults which includes healthcare professionals, elderly, and patients with comorbidities. Women of childbearing age who have never been vaccinated or whose information is uncertain are recommended to receive tetanus vaccination. Tunisia NIP recommends rubella vaccine mainly for women of childbearing age, while in Morocco, national vaccination campaigns were organized for girls and women (up to 24 years of age) to eliminate rubella. Further, travelers from both countries are recommended to follow all requirements and recommendations in the travel destination. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the global disease burden of common VPDs including (but not limited to) meningococcal diseases, pneumococcal diseases, hepatitis, and influenza. The review also provides an overview of clinical data and guidelines/recommendations on adult vaccination practices, with special focus on Tunisia and Morocco. Some European and North American countries have concrete recommendations and strategies for adult vaccination to keep the VPDs in check. In Morocco and Tunisia, although, there are sporadic adult vaccination initiatives, the efforts still need upscaling and endorsements to boost vaccination awareness and uptake. There is a need to strengthen strategies in both countries to understand the disease burden and spread awareness. Additional studies are needed to generate economic evidence to support cost-effectiveness of vaccines. Integration of private and public healthcare systems may further improve vaccination uptake in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouane Abouqal
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Acute Medical Unit, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maher Beji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Tunisian Society of Tropical Medicine and Travel, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chakroun
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
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Çelik M, Abdullayeva M, Alp-Çavuş S. Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Serotype Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Elderly: A Cross-sectional Study in Turkey. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 4:99-106. [PMID: 38633343 PMCID: PMC10986594 DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2022.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objective The incidence and mortality of invasive pneumococcal disease are much higher in people over 65 years compared to the general population. The incidence of the disease and the distribution of serotypes changed with the spread of childhood conjugate pneumococcal vaccines and the use of vaccines in the adult age group. Nasopharyngeal carriage is an important stage in the disease pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to determine the pneumococcal carriage prevalence and serotype distribution in adults aged ≥ 65 years living in a nursing home. Materials and Methods The nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from ≥ 65 years old people living in Narlıdere Nursing Home. The specimens were cultured and pneumococci were isolated according to colony appearance, optochin sensitivity and solubility in bile salts. Pneumococcal serotypes were identified using the capsule swelling reaction. Results Pneumococcus was isolated in 10 of 341 subjects and the pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 2.9%. Advanced age, immunocompromised status and chronic renal failure were associated with pneumococcal carriage. In multivariate model, having immunocompromised status was significantly associated with carriage. Serotypes/serogroups of pneumococci were 7F, 23F, 10, 11, 15. 17, 20 and 33. The 13 valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine serotype carriage prevalence was 0.6%. Conclusion Although pneumococcal colonization in older people is uncommon, most of the isolated serotypes are not PCV13 serotypes. The monitoring of pneumococcal serotypes can offer useful information about the circulation of this pathogen among older people and the potential protective effect of pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Çelik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Madina Abdullayeva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Central Customs Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Sema Alp-Çavuş
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Karlsson J, Eichner H, Loh E. Invasive meningococcal disease and genome databases. THE LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e421-e422. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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