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Lacey A, Whyte E, Burke A, O'Connor S, Dillon S, Moran K. An Investigation Into the Measurement of Injury Severity in Running-Related Injury Research: A Scoping Review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14704. [PMID: 39049519 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding injury severity is essential to inform injury prevention practice. The aims of this scoping review were to investigate how running-related injury (RRI) severity is measured, compare how it differs across studies, and examine whether it influences study outcomes (i.e., injury rates and risk factor identification). This scoping review was prospectively registered with Open Science Framework. A systematic electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscuss, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Included studies were published in English between January 1980 and December 2023, investigated RRIs in adult running populations, and included a measure of injury severity. Results were extracted and collated. Sixty-six studies were included. Two predominant primary criteria are used to define injury severity: the extent of the effect on running and/or the extent of the physical description. When secondary definition criteria are considered, 13 variations of injury severity measurement are used. Two approaches are used to grade injury severity: a categorization approach or a continuous numerical scale. Overall, the measurement of RRI severity is relatively inconsistent across studies. Less than half of studies report incidence rates per level of injury severity, while none report specific risk factors across levels, making it difficult to determine if the approach to measuring injury severity influences these study outcomes. This lack of information is possibly contributing to inconsistent rates of RRIs reported, and the lack of clarity on risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Lacey
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance, Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance, Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Burke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance, Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance, Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Dillon
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Health and Human Performance, Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Turnbull MR, Gallo TF, Carter HE, Drew M, Toohey LA, Waddington G. Estimating the cost of sports injuries: A scoping review. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:307-313. [PMID: 38514294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Provide an overview of the methods used to estimate the cost of sports-related injury published to date, and to highlight considerations and opportunities for future research. DESIGN Scoping review. METHODS Scopus, MEDLINE and CINHAL were searched from 1st January 2000 to 1st January 2023. Studies were screened by two independent reviewers and were eligible if they reported on a cost analysis or cost estimation of sports related injury. RESULTS Thirty-one studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven studies (87 %) were published since 2014. The type of costs included direct healthcare costs (12 studies), indirect costs (10 studies) and a combination of both (9 studies). Twenty-one studies (68 %) used a bottom-up costing approach to measure costs of sports injury and estimated direct costs from the service rates or fee schedules of health systems, hospital, insurance companies or national insurance boards. A top-down approach was used in seven studies (23 %) to estimate the indirect salary cost of time-loss injuries using data from publicly available resources. Ten studies were from the cost perspective of a sporting organisation (32 %). There was a lack of explicit reporting of the costing method used and the perspective of those bearing the costs. CONCLUSIONS Estimating the cost of sports injuries is an emerging area of research, with publications increasing in recent years. However, there remains a lack of methodological guidance to inform or appraise these studies. The expansion of established cost of illness checklists with sport injury explanations to guide future cost of sports injury studies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Turnbull
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia.
| | - Tania F Gallo
- Cricket Australia, Australia. https://twitter.com/TG2389
| | - Hannah E Carter
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia. https://twitter.com/Hannah_E_Carter
| | - Michael Drew
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia. https://twitter.com/_mickdrew
| | - Liam A Toohey
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia; Australian Institute of Sport, Australia. https://twitter.com/LiamAToohey
| | - Gordon Waddington
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia; Australian Institute of Sport, Australia. https://twitter.com/DrGWaddington
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Viljoen C, du Toit E, van Niekerk T, Mashaba S, Ndaba Z, Verster M, Bellingan A, Ramagole D, Jansen van Rensburg A, Botha T, Janse van Rensburg DC. Training for shorter ultra-trail races results in a higher injury rate, a more diverse injury profile, and more severe injuries: 2022 Mac ultra races. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 65:7-13. [PMID: 37976906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine and compare the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and injury severity among race entrants training towards different ultra-trail race distances. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING The six months training period before the 2022 Mac Ultra races (46 km, 80 km, 161 km and 322 km). PARTICIPANTS Of the 245 race entrants, 162 (66% of Mac ultra-trail runners) consented to analyse their data. OUTCOME MEASURES Injury rate (injuries per 1000 h of running), point prevalence (% of currently injured participants), injury severity (time loss), and the frequency (n, %) of injuries reported during pre-race medical screening in the six months before the race. Using inferential statistics, we compared the injury rates between the different race distance categories (46 km, 80 km, 161 km, 322 km). All tests were performed at a 5% level of significance. RESULTS We reported a statistically significantly higher injury rate among 46 km study participants (3.09 injuries per 1000 h) compared to the injury rates reported among 80 km (0.68 injuries per 1000 h; p = 0.001) and 161 km (1.09 injuries per 1000 h; p = 0.028) participants. The lower limb (89%) was the most injured anatomical region, with only 46 km study participants reporting upper limb, trunk, and head injuries (11%). Muscle/tendon was the most reported injured tissue type (56%), with muscle injuries (31%) the most reported pathology type. Shorter distance ultra-trail runners reported the highest injury severity. CONCLUSION Ultra-trail runners training towards shorter ultra-trail distance races presented with a higher injury rate, more diverse injury profile, and a higher injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eileen du Toit
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tyla van Niekerk
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sylvester Mashaba
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zinhle Ndaba
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michelle Verster
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andre Bellingan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Audrey Jansen van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/RensburgAudrey
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/ChristaJVR
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Selvakumar S, Li SM, Fahey P, Cheung RTH. Effect of surface inclination on vertical loading rate and footstrike pattern in trail and road runners. Sports Biomech 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37955262 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2278163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Trail runners have been reported to be more injury prone than road runners. Limited past studies have examined the difference in the running biomechanics between the two groups of runners. More importantly, the effect of surface inclination has not been fully investigated. Hence, this study examined the effect of surface inclination on running biomechanics in trail and road runners. Twenty trails and 20 road runners were recruited in this study. Trail runners appeared to be more experienced and had longer training distance per week (p < 0.001) compared to road runners. All participants ran at a self-selected pace on an instrumented treadmill in three inclination conditions (i.e., level, +10% uphill and -10% downhill) in a random order. Vertical average loading rate (VALR), vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) and footstrike angle (FSA) were measured using established methods. Trail runners experienced greater VILR (p = 0.039, Cohen's d = 2.9) with a greater FSA (p = 0.002, Cohen's d = 1.1) during downhill running than road runners. No significant differences in VALR, VILR and FSA were found between the two groups during level and uphill running. Our findings provide potential biomechanical rationale to explain a higher injury incidence among trail runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Selvakumar
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sin Ming Li
- Physiotherapy Department, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Fahey
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Drum SN, Rappelt L, Held S, Donath L. Effects of Trail Running versus Road Running-Effects on Neuromuscular and Endurance Performance-A Two Arm Randomized Controlled Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4501. [PMID: 36901510 PMCID: PMC10002259 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Running on less predictable terrain has the potential to increase the stimulation of the neuromuscular system and can boost aerobic performance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of trail versus road running on neuromuscular and endurance performance parameters in running novices. Twenty sedentary participants were randomly assigned to either a trail (TRAIL; n = 10) or road running (ROAD; n = 10) group. A supervised and progressive, moderate intensity, and work-load-matched 8 wk endurance running program on TRAIL or ROAD was prescribed (i.e., randomized). Static balance (BESS test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), gait analysis (RehaGait test, with regard to stride time single task, stride length dual task, velocity single task), agility performance (t-test), isokinetic leg strength (BIODEX), and predicted VO2max were assessed in pre- and post-tests. rANOVA analysis revealed no significant time-group interactions. Large effect sizes (Cohen's d) for pairwise comparison were found for TRAIL in the BESS test (d = 1.2) and predicted (pred) VO2max (d = 0.95). Moderate effects were evident for ROAD in BESS (d = 0.5), stride time single task (d = 0.52), and VO2max predicted (d = 0.53). Possible moderate to large effect sizes for stride length dual task (72%), velocity single task (64%), BESS test (60%), and the Y-balance test left stance (51%) in favor of TRAIL occurred. Collectively, the results suggested slightly more beneficial tendencies in favor of TRAIL. Additional research is needed to clearly elucidate differences between TRAIL and ROAD, not only in novices but also in experienced exercisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Nolan Drum
- Department of Health Sciences—Fitness Wellness, College of Health and Human Services, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Musculoeskeletal injuries and illnesses in the Spanish team the month prior to the WMTRC 2022. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2023.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Sinclair J, Huang G, Taylor PJ, Chockalingam N, Fan Y. Effects of Running in Minimal and Conventional Footwear on Medial Tibiofemoral Cartilage Failure Probability in Habitual and Non-Habitual Users. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247335. [PMID: 36555951 PMCID: PMC9788348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of minimal and conventional running footwear on medial tibiofemoral cartilage mechanics and longitudinal failure probability. The current investigation examined twenty males who habitually ran in minimal footwear and 20 males who habitually ran in conventional footwear. Kinematic data during overground running were collected using a motion-capture system and ground reaction forces using a force plate. Medial tibiofemoral loading was examined using musculoskeletal simulation and cartilage failure probability via probabilistic modelling. In habitual minimal footwear users, peak medial tibiofemoral cartilage force, stress and strain were significantly greater in conventional (force = 7.43 BW, stress = 5.12 MPa and strain = 0.30), compared to minimal footwear (force = 7.11 BW, stress 4.65 MPa and strain = 0.28), though no significant differences in these parameters were evident in non-habitual minimal footwear users (conventional: force = 7.50 BW, stress = 5.05 MPa and strain = 0.30; minimal: force = 7.40 BW, stress = 4.77 MPa and strain = 0.29). However, in both habitual and non-habitual minimal footwear users, the probability of medial tibiofemoral cartilage failure was significantly greater in conventional (habitual = 47.19% and non-habitual = 50.00%) compared to minimal footwear (habitual = 33.18% and non-habitual = 32.81%) users. The observations from this investigation show that compared to minimal footwear, conventional footwear appears to have a negative influence on medial tibiofemoral cartilage health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sinclair
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, School of Sport & Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Guohao Huang
- Foot Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science of Fujian Province, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Paul John Taylor
- School of Psychology & Computer Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - Yifang Fan
- Foot Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science of Fujian Province, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Nuyts L, De Brabandere A, Van Rossom S, Davis J, Vanwanseele B. Machine-learned-based prediction of lower extremity overuse injuries using pressure plates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:987118. [PMID: 36118590 PMCID: PMC9481267 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.987118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although running has many benefits for both the physical and mental health, it also involves the risk of injuries which results in negative physical, psychological and economical consequences. Those injuries are often linked to specific running biomechanical parameters such as the pressure pattern of the foot while running, and they could potentially be indicative for future injuries. Previous studies focus solely on some specific type of running injury and are often only applicable to a gender or running-experience specific population. The purpose of this study is, for both male and female, first-year students, (i) to predict the development of a lower extremity overuse injury in the next 6 months based on foot pressure measurements from a pressure plate and (ii) to identify the predictive loading features. For the first objective, we developed a machine learning pipeline that analyzes foot pressure measurements and predicts whether a lower extremity overuse injury is likely to occur with an AUC of 0.639 and a Brier score of 0.201. For the second objective, we found that the higher pressures exerted on the forefoot are the most predictive for lower extremity overuse injuries and that foot areas from both the lateral and the medial side are needed. Furthermore, there are two kinds of predictive features: the angle of the FFT coefficients and the coefficients of the autoregressive AR process. However, these features are not interpretable in terms of the running biomechanics, limiting its practical use for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Nuyts
- DTAI, Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Loren Nuyts,
| | | | - Sam Van Rossom
- Human Movements Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jesse Davis
- DTAI, Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Human Movements Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Development of a trail running injury screening instrument: A multiple methods approach. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 56:60-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Skammer S, Halvorson J, Becker J. Using an external focus of attention for gait retraining in runners: A case report. Physiother Theory Pract 2022; 39:1083-1094. [PMID: 35129062 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2035032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many gait retraining studies use cues that promote internal focus of attention. However, the motor control literature clearly shows the beneficial effects of using cues that promote an external focus of attention (EFOA) when teaching new movements. This case report seeks to illustrate the outcomes of using an EFOA for running gait retraining. It also examines whether retrained mechanics transfer across different running speeds. CASE DESCRIPTIONS A 22-year-old female competitive runner with a history of tibial stress injuries was the participant. PATIENT MANAGEMENT Baseline assessments of flexibility, strength, and running biomechanics were performed after which an eight-session gait retraining protocol was implemented. Visual (mirror) and verbal feedback (EFOA) cues were provided during the retraining protocol. Outcomes showed improved hip, knee, and ankle kinematics, reduced ground reaction forces, and earlier onset and longer durations of muscle activity following retraining. These improvements transferred across running speeds. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In this participant, EFOA cues were effective for the gait retraining protocol and the benefits were transferable across running speeds. Clinicians should consider how EFOA cues may be incorporated to improve gait retraining outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Skammer
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Justin Halvorson
- Department of Athletics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - James Becker
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Injury Incidence and Pattern in Elite Young Male and Female Trail Runners. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the injury incidence in young trail runners according to the body region, type, mode of onset, and moment of occurrence, both in total and detailed by sex. Thirty-five male and sixteen female young elite trail runners, aged between 15 and 22 years, completed a questionnaire regarding the injury incidence in the last 2 years. Comparison of the proportions of the injury incidence within groups (all, male, and female runners) and between groups (male vs. female runners) was computed using z and Fisher’s exact tests. Results showed that most of the injuries in male runners occurred in ankle (54.3%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.520). New injuries were the most common type in male (60.0%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.829) and female runners (52.0%; p = 0.005; ES = 0.585). Acute sudden onset (55.7%; p = 0.002; ES = 0.722) and repetitive sudden onset injuries (48.0%; p = 0.002; ES = 0.141) were the most frequent in male and female athletes, respectively. Joint sprains (48.6%; p < 0.001; 0.464) were the most reported injuries in male runners. Comparative analysis between sexes showed that exacerbation injuries were higher in females (24.0%) than in male runners (8.6%), with p = 0.046 (ES = 0.205). However, female runners reported less incidence by acute sudden onset injuries (32.0%) than male runners (55.7%), with p = 0.042 (ES = 0.209). Young trail runners showed a specific injury profile due to the distinctive characteristics of the mountain terrain compared to the athletic modalities.
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Viljoen C, Janse van Rensburg DCC, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E, Silva B, Scheer V, Besomi M, Gajardo-Burgos R, Matos S, Schoeman M, Jansen van Rensburg A, van Dyk N, Scheepers S, Botha T. Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:577-587. [PMID: 35022162 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running. DESIGN Living systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years. DATA SOURCES Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running. RESULTS Nineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7-61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe. CONCLUSION Limited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa .,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Medical Board Member, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Silva
- School of Sports and Leisure, Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health Science and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation (USSF), Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Manuela Besomi
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sérgio Matos
- School of Sports and Leisure, Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal.,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Marlene Schoeman
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Scheepers
- Department of Library Services, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Viljoen CT, Janse van Rensburg DC, Verhagen E, van Mechelen W, Korkie E, Botha T. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Risk Factors for Running-Related Injuries among South African Trail Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312620. [PMID: 34886345 PMCID: PMC8656810 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trail running involves running on varying natural terrains, often including large elevation gains/losses. Trail running has a high risk of injury, and runners often participate in remote regions where medical support is challenging. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristic, and associated injury risk factors among trail runners. A modified Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire for Health Problems (OSTRC-H) was used biweekly to collect running-related injury (RRI) and training history data prospectively, among 152 participants (males n = 120, females n = 32) over 30 weeks. We report an overall injury rate of 19.6 RRIs per 1000 h and an RRI mean prevalence of 12.3%. The leading anatomical site of RRIs was the lower limb (82.9%), affecting the knee (29.8%), shin/lower leg (18.0%), and the foot/toes (13.7%). A history of previous RRI in the past 12 months (p = 0.0032) and having a chronic disease (p = 0.0188) are independent risk factors for RRIs among trail runners. Two in three trail runners sustain an RRI mainly affecting the knee, shin/lower leg, and foot/toes. A history of previous RRI in the past 12 months and a having chronic disease is independently associated with RRI among trail runners. These results could be used to develop future RRI prevention strategies, combined with clinical knowledge and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel T. Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.V.); (W.v.M.)
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Pretoria 0186, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dina C. Janse van Rensburg
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Pretoria 0186, South Africa;
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.V.); (W.v.M.)
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.V.); (W.v.M.)
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elzette Korkie
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
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Mayne RS, Bleakley CM, Matthews M. Use of monitoring technology and injury incidence among recreational runners: a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:116. [PMID: 34583747 PMCID: PMC8480020 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Monitoring technology is increasingly accessible to recreational runners. Our aim was to examine patterns of technology use in recreational runners, and its potential association with injury. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study in a sample of adult runners. Recruitment took place at three different 5 km parkrun event across Northern Ireland. Demographics, technology use, running behaviour and running-related injury (RRI) history were examined. Regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between variables. Results Responses were obtained from 192 of 483 eligible finishers (39.8% response rate). Average age was 45.9 years (SD 10.3), with males (47.1 years SD 9.7) slightly older than females (44.8 years SD 10.8). On average, participants ran 3.0 days per week (SD 1.3), with an average weekly distance of 22.6 km (SD 19.7). Males typically ran further (MD 6.2 km/week; 95% CI 0.4 to 12.0) than females. Monitoring technology was used by 87.4% (153/175); with GPS watches the most common device (87.6% (134/153)). Runners using monitoring technology ran further (MD 14.4 km/week; 95% CI 10.3 to 18.5) and more frequently (MD 1.3 days/week; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.9) than those who did not use monitoring technology. There was no significant difference in average age between runners who used monitoring technology and those who did not (MD 4.0 years; 95% CI −0.7 to 8.7). RRI was reported by 40.6% (71/175) of participants in the previous 12 months. In a univariate analysis, none of the selected predictors (age, number of days run per week, distance run per week, or usage of technology to modify training pattern) (p > 0.1) were associated with RRI. Conclusions This study found a high prevalence of monitoring technology usage among recreational runners. While the incidence of RRI remains high, it is not associated with the usage of monitoring technology. Further prospective research should examine if monitoring technology can reduce RRI incidence among recreational runners in future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-021-00347-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Mayne
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Antrim, BT37 0QB, UK. .,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Chris M Bleakley
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Antrim, BT37 0QB, UK
| | - Mark Matthews
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Antrim, BT37 0QB, UK
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15
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Martins de Oliveira G, Araujo Kretli Mota G, Sain Vallio C, Dias Lopes A, Hespanhol L. What are the facilitators and barriers to develop a running-related injury prevention program? A qualitative study. Physiother Theory Pract 2021; 38:2798-2805. [PMID: 34474654 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.1967538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Knowing the facilitators and barriers of the development process of prevention programs in advance may prevent setbacks to occur and may even enable strategies to explore the facilitators and to deal with and/or avoid possible barriers. OBJECTIVE : To investigate the facilitators and barriers of the development process of a running-related injury (RRI) prevention program. METHODS : This was a qualitative study conducted with semi-structured face-to-face interviews with participants from the development of the RunIn3 RRI prevention program. The analysis on facilitators and barriers was performed following a content analysis approach. All participants enrolled in the development of the RunIn3 program were invited to participate in this study (n = 10). The interviews were conducted and recorded until saturation. Qualitative data from interview transcripts were grouped into condensed meaning units, codes, categories and themes, and were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS : Nine participants were included in this study. Overall, 17 categories were identified: six facilitators (35.3%) and 11 barriers (64.7%). The facilitators were reported 55.1% of the time (frequency of emerging themes [FET] = 43/78) and the barriers were reported 44.9% of the time (FET = 35/78). The most frequent categories classified as facilitators were 'group meeting' (32.6%, FET = 14/43) and 'form of contact' (20.9%, FET = 9/43). The most frequent categories classified as barriers were 'absence of participants' (22.9%, FET = 8/35) and 'ramblings' (20.0%, FET = 7/35). CONCLUSION : The facilitators were more frequently reported than the barriers related to the development of the RRI prevention program, based on FET. These results may help in future endeavors toward the development of sports injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovana Araujo Kretli Mota
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sain Vallio
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dias Lopes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Luiz Hespanhol
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Public and Occupational Health (DPOH), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Kakouris N, Yener N, Fong DTP. A systematic review of running-related musculoskeletal injuries in runners. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:513-522. [PMID: 33862272 PMCID: PMC8500811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Running-related musculoskeletal injuries (RRMIs), especially stemming from overuse, frequently occur in runners. This study aimed to systematically review the literature and determine the incidence and prevalence proportion of RRMIs by anatomic location and specific pathology. METHODS An electronic database search with no date beginning restrictions was performed in SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE up to June 2020. Prospective studies were used to find the anatomic location and the incidence proportion of each RRMI, whereas retrospective or cross-sectional studies were used to find the prevalence proportion of each RRMI. A separate analysis for ultramarathon runners was performed. RESULTS The overall injury incidence and prevalence were 40.2% ± 18.8% and 44.6% ± 18.4% (mean ± SD), respectively. The knee, ankle, and lower leg accounted for the highest proportion of injury incidence, whereas the knee, lower leg, and foot/toes had the highest proportion of injury prevalence. Achilles tendinopathy (10.3%), medial tibial stress syndrome (9.4%), patellofemoral pain syndrome (6.3%), plantar fasciitis (6.1%), and ankle sprains (5.8%) accounted for the highest proportion of injury incidence, whereas patellofemoral pain syndrome (16.7%), medial tibial stress syndrome (9.1%), plantar fasciitis (7.9%), iliotibial band syndrome (7.9%), and Achilles tendinopathy (6.6%) had the highest proportion of injury prevalence. The ankle (34.5%), knee (28.1%), and lower leg (12.9%) were the 3 most frequently injured sites among ultramarathoners. CONCLUSION The injury incidence proportions by anatomic location between ultramarathoners and non-ultramarathoners were not significantly different (p = 0.798). The pathologies with the highest incidence proportion of injuries were anterior compartment tendinopathy (19.4%), patellofemoral pain syndrome (15.8%), and Achilles tendinopathy (13.7%). The interpretation of epidemiological data in RRMIs is limited due to several methodological issues encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kakouris
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Numan Yener
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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17
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Egerton T, Donkin D, Kazantzis S, Ware H, Moore S. Conceptualisation of a region-based group of musculoskeletal pain conditions as 'tibial loading pain' and systematic review of effects of load-modifying interventions. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:46-52. [PMID: 34366244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conceptualisation of a clinically-relevant group of conditions as a region-based, load-related musculoskeletal pain condition ('tibial loading pain') to enable identification of evidence of treatment effect from load-modifying interventions. DESIGN Systematic review and evidence synthesis based on a developed and justified theoretical position. METHODS Musculoskeletal pain localised to the tibial (shin) region and consistent with clinical presentations of an exercise/activity-related onset mechanism, was conceptualised as a group of conditions ('tibial loading pain') that could be reasoned to respond to load modifying interventions. Five databases were searched for randomized controlled studies investigating any load-modifying intervention for pain in the anterior-anteromedial lower leg (shin). Study quality was evaluated (Risk of Bias Tool Version 2) and level of certainty for the findings assessed. RESULTS Six studies reporting seven comparisons were included. Interventions included braces, anti-pronation taping, compression stocking and a stretch + strengthening programme. All included studies were assessed as having unclear or high risk of bias. The review found no evidence of beneficial effect from any of the load-modifying interventions on symptoms, physical performance or biomechanical measures, apart from a possible benefit of anti-pronation 'kinesio' taping. There was very low certainty evidence that kinesio taping improves pain and pain-free hopping distance after one week. The braces were associated with minor adverse effects and problems with acceptability. CONCLUSIONS None of the treatments investigated by the included studies can be recommended. Conceptualisation of the problem as regional, primarily loading-related pain rather than as multiple distinct pathoanatomically-based conditions, and clearer load-modifying hypotheses for interventions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorlene Egerton
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Health, Exercise & Sports Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Donkin
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Professions, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Sia Kazantzis
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah Ware
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia; The Melbourne Sports Medicine Centre, Australia
| | - Sonya Moore
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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18
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Viljoen CT, Sewry N, Schwellnus MP, Janse van Rensburg DC, Swanevelder S, Jordaan E. Independent Risk Factors Predicting Gradual Onset Injury in 2824 Trail Running Race Entrants: SAFER XVIII Study. Wilderness Environ Med 2021; 32:293-301. [PMID: 34266742 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trail running is characterized by elevation changes, with uneven and varying running surfaces. Risk factors that may predict gradual-onset running-related injuries (GORRIs) in short-distance trail running have not been explored. The objective was to determine risk factors that predict GORRIs in trail running race entrants who entered mass community-based trail running events. METHODS In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data were collected prospectively from a prerace medical screening questionnaire over 4 trail run events held annually. Using a Poisson regression model, runner demographics, race distance, running training/racing variables, history of chronic diseases (number of chronic diseases reported as a cumulative "chronic disease composite score"), and allergies were investigated to determine factors predicting self-reported GORRI history in the previous 12 mo. RESULTS This study included 2824 race entrants (80% of entrants). The retrospective annual incidence for GORRIs was 13%. Independent risk factors predicting GORRIs were longer race distance (P<0.0001), increasing chronic disease composite score (P=0.0012), and a history of allergies (P=0.0056). The lower limb (94%) was the main anatomic region of GORRIs, and soft tissue injuries accounted for most (83%) GORRIs. Common specific GORRIs were iliotibial band syndrome (22%), Achilles tendon injury (10%), and hamstring injury (9%). CONCLUSIONS Independent risk factors predicting GORRIs among trail running entrants included longer race distance, a higher chronic disease composite score, and a history of allergies. This study has highlighted trail running race entrants at risk for sustaining GORRIs who could be targeted for future injury prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel T Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin P Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sonja Swanevelder
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
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19
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Sleeswijk Visser TSO, van Middelkoop M, Fokkema T, de Vos RJ. The socio-economic impact of running-related injuries: A large prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2002-2009. [PMID: 34228834 PMCID: PMC8518541 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the impact of running‐related injuries (RRIs) on activities of daily living (ADL), work, healthcare utilization, and estimated costs. Design Prospective cohort study with data from a randomized controlled trial. Methods Adult recreational runners who registered for a running event (distances 5 to 42 km) were included in this study. Minimum follow‐up duration was 3 months (preparation, event participation, and post‐race period). Injuries were registered using a standardized definition. Primary outcome measure was a standardized 5‐item survey on limitations in ADL. The survey data were categorized to the number of injured runners with complete/moderate/no limitations. This outcome was expressed as the percentage of injured runners with any limitation (complete or moderate limitations amalgamated). Secondary outcomes were work absenteeism, the number of healthcare visits per injured runner, and estimated direct medical and indirect costs per participant and per RRI. Results 1929 runners (mean [SD] age 41 [12] years, 53% men) were included in this study and 883 runners (46%) sustained a RRI during the course of the study. Injured runners reported the highest limitations (% with any limitation) of RRIs during the first week of injury on sports and leisure activities (70%) and transportation activities (23%). 39% of the injured runners visited a healthcare professional. Work absenteeism due to the RRI was reported in 5% of the injured runners. The total mean estimated costs were €74 per RRI and €35 per participant. Conclusions Injured runners are mainly limited in their transportation activities and during sports and leisure. While the estimated costs of RRIs are not high when expressed per participant, the absolute costs may be substantial due to the popularity of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk S O Sleeswijk Visser
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marienke van Middelkoop
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tryntsje Fokkema
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan de Vos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Vallio CS, de Oliveira GM, Mota GAK, Lopes AD, Hespanhol L. RunIn3: the development process of a running-related injury prevention programme. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001051. [PMID: 34306726 PMCID: PMC8268886 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is an important type of exercise to keep people physically active. However, running also carries a risk of developing running-related injuries (RRI). Therefore, effective and evidence-based RRI prevention programmes are desirable, but are scarce in practice. An approach to face this problem might be the application of methods to develop RRI prevention programmes based on theories of behaviour change. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to develop an RRI prevention programme based on perspectives of behavioural and social science theories, as well as taking a framework development approach. METHODS This was a qualitative study using the Intervention Mapping (IM) framework held between February and March 2018 in São Paulo, Brazil. The participants were involved in running practice. The data collection was conducted during focus group meetings. The data analysis was based on semantic thematic approach using a content analysis orientation based on inductive reasoning. RESULTS The target population of the RRI prevention programme identified was 'adult recreational runners'. The objectives of the RRI prevention programme were established in two broad actions: (1) to provide feedback on individual training characteristics and RRI risk; and (2) provide/enhance knowledge, skills and self-efficacy on RRI preventive behaviours. The programme is aimed to be delivered through an online system. CONCLUSION An RRI prevention programme was developed using the IM framework and a participatory approach. The programme was named 'RunIn3', and it is based on providing feedback on running volume and RRI risk, as well as providing knowledge, skills and self-efficacy on RRI preventive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Sain Vallio
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Martins de Oliveira
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Araujo Kretli Mota
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dias Lopes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luiz Hespanhol
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Public and Occupational Health (DPOH), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Holmes HH, Monaghan PG, Strunk KK, Paquette MR, Roper JA. Changes in Training, Lifestyle, Psychological and Demographic Factors, and Associations With Running-Related Injuries During COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:637516. [PMID: 34164619 PMCID: PMC8215167 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.637516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine how the type and magnitude of changes in running behavior, as a consequence of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, influence running-related injuries. Secondarily, we aimed to examine how lifestyle and psychosocial well-being measures may influence running behavior change. An online survey was advertised to individuals over the age of 18 that currently run or have previously participated in running for exercise. The survey questions examined injury history and new injuries sustained during COVID-19 restrictions, as well as changes related to training behavior changes, training environment changes, social behaviors, and psychosocial well-being. Changes reflected differences in running behaviors prior to COVID-19 restrictions (1 month prior to COVID-19 restrictions being imposed) and during COVID-19 restrictions (May 5 to June 10, 2020). A total of 1,035 runners were included in the analysis. Current injuries sustained during COVID-19 occurred in 9.5% of the runners. Injured runners made a greater number of total changes (p = 0.031) as well as training-related (p = 0.042) and environment-related (p = 0.017) changes compared with uninjured runners. A significant relationship was found between injury and those that reported less time to exercise to changes in work environment (p = 0017). This study highlights the multi-dimensional nature of running-related injuries and the need to consider the interaction of multiple changes in running behavior, rather than isolating single factors. Greater understanding of the underlying causes of running-related injuries can help reduce the risk of future injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kamden K. Strunk
- Department of Educational Foundations, Leadership and Technology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Max R. Paquette
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jaimie A. Roper
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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22
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The Association Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Running-Related Injuries in Dutch Runners: A Prospective Cohort Study. Sports Med 2021; 51:2437-2447. [PMID: 34052983 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and running-related injuries (RRI). METHODS This is a secondary analysis using a database composed of data from three studies conducted with the same RRI surveillance system. Longitudinal data comprising running exposure (workload) and RRI were collected biweekly during the respective cohorts' follow-up (18-65 weeks). ACWR was calculated as the most recent (i.e., acute) external workload (last 2 weeks) divided by the average external (i.e., chronic) workload of the last 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks. Three methods were used to calculate the ACWR: uncoupled, coupled and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA). Bayesian logistic mixed models were used to analyse the data. RESULTS The sample was composed of 435 runners. Runners whose ACWR was under 0.70 had about 10% predicted probability of sustaining RRI (9.6%; 95% credible interval [CrI] 7.5-12.4), while those whose ACWR was higher than 1.38 had about 1% predicted probability of sustaining RRI (1.3%; 95% CrI 0.7-1.7). The association between the ACWR and RRI was significant, varying from a small to a moderate association (1-10%). The higher the ACWR, the lower the RRI risk. CONCLUSIONS The ACWR showed an inversely proportional association with RRI risk that can be represented by a smooth L-shaped, second-order, polynomial decay curve. The ACWR using hours or kilometres yielded similar results. The coupled and uncoupled methods revealed similar associations with RRIs. The uncoupled method presented the best discrimination for ACWR strata. The EWMA method yielded sparse and non-significant results.
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Gajardo-Burgos R, Monrroy-Uarac M, Barría-Pailaquilén RM, Norambuena-Noches Y, van Rensburg DCJ, Bascour-Sandoval C, Besomi M. Frequency of Injury and Illness in the Final 4 Weeks before a Trail Running Competition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105431. [PMID: 34069583 PMCID: PMC8160869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to (i) determine self-reported injury and illness frequency in trail runners 4 weeks preceding competition; (ii) compare athletes with and without injury/illness by sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and competition distance; (iii) describe mechanism of injury, anatomical region (injury)/organ system (illness) involved, consequences of injury on preparation and self-perception of injury severity; (iv) compare anatomical region (injury) and organ system (illness) by sex. A total of 654 trail runners (age 36.2, IQR 30.6-43.0; 36.9% females) participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study by completing a self-reported questionnaire. Injury and illness frequency rates were 31.3% (n = 205, CI: 27.7-35.0%) and 22.3% (n = 146, CI: 19.1-25.7%), respectively. No significant difference was found between injured vs. non-injured or ill vs. non-ill study participants by sex, age, BMI and competition distance. Regarding injuries, gradual onset (41.6%) and knee (33.2%) were the most indicated mechanism and anatomical region of injury. At least 85.4% of trail runners changed their training following injury and 79% indicated that their injury would affect their competition performance. Regarding illness, the respiratory tract was the most frequent organ system involved (82.9%). Male and female participants reported similar proportions of anatomical regions (injury) and organ systems (illness) affected. These results could help to generate education strategies and appropriate medical support before and during these competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (M.M.-U.); (R.M.B.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-632293171; Fax: +56-632293727
| | - Manuel Monrroy-Uarac
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (M.M.-U.); (R.M.B.-P.)
| | - René Mauricio Barría-Pailaquilén
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (M.M.-U.); (R.M.B.-P.)
- Instituto de Enfermería, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | | | - Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Medical Board Member, International Netball Federation, Manchester M1 5LN, UK
| | - Claudio Bascour-Sandoval
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781218, Chile;
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile
| | - Manuela Besomi
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile;
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Hespanhol L, Vallio CS, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Can we explain running-related injury preventive behavior? A path analysis. Braz J Phys Ther 2021; 25:601-609. [PMID: 34001423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral and social science theories/models have been gaining attention in sports injury prevention. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential of the Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining running-related injury preventive behavior. METHODS Six-month prospective cohort study based on data gathered from a randomized controlled trial. From a total of 1512 invited trail runners, 232 were included in this study. Preventive behaviors and their determinants were assessed at baseline and two and six months after baseline. Five-point Likert scales were used to assess the determinants of preventive behavior. A Bayesian path analysis was conducted applying mixed models and mediation analysis. RESULTS A 1-point increase in intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted an increase of 54% (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI]: 38, 71) in the rate of performing running-related injury preventive behavior, explaining 49% (R2 0.49; 95% BCI: 0.41, 0.56) of the variance around preventive behavior. Intention and perceived behavioral control predicted running-related injury preventive behavior directly, while 40% (95% BCI: 21, 61) and 44% (95% BCI: 20, 69) of the total effect of attitude was mediated by intention and perceived behavioral control, respectively. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted intention. CONCLUSIONS The Theory of Planned Behavior may have the potential to explain half of the variance around running-related injury preventive behavior and intention. Therefore, such theory may be considered a relevant and useful tool in developing, investigating, and/or implementing programs aimed at preventing running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Hespanhol
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Public and Occupational Health (DPOH), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caio Sain Vallio
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health (DPOH), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health (DPOH), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Garcia MC, Gust G, Bazett-Jones DM. Tibial acceleration and shock attenuation while running over different surfaces in a trail environment. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1161-1165. [PMID: 33766445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased tibial axial acceleration and reduced shock attenuation are associated with running injuries and are believed to be influenced by surface type. Trail running has increased in popularity and is thought to have softer surface properties than paved surface, but it is unclear if trail surfaces influence tibial acceleration and shock attenuation. The purpose of this study was to investigate peak triaxial and resultant tibial acceleration as well as axial and resultant shock attenuation among dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces. DESIGN Fifteen recreational runners (12 females, 3 males, age=27.7±9.1 years) ran over dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces in a trail environment while instrumented with triaxial tibial and head accelerometers. METHODS Differences between tri-planar peak tibial accelerations (braking, propulsion, axial, medial, lateral, and resultant) and shock attenuations (axial and resultant) among surface types were assessed with one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests. RESULTS No significant differences were found for tibial accelerations or shock attenuations among surface types (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dirt and gravel trail running surfaces do not have lower tibial accelerations or greater shock attenuation than paved surfaces. While runners are encouraged to enjoy the psychological benefits of trail running, trail surfaces do not appear to reduce loading forces associated with running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah C Garcia
- College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, USA.
| | - Gianna Gust
- Movement Sciences Laboratory, Carroll University, USA.
| | - David M Bazett-Jones
- College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, USA; Movement Sciences Laboratory, Carroll University, USA.
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26
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Viljoen CT, Janse van Rensburg DC, Verhagen E, van Mechelen W, Tomás R, Schoeman M, Scheepers S, Korkie E. Epidemiology of Injury and Illness Among Trail Runners: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:917-943. [PMID: 33538997 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trail running is characterised by large elevation gains/losses and uneven varying running surfaces. Limited information is available on injury and illness among trail runners to help guide injury and illness prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this review was to describe the epidemiology of injury and illness among trail runners. METHODS Eight electronic databases were systematically searched (MEDLINE Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, SportsDiscus, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic, Health Source: Consumer Ed., and Cochrane) from inception to November 2020. The search was conducted according to the PRISMA statement and the study was registered on PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42019135933). Full-text English and French studies that investigated injury and/or illness among trail runners participating in training/racing were included. The main outcome measurements included: trail running injury (incidence, prevalence, anatomical site, tissue type, pathology-type/specific diagnosis, severity), and illness (incidence, prevalence, symptoms, specific diagnosis, organ system, severity). The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using an adapted Downs and Black assessment tool. RESULTS Sixteen studies with 8644 participants were included. Thirteen studies investigated race-related injury and/or illness and three studies included training-related injuries. The overall incidence range was 1.6-4285.0 injuries per 1000 h of running and 65.0-6676.6 illnesses per 1000 h of running. The foot was the most common anatomical site of trail running injury followed by the knee, lower leg, thigh, and ankle. Skin lacerations/abrasions were the most common injury diagnoses followed by skin blisters, muscle strains, muscle cramping, and ligament sprains. The most common trail running illnesses reported related to the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), followed by the metabolic, and cardiovascular systems. Symptoms of nausea and vomiting related to GIT distress and dehydration were commonly reported. CONCLUSION Current trail running literature consists mainly of injury and illness outcomes specifically in relation to single-day race participation events. Limited evidence is available on training-related injury and illness in trail running. Our review showed that injury and illness are common among trail runners, but certain studies included in this review only focused on dermatological injuries (e.g. large number of feet blisters) and GIT symptoms. Specific areas for future research were identified that could improve the management of trail running injury and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel T Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Hillcrest Campus, University of Pretoria, Burnett Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Hillcrest Campus, University of Pretoria, Burnett Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marlene Schoeman
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Susan Scheepers
- Department of Library Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elzette Korkie
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Hillcrest Campus, University of Pretoria, Burnett Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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27
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Barros PM, Vallio CS, Oliveira GMD, Miyamoto GC, Hespanhol L. Cost-effectiveness and implementation process of a running-related injury prevention program (RunIn3): Protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 21:100726. [PMID: 33553800 PMCID: PMC7859311 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Running is one of the most popular and accessible physical activities in the world. However, running-related injuries are unfortunately very common. Scientific evidence is limited and scarce regarding (cost-)effectiveness and implementation process of interventions for running-related injuries prevention. Thus, the objective of this study will be to investigate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and implementation process of a running-related injury prevention program (RunIn3). Methods This is the protocol of a pragmatic hybrid type 1 randomized controlled trial. There will be 530 runners over 18 years old, without running-related injuries in the last 3 months from São Paulo, Brazil. This program will be delivered online with two broad actions: (1) to provide feedback on individual training characteristics and running-related injury risk; and (2) providing/enhancing knowledge, skills and self-efficacy on running-related injury preventive behaviors. The primary outcome will be the proportion of runners reporting running-related injuries. The secondary outcomes will be preventive behaviors, direct and indirect costs, and implementation outcomes. The main effectiveness analysis on the primary outcome will be performed using linear probability mixed models in order to allow outcome changes over time and to yield the absolute risk reduction between-groups. Discussion The main hypothesis of this study is that the RunIn3 program will be effective in reducing the running-related injury risk and in promoting preventive behavior, either by increasing the frequency of healthy behaviors or by reducing the frequency of risk behaviors. Moreover, if the RunIn3 program is effective in reducing the running-related injuries risk, we believe that this effect would go alongside with a reduction of societal costs. Trail registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03892239) Registered 5 February 2019 - Prospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03892239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Marinelli Barros
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sain Vallio
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gisela C. Miyamoto
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Hespanhol
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Public and Occupational Health (DPOH), Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute (APH), Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Master's and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Cesário Galeno, 448 - Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP, CEP 03071-000, Brazil.
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Hollander K, Rahlf AL, Wilke J, Edler C, Steib S, Junge A, Zech A. Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2021; 51:1011-1039. [PMID: 33433864 PMCID: PMC8053184 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is a popular sport with high injury rates. Although risk factors have intensively been investigated, synthesized knowledge about the differences in injury rates of female and male runners is scarce. OBJECTIVE To systematically investigate the differences in injury rates and characteristics between female and male runners. METHODS Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus) were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the keywords "running AND injur*". Prospective studies reporting running related injury rates for both sexes were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratios (RR) for the occurrence of injuries in female vs. male runners. Potential moderators (effect modifiers) were analysed using meta-regression. RESULTS After removal of duplicates, 12,215 articles were screened. Thirty-eight studies were included and the OR of 31 could be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The overall injury rate was 20.8 (95% CI 19.9-21.7) injuries per 100 female runners and 20.4 (95% CI 19.7-21.1) injuries per 100 male runners. Meta-analysis revealed no differences between sexes for overall injuries reported per 100 runners (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90-1.10, n = 24) and per hours or athlete exposure (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, n = 6). Female sex was associated with a more frequent occurrence of bone stress injury (RR (for males) 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.76, n = 5) while male runners had higher risk for Achilles tendinopathies (RR 1. 86, 95% CI 1.25-2.79, n = 2). Meta-regression showed an association between a higher injury risk and competition distances of 10 km and shorter in female runners (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.69). CONCLUSION Differences between female and male runners in specific injury diagnoses should be considered in the development of individualised and sex-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to manage running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding National Running Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Anna Lina Rahlf
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher Edler
- Prevention, Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Sports Medicine, BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Swiss Concussion Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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van Poppel D, van der Worp M, Slabbekoorn A, van den Heuvel SSP, van Middelkoop M, Koes BW, Verhagen AP, Scholten-Peeters GGM. Risk factors for overuse injuries in short- and long-distance running: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:14-28. [PMID: 32535271 PMCID: PMC7856562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to review information about risk factors for lower extremity running injuries in both short-distance (mean running distance ≤20 km/week and ≤10 km/session) and long-distance runners (mean running distance >20 km/week and >10 km/session). METHODS Electronic databases were searched for articles published up to February 2019. Prospective cohort studies using multivariable analysis for the assessment of individual risk factors or risk models for the occurrence of lower extremity running injuries were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies for eligibility and assessed risk of bias with the Quality in Prognostic Studies Tool. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence. RESULTS A total of 29 studies were included: 17 studies focused on short-distance runners, 11 studies focused on long-distance runners, and 1 study focused on both types of runners. A previous running-related injury was the strongest risk factor for an injury for long-distance runners, with moderate-quality evidence. Previous injuries not attributed to running was the strongest risk factor for an injury for short-distance runners, with high-quality evidence. Higher body mass index, higher age, sex (male), having no previous running experience, and lower running volume were strong risk factors, with moderate quality evidence, for short-distance runners. Low-quality evidence was found for all risk models as predictors of running-related injuries among short- and long-distance runners. CONCLUSION Several risk factors for lower extremity injuries have been identified among short- and long-distance runners, but the quality of evidence for these risk factors for running-related injuries is limited. Running injuries seem to have a multifactorial origin both in short- and long-distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis van Poppel
- Research Group Diagnostics, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, 4818 CR, the Netherlands.
| | - Maarten van der Worp
- Stichting Academie Instituut Fysiotherapie PLUS, Utrecht, 3581 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Slabbekoorn
- Research Group Diagnostics, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, 4818 CR, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marienke van Middelkoop
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC Medical University Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, the Netherlands
| | - Bart W Koes
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC Medical University Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, the Netherlands; Center for Muscle and Joint Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Arianne P Verhagen
- Research Group Diagnostics, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, 4818 CR, the Netherlands; Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC Medical University Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, the Netherlands; Discipline of Physiotherapy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Gwendolyne G M Scholten-Peeters
- Research Group Diagnostics, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, 4818 CR, the Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
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30
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Viljoen CT, Janse van Rensburg DCC, Jansen van Rensburg A, Booysen E, Chauke S, Coetzee P, Hurlimann A, Jooste M, Nibe Y, Schulenburg C, Korkie E, Ramagole D, Grant C, Cronje T. One in four trail running race entrants sustained an injury in the 12 months training preceding the 2019 SkyRun race. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 47:120-126. [PMID: 33254101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of RRIs among trail runners who entered the 2019 SkyRun races. DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional study. SETTING 2019 SkyRun races. PARTICIPANTS Consent for data analysis was given by 305 of 412 (74%) race entrants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Retrospective annual incidence (RRIs/1000 h), point prevalence (%), frequency (%), characteristics (anatomical region, body area, tissue type, pathology type) and injury severity (mean severity score; 95% CI) of RRIs. RESULTS 28.2% of participants reported at least one RRI. The retrospective annual incidence was 49.5 RRIs per 1000h and the point prevalence was 1.3%. Most injuries occurred in the lower limb (87.3%), with the knee (26.5%), ankle (21.6%), and foot (16.7%) reported as the most frequently injured body areas. Muscle/tendon accounted for 44.1% of tissue type injuries. Tendinopathy (27.5%), joint sprain (19.6%), and muscle injury (15.7%) were the most common pathology types reported. The mean injury severity score was 31.6. CONCLUSIONS One in 4 trail runners reported at least one RRI in the 12 months leading up to a race. RRIs mostly affected the lower limb specifically the knee, ankle and foot. Future research should establish injury risk factors to ultimately develop specific injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel T Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Evan Booysen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shihluke Chauke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Petro Coetzee
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amy Hurlimann
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mignette Jooste
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yoliswa Nibe
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chene Schulenburg
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elzette Korkie
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catharina Grant
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanita Cronje
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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31
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Matos S, Silva B, Clemente FM, Pereira J. Running-related injuries in Portuguese trail runners: a retrospective cohort study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:420-427. [PMID: 33092325 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize trail running injuries within a cohort of Portuguese male and female recreational trail running athletes. METHODS The study was retrospective (12 months), with data collected through an online survey. A total of 719 athletes participated (529 male and 190 female, average age: 38.01±7.78 years). A valid questionnaire was used to collect: 1) demographic information; 2) general information; 3) training typology; 4) physical information; 5) injuries (body location, number, type, reason, treatment, time without practice); and 6) general information concerning the effects of injuries on respondents' daily lives. RESULTS The results revealed that 87.8% of the sample contracted an injury resulting from this practice, with the toenails (24.8%), knees (17.5%), and ankles (14.5%) being the most-often reported locations of injuries and blisters (20%), irritation (chafing) (14%), superficial wounds (12%), sprains (11%), and iliotibial band syndrome (7%) being the most common injuries. The result of 10.0 injuries per 1000 h was found, with a negative and medium correlation (r=-0.344; P=0.000) between total exposure time and injuries per 1000 h. It was also found that those who do not perform warm-up have a significantly increased injury rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The gathered evidence demonstrated a large number of dermatological and musculoskeletal injuries, and these tended to have higher incidences in athletes with less exposure time and who devalue warm-up exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Matos
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal - .,Research and Training Unit on Height Work and Outdoor Activities, Melgaço, Portugal - .,Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain -
| | - Bruno Silva
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joel Pereira
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research and Training Unit on Height Work and Outdoor Activities, Melgaço, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Melgaço, Portugal
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32
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Torres FC, Gomes AC, Silva SGD. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAINING AND ASSOCIATION WITH INJURIES IN RECREATIONAL ROAD RUNNERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026052020_0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Road running has been increasing dramatically in Brazil and worldwide for years. However, research into this practice has privileged high performance athletes while neglecting recreational runners, even though they constitute a significant majority of participants. Objectives: This study analyzed the associations between demographic and training characteristics of recreational runners in 5 km, 10 km and half marathon events, and the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries. Methods: The study used data from 395 adult runners (229 men and 166 women, respectively aged 37.9 ± 9.5 and 37.1 ± 8.7 years, body weight 77 ± 10.5 and 61 ± 9 kg, and height 1.75 ± 0.07 m and 1.62 ± 0.07 m), who voluntarily and anonymously answered a questionnaire available on the Internet. Results: Plantar fasciitis, chondromalacia patellae (runner's knee) and tibial periostitis were the most frequently mentioned injuries in both sexes. Predisposing factors for injury (longer running time, average weekly mileage, maximum mileage and average speed in a workout) predominated in the male group, which had more types of injury and longer layoffs for this reason. Most respondents (63.3% men and 60.2% women) did not perform isolated stretching exercises; in those who did perform these exercises, and in those who stretched before and/or after training for races or competitions, there was no reduction in the incidence of injuries. Conclusion: Men showed a tendency towards greater intensity and volume of race training, in addition to longer running time, which are predisposing factors for injury. This may explain the greater number of different injuries reported in the male group, as well as the longer layoff periods. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.
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33
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Edouard P, Ford KR. Great Challenges Toward Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:80. [PMID: 33345071 PMCID: PMC7739591 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
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34
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Szeles PRDQ, da Costa TS, da Cunha RA, Hespanhol L, Pochini ADC, Ramos LA, Cohen M. CrossFit and the Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Prospective 12-Week Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120908884. [PMID: 32284938 PMCID: PMC7137139 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120908884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the increasing international popularity of CrossFit, there is a paucity of scientific evidence on the risk of CrossFit-related musculoskeletal injuries (CRMIs). Purpose: To investigate the incidence (cumulative incidence proportion [IP] and incidence density [ID]) of CRMIs and the association of CRMIs with personal and training characteristics. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A prospective, 12-week descriptive epidemiology cohort study was conducted in a convenience sample of CrossFit facilities in a single Brazilian city. Printed baseline questionnaires were distributed to 13 CrossFit boxes. All participants who filled out the questionnaire and consented to participate in the study were invited to respond to an online follow-up questionnaire every 2 weeks to collect data on CrossFit training characteristics and CRMIs. A CRMI was defined as any self-reported musculoskeletal injury or pain that prevented an athlete from exercising for at least 1 day. The IP was defined as the number of new cases divided by the entire population at risk, while the ID was defined as new events divided by the total person-time exposure in hours. Logistic mixed models were developed to investigate the association of CRMIs with personal and training characteristics. Results: A total of 515 CrossFit participants filled out the baseline questionnaire and provided informed consent, and 406 (78.8%) completed at least 1 follow-up measure. There were 133 participants who reported at least 1 CRMI during the study, and a total of 247 unique and new CRMIs were reported over a total estimated person-time exposure to CrossFit of 13,041 hours. The IP was 32.8% (95% CI, 28.4%-37.5%). The ID was 18.9 (95% CI, 16.6-21.3) per 1000 hours of CrossFit exposure. The shoulders (19.0%; n = 47) and lumbar spine (15.0%; n = 37) were most affected. Muscle injuries (45.3%; n = 112) and joint pain (24.7%; n = 61) were the most common CRMI types reported. Switching between prescribed and scaled down training loads (odds ratio [OR], 3.5 [95% CI, 1.7-7.3]) and previous injuries (OR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.4-7.7]) were risk factors for a CRMI, while CrossFit experience was identified as a protective factor (OR, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.5-1.0]). Conclusion: In this 12-week prospective study, the ID was 18.9 CRMIs per 1000 hours of exposure; switching between training loads and previous injuries was associated with 3.5- and 3.2-fold higher odds, respectively, of sustaining CRMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto de Queiroz Szeles
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Postgraduate Program in Sports Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taline Santos da Costa
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Postgraduate Program in Sports Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves da Cunha
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Postgraduate Program in Sports Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Hespanhol
- Master's and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, City University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto de Castro Pochini
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Postgraduate Program in Sports Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Addeo Ramos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Postgraduate Program in Sports Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moises Cohen
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology and Postgraduate Program in Sports Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mo S, Chan ZYS, Lai KKY, Chan PPK, Wei RXY, Yung PSH, Shum G, Cheung RTH. Effect of minimalist and maximalist shoes on impact loading and footstrike pattern in habitual rearfoot strike trail runners: An in-field study. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:183-191. [PMID: 32126931 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1738559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Running-related injuries among trail runners are very common and footwear selection may modulate the injury risk. However, most previous studies were conducted in a laboratory environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two contrasting footwear designs, minimalist (MIN) and maximalist shoes (MAX), on the running biomechanics of trail runners during running on a natural trail. Eighteen habitual rearfoot strike trail runners completed level, uphill and downhill running at their preferred speeds in both shod conditions. Peak tibial acceleration, strike index and footstrike pattern were compared between the two footwear and slopes. Interactions of footwear and slope were not detected for all the selected variables. There was no significant effect from footwear (F = 1.23, p = 0.27) and slope (F = 2.49, p = 0.09) on peak tibial acceleration and there was no footwear effect on strike index (F = 3.82, p = 0.056). A significant main effect of slope on strike index (F = 13.24, p < 0.001) was found. Strike index during uphill running was significantly greater (i.e. landing with a more anterior foot strike) when compared with level (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.72) or downhill running (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.44) in either MIN or MAX. The majority of habitual rearfoot strike runners switched to midfoot strike during uphill running while maintaining a rearfoot strike pattern during level or downhill running. In summary, wearing either one of the two contrasting footwear (MIN or MAX) demonstrated no effect on impact loading and footstrike pattern in habitual rearfoot strike trail runners running on a natural trail with different slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Mo
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth K Y Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Peter Pak-Kwan Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel Xiao-Yu Wei
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Gary Shum
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Roy Tsz-Hei Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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36
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Veras PM, Moreira PF, Catharino LL, Filho JE, Fonseca DS, Felício DC. Incidence of injuries and associated factors in treadmill runners: a prospective cohort study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diogo Carvalho Felício
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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37
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Stockland J, Russell Giveans M, Ames P. THE EFFECT OF AN ANTI-GRAVITY TREADMILL ON RUNNING CADENCE. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019; 14:860-865. [PMID: 31803518 PMCID: PMC6878870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running cadence, or step rate, is often measured in running gait analysis and manipulated in gait retraining. A lower body positive pressure treadmill, or anti-gravity treadmill, allows users to walk/run in a reduced gravity environment. PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study was to determine how natural running cadence is affected by running on an anti-gravity treadmill compared to a standard treadmill in a healthy, active population. The secondary purpose was to determine if natural and increased cadence is affected by amount of body weight support. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study (convenience sample). METHODS Thirty participants were recruited to run on an anti-gravity treadmill (AlterG Anti-Gravity TreadmillTM M320) at their pre-determined, self-selected, comfortable treadmill speed. Cadence was recorded at nine randomized bodyweight conditions, ranging from 100% of body weight to 20% of body weight, in 10% increments. An additional nine participants were recruited to try to replicate their natural, standard treadmill cadence, as well as increase it by 5% and 10%, while on an anti-gravity treadmill with the same randomized body weight conditions. RESULTS Thirty participants, 19 females and 11 males, mean age 27.3 years (range, 22-45), completed Part 1 of the study protocol, while nine additional participants (2 females and 7 males) with a mean age of 29.6 years old (range, 25-40 years) completed Part 2 of the protocol. There was a significant effect of natural running cadence on the anti-gravity treadmill at reduced body weight percentages (p<.01). Post-hoc t-tests revealed that every 10% bodyweight interval was significantly lower than the previous 10% interval (p<.01) on the anti-gravity treadmill, with cadence decreases ranging from 1.5%-3.5% between intervals. Seven of the nine (77.8%) participants in Part 2 were able to replicate and increase their cadence at all body weight levels on the anti-gravity treadmill. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing bodyweight level on an anti-gravity treadmill yields a significant and linear decrease in running cadence when performed at a self-selected, moderate intensity pace. Further, the vast majority of participants were able to successfully replicate and increase cadence at all levels of bodyweight percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Stockland
- Fairview Health Services, Institute for Athletic Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M. Russell Giveans
- Fairview Health Services, Institute for Athletic Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Ames
- Fairview Health Services, Institute for Athletic Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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38
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Running Themselves Into the Ground? Incidence, Prevalence, and Impact of Injury and Illness in Runners Preparing for a Half or Full Marathon. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019; 49:518-528. [PMID: 31213161 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence, prevalence, and impact of running-related injuries (RRIs) and illness symptoms in half marathon and marathon runners during the 16-week period before the Utrecht Marathon. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we used the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire to register RRIs and illness symptoms every 2 weeks during the 16-week study period. When an injury or illness occurred, questions were added regarding its nature. We calculated the incidence proportion (the number of new cases divided by the number of runners at risk) and the period prevalence (the number of existing and new cases within a 2-week period, divided by the total number of runners at risk during that period). RESULTS Of the 161 included runners, 9 out of 10 reported an RRI or illness symptom at some time during the study period. In any 2-week period, 5.6% to 14.8% of the runners reported a new RRI, and 6.3% to 13.8% of the runners reported a new illness symptom. The prevalence of RRIs ranged from 29.2% to 43.5%, and the prevalence of illness symptoms ranged from 28.3% to 71.2%. The most prevalent RRIs were in the lower leg (prevalence range, 5.4%-12.3%) and knee (prevalence range, 2.7%-9.3%). The most prevalent illness symptoms were rhinorrhea/sneezing (prevalence range, 3.9%-12.7%) and coughing (prevalence range, 3.9%-11.9%). The incidence and prevalence of illness symptoms peaked at the same time as the influenza-like illness epidemic of the winter of 2015-2016. CONCLUSION Nine out of every 10 runners reported an RRI or illness symptom in the lead-up to a half or full marathon. In any 2-week period, up to 1 in 7 runners reported a new RRI or illness symptom. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(7):518-528. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8473.
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39
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Sinclair J, Brooks D, Stainton P. Biomechanical effects of a lightweight, sock-style minimalist footwear design during running: a musculoskeletal simulation and statistical parametric mapping approach. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1593516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sinclair
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Darrell Brooks
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Stainton
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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40
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Barboza SD, Nauta J, Emery C, van Mechelen W, Gouttebarge V, Verhagen E. A Warm-Up Program to Reduce Injuries in Youth Field Hockey Players: A Quasi-Experiment. J Athl Train 2019; 54:374-383. [PMID: 30995118 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-79-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Field hockey is popular worldwide; however, it entails a risk of injury. Injuries hamper players' participation in the sport and impose a burden on public health. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of a structured exercise program among youth field hockey players on the injury rate, severity, and burden. DESIGN Quasi-experimental study. SETTING On field during 1 season of field hockey (October 2016 through June 2017). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 22 teams (291 players): 10 teams (135 players, mean age = 11.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.2, 11.7 years]) in the intervention group and 12 teams (156 players, mean age = 12.9 years [95% CI = 12.6, 13.2 years]) in the control group. INTERVENTION(S) The Warming-up Hockey program, a sex- and age-specific, structured, evidence-informed warm-up program consisting of a preparation phase (ie, agility and cardiovascular warm-up exercises), movement skills (ie, stability and flexibility exercises), and sport-specific skills (ie, speed and strength exercises in field hockey situations). Participants in the control group performed their usual warm-up routines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Injury rate (ie, the number of injuries per 1000 player-hours of field hockey exposure), severity (ie, days of player time-loss), and burden on athletes' availability to play (ie, days of time loss due to injury per 1000 player-hours of field hockey exposure). RESULTS The injury rate was lower in the intervention group (hazard ratio of 0.64 [95% CI = 0.38, 1.07]); however, this result was not statistically significant. The severity of injuries was similar in both groups (t statistic P = .73). The burden of injuries on players' field hockey participation was lower in the intervention group (difference of 8.42 [95% CI = 4.37, 12.47] days lost per 1000 player-hours of field hockey). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to the Warming-up Hockey program was not significantly associated with a lower injury rate. No reduction was observed in the severity of injuries alone; however, the burden of injuries on players' field hockey participation was lower in the intervention group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Delfino Barboza
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Academic Medical Center/VU University Medical Center IOC Research Center, the Netherlands
| | - Joske Nauta
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Academic Medical Center/VU University Medical Center IOC Research Center, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, and Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, and Department of Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Academic Medical Center/VU University Medical Center IOC Research Center, the Netherlands.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Academic Medical Center/VU University Medical Center IOC Research Center, the Netherlands.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Dutch Consumer Safety Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Academic Medical Center/VU University Medical Center IOC Research Center, the Netherlands.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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41
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Borel WP, Elias Filho J, Diz JBM, Moreira PF, Veras PM, Catharino LL, Rossi BP, Felício DC. PREVALENCE OF INJURIES IN BRAZILIAN RECREATIONAL STREET RUNNERS: META-ANALYSIS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192502214466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Street running is an accessible, low-cost form of exercise. However, the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries may hinder regular practice. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of injuries in Brazilian street runners and the associated factors. A meta-analysis of Brazilian studies was performed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of injuries in male and female recreational street runners aged ≥18 years. We excluded systematic review studies, research conducted on professional athletes or triathletes, and duplicate articles. The following databases were used: SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Keywords such as “prevalence,” “injury,” “recreational street runners,” and “Brazil” were used. Prevalence analysis was performed using the random effect model, and a funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. Then the Begg-Mazumdar and Egger tests were applied to quantify the graph results. The Prevalence Critical Appraisal Instrument was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Associated factors were analyzed with meta-regression analysis. Twenty-three studies with 3,786 runners were included in the review. The prevalence of injury was 36.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.8-42.5%), and a running distance per week greater than 20 km was a predictive variable of injuries. A higher prevalence of injuries was observed in men than in women (28.3%, 95% CI 22.5-35.0%), the knee was the most affected site of injury (32.9%, 95% CI 26.7-39.6%), and muscle injuries were the most frequent type of injury (27.9%, 95% CI 18.2-40.1%). This is the first national meta-analysis conducted to investigate the prevalence of injuries in recreational street runners. Although the prevalence of injuries was moderate, caution is required in terms of the weekly duration of running. Male runners are more susceptible, and muscle and knee injuries are the most common. Level of evidence II, Systematic reviewb of Level II Studies.
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Francis P, Whatman C, Sheerin K, Hume P, Johnson MI. The Proportion of Lower Limb Running Injuries by Gender, Anatomical Location and Specific Pathology: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:21-31. [PMID: 30787648 PMCID: PMC6370968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Running is associated with a higher risk of overuse injury than other forms of aerobic exercise such as walking, swimming and cycling. An accurate description of the proportion of running injuries per anatomical location and where possible, per specific pathology, for both genders is required. The aim of this review was to determine the proportion of lower limb running injuries by anatomical location and by specific pathology in male and female runners (≥800m - ≤ marathon). The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed for this review. A literature search was performed with no restriction on publication year in Web of Science, Scopus, Sport-Discus, PubMed, and CINAHL up to July 2017. Retrospective, cross-sectional, prospective and randomised-controlled studies which surveyed injury data in runners were included. 36 studies were included to report the overall proportion of injury per anatomical location. The overall proportion of injury by specific pathology was reported from 11 studies. The knee (28%), ankle-foot (26%) and shank (16%) accounted for the highest proportion of injury in male and female runners, although the proportion of knee injury was greater in women (40% vs. 31%). Relative to women, men had a greater proportion of ankle-foot (26% vs. 19%) and shank (21% vs. 16%) injuries. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS; 17%), Achilles tendinopathy (AT; 10%) and medial tibial stress syndrome (MTS; 8%) accounted for the highest proportion of specific pathologies recorded overall. There was insufficient data to sub-divide specific pathology between genders. The predominate injury in female runners is to the knee. Male runners have a more even distribution of injury between the knee, shank and ankle-foot complex. There are several methodological issues, which limit the interpretation of epidemiological data in running injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Francis
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, UK
| | - Chris Whatman
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Sheerin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Patria Hume
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Mark I Johnson
- Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, UK
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Roth ADR, Borel WP, Rossi BP, Elias Filho J, Vicente EJD, Felicio DC. Prevalência de lesão e fatores associados em corredores de rua da cidade de Juiz de Fora (MG). FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/17016725032018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO No Brasil, a corrida de rua é o segundo esporte mais praticado; entretanto, pode ocasionar lesões musculoesqueléticas. Estudos sobre o tema são importantes para nortear estratégias de prevenção e intervenção. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar a prevalência de lesões e os fatores associados em corredores de rua da cidade de Juiz de Fora(MG). Trata-se de um estudo observacional do tipo transversal. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência. Foram incluídos corredores amadores, entre 18 e 60 anos e que realizavam treinos em diferentes locais da cidade. Foram excluídos participantes com histórico de fratura e osteossíntese em membros inferiores ou que praticassem outro esporte que não fosse a musculação. Para analisar os dados, foram utilizados os testes t de Student, Mann-Whitney e X2 (α=0,05). Os participantes foram alocados em grupo lesão (GL, n=37) e grupo sem lesão (GSL, n=113). A prevalência de lesão foi de 24,7%. O GL praticava a corrida há mais tempo (76,2 ± 9,1 × 36,7 ± 39,0 meses; P<.01), teve menor aumento da frequência semanal do treinamento (49,5% × 54,2%; P=.04), realizou menos alongamento prévio (48,6% × 75,2%; P=.02), apresentou maior percentual de análise da marcha para escolha do calçado (62,1% × 43,3%; P=.04) e uso de palmilha (35,1% X 14,1%; P=<.01). A prevalência de lesões foi baixa. Os que correm há mais tempo têm maior risco de lesão mesmo sem incremento na frequência semanal. O alongamento foi protetor e a prescrição de calçado e palmilha indiscriminados não garantiram resultados satisfatórios.
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Abstract
Sports medicine is a wide field of knowledge with a focus on the physical and psychological aspects of individuals; unfortunately, it is not well-known among occupational therapy practitioners. If at all, it is focused on exercise therapy for physical injuries and pain. We agree there are many types of physical pain and injuries among workers in different occupations, but not all that pain is related to physical overuse. Recently, new recommendations were presented by the American College of Sports Medicine highlighting particularly the psychological aspects of occupational emotional fitness. However, there is very little research about the concurrent effects of cost-effective packages of therapy for occupational emotional and physical fitness. Accordingly, this commentary reviews the occupational physical and emotional fitness aspects of sports medicine. In addition, this work makes suggestions to examine packages and protocols of physical and emotional fitness, with therapeutic targets for occupational cultures in different societies for employees and employers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Shariat
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +982188630227; E-mail:
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Delfino Barboza S, Nauta J, van der Pols MJ, van Mechelen W, Verhagen EALM. Injuries in Dutch elite field hockey players: A prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1708-1714. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Delfino Barboza
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. Nauta
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. J. van der Pols
- Department of Trauma Surgery; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - E. A. L. M. Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
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Hollander K, Baumann A, Zech A, Verhagen E. Prospective monitoring of health problems among recreational runners preparing for a half marathon. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000308. [PMID: 29387447 PMCID: PMC5783030 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives While the health benefits of running are legitimately advocated, participation in running can also lead to health problems. There is a high range of reported prevalence rates especially of running-related overuse injuries in high-level athletes and during competition. Little consensus exists for acute injuries and illnesses especially in recreational runners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to record the prevalence of health problems in recreational long-distance runners preparing for an event. Methods Recreational runners aged 18–65 years who were registered 13 weeks prior to a half-marathon running event were invited to take part in this study. Participants were prospectively monitored weekly over 13 weeks by applying a standardised surveillance system for injuries and illnesses (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire). From this, prevalence and severity of acute and overuse injuries, as well as illnesses, were calculated. Results We received 3213 fully answered questionnaires from 327 participants (40.7% female, 40.9±11.7 years of age, 31.5±21.1 km weekly mileage, 8.3±7.8 years of running experience). At any point in time over the preparation phase, 37.3% of the participants had health problems. Overuse injuries were the major burden (18%). They were followed by illnesses (14.1%) and acute injuries (7.9%). The median weekly severity score was 56.5 (IQR 37.0–58.0). Conclusion The high prevalence of health problems in our cohort suggests that future efforts are needed to further specify the underlying mechanism and develop adequate prevention strategies for recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antje Baumann
- Institute for Human Movement Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Institute for Human Movement Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO, School of Medical Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hespanhol LC, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Effectiveness of online tailored advice to prevent running-related injuries and promote preventive behaviour in Dutch trail runners: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:851-858. [PMID: 28855183 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trail running is popular worldwide, but there is no preventive intervention for running-related injury (RRI). AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of adding online tailored advice (TrailS6 ) to general advice on (1) the prevention of RRIs and (2) the determinants and actual preventive behaviour in Dutch trail runners. METHODS Two-arm randomised controlled trial over 6 months. 232 trail runners were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. All participants received online general advice on RRI prevention 1 week after baseline. Every 2 weeks, participants in the intervention group received specific advice tailored to their RRI status. The control group received no further intervention. Bayesian mixed models were used to analyse the data. RESULTS Trail runners in the intervention group sustained 13% fewer RRIs compared with those in the control group after 6 months of follow-up (absolute risk difference -13.1%, 95% Bayesian highest posterior credible interval (95% BCI) -23.3 to -3.1). A preventive benefit was observed in one out of eight trail runners who had received the online tailored advice for 6 months (number needed to treat 8, 95% BCI 3 to 22). No significant between-group difference was observed on the determinants and actual preventive behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Online tailored advice prevented RRIs among Dutch trail runners. Therefore, online tailored advice may be used as a preventive component in multicomponent RRI prevention programmes. No effect was observed on determinants and actual preventive behaviours. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR5431).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Hespanhol
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
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Malisoux L, Delattre N, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Shoe cushioning, body mass and running biomechanics as risk factors for running injury: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017379. [PMID: 28827268 PMCID: PMC5724138 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repetitive loading of the musculoskeletal system is suggested to be involved in the underlying mechanism of the majority of running-related injuries (RRIs). Accordingly, heavier runners are assumed to be at a higher risk of RRI. The cushioning system of modern running shoes is expected to protect runners again high impact forces, and therefore, RRI. However, the role of shoe cushioning in injury prevention remains unclear. The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of shoe cushioning and body mass on RRI risk, while exploring simultaneously the association between running technique and RRI risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This double-blinded randomised controlled trial will involve about 800 healthy leisure-time runners. They will randomly receive one of two running shoe models that will differ in their cushioning properties (ie, stiffness) by ~35%. The participants will perform a running test on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed at baseline. Then they will be followed up prospectively over a 6-month period, during which they will self-report all their sports activities as well as any injury in an internet-based database TIPPS (Training and Injury Prevention Platform for Sports). Cox regression analyses will be used to compare injury risk between the study groups and to investigate the association among training, biomechanical and anatomical risk factors, and injury risk. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the National Ethics Committee for Research (Ref: 201701/02 v1.1). Outcomes will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at international conferences, as well as articles in popular magazines and on specialised websites. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03115437, Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Decathlon Sports Lab, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- International University of Health, Exercise and Sports (LUNEX), Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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