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Oblak ML, Lu HY, Ram AS, McKenna C. Comparative aspects of targeted sentinel lymph node mapping in veterinary and human medicine: opportunities for future research. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1342456. [PMID: 38633313 PMCID: PMC11021648 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1342456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a significant overlap in the genetic, metabolic and epigenetic alterations between human and companion animal cancers, including those of the oral cavity, breast, bladder, skin, lungs and pancreas. In many cancer types, the identification and removal of affected lymph nodes are essential for accurate cancer management, including treatment and prognosis. Historically, lymphadenectomy and subsequent radical resection based on regional anatomy, palpation and lymph node aspirates were considered sufficient; however, modern approaches with sentinel lymph node mapping (SLN) mapping have increased the accuracy of surgical decision-making. Preoperative and intraoperative SLN mapping techniques in veterinary patients parallel those used in human medicine. While many of these techniques are highly successful, the main challenges with current methodologies are their sensitivity and specificity for the presence of cancer, which can be overcome via precision medicine and targeted SLN mapping agents. Given the large population of dogs and cats with cancer, the crossover of knowledge between species can help to deepen our understanding of many of these cancers and can be useful in evaluating new drugs and/or therapies. In this review, we discuss SLN mapping techniques in veterinary medicine and the concept of precision medicine as it relates to targeted SLN mapping imaging agents. The large number of companion animals affected by cancer is an underutilized resource to bridge the translational gap and we aim to provide a reference for the use of dogs and cats as a comparative model for human SLN mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Oblak
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hui Yu Lu
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ann S. Ram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charly McKenna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Arlt A, von Bonin F, Rehberg T, Perez-Rubio P, Engelmann JC, Limm K, Reinke S, Dullin C, Sun X, Specht R, Maulhardt M, Linke F, Bunt G, Klapper W, Vockerodt M, Wilting J, Pukrop T, Dettmer K, Gronwald W, Oefner PJ, Spang R, Kube D. High CD206 levels in Hodgkin lymphoma-educated macrophages are linked to matrix-remodeling and lymphoma dissemination. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:571-589. [PMID: 31825135 PMCID: PMC7053241 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) are abundantly present in the tumor microenvironment and may predict outcome in solid tumors and defined lymphoma subtypes. Mφ heterogeneity, the mechanisms of their recruitment, and their differentiation into lymphoma‐promoting, alternatively activated M2‐like phenotypes are still not fully understood. Therefore, further functional studies are required to understand biological mechanisms associated with human tumor‐associated Mφ (TAM). Here, we show that the global mRNA expression and protein abundance of human Mφ differentiated in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)‐conditioned medium (CM) differ from those of Mφ educated by conditioned media from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells or, classically, by macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF). Conditioned media from HL cells support TAM differentiation through upregulation of surface antigens such as CD40, CD163, CD206, and PD‐L1. In particular, RNA and cell surface protein expression of mannose receptor 1 (MRC1)/CD206 significantly exceed the levels induced by classical M‐CSF stimulation in M2‐like Mφ; this is regulated by interleukin 13 to a large extent. Functionally, high CD206 enhances mannose‐dependent endocytosis and uptake of type I collagen. Together with high matrix metalloprotease9 secretion, HL‐TAMs appear to be active modulators of the tumor matrix. Preclinical in ovo models show that co‐cultures of HL cells with monocytes or Mφ support dissemination of lymphoma cells via lymphatic vessels, while tumor size and vessel destruction are decreased in comparison with lymphoma‐only tumors. Immunohistology of human HL tissues reveals a fraction of cases feature large numbers of CD206‐positive cells, with high MRC1 expression being characteristic of HL‐stage IV. In summary, the lymphoma‐TAM interaction contributes to matrix‐remodeling and lymphoma cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrin Arlt
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frederike von Bonin
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rehberg
- Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paula Perez-Rubio
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia C Engelmann
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Limm
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Reinke
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, UKSH Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xueni Sun
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rieke Specht
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Maulhardt
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Linke
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gertrude Bunt
- Clinical Optical Microscopy, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Section, UKSH Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Vockerodt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Gronwald
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany.,Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Kube
- Clinic of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Network BMBF eMed MMML-Demonstrators, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is the construction and performance evaluation of 'λ-eye', a γ imaging probe, optimized in terms of sensitivity for sentinel lymph node mapping. The optimization of the probe is based on theoretical models and simulation results that were presented in a previous study of our group. In this work, the construction of the probe, the experimental confirmation of the simulation results, and the evaluation of its performance with phantoms and lymph node imaging in small animals are presented. METHODS The system's spatial and energy resolution, sensitivity, and count rate performance were measured using phantoms. The values of the integral and differential uniformity in the useful field-of-view and in the central field-of-view were also calculated. Finally, a proof-of-concept animal experiment was conducted for the imaging of the lymph nodes of normal mice. RESULTS The system's energy resolution was measured as 36±2% and the spatial resolution was 2.2 mm at 2 mm source-collimator distance. The values of the integral uniformity and differential uniformity in the useful field-of-view and in the central field-of-view were found to be 5.2, 2.1, 1.7, and 0.75%, respectively. Finally, the lymph nodes of normal mice were clearly imaged with a 10 s acquisition time. CONCLUSION The 'λ-eye', used for sentinel lymph node mapping, provides a combination of high sensitivity (∼1.5 counts/s/kBq) and good spatial resolution (∼6 mm full-width of the half-maximum at 20 mm and ∼10 mm full-width of the half-maximum at 50 mm distance). Its compact size (40 mm×40 mm×70 mm) allows its use during surgery and/or for the detailed scan of a suspicious region.
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