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Fowler JA, Warzywoda S, Franks N, Mendis M, Lazarou M, Bisshop F, Wood P, Dean JA. Highs, Lows, and Hormones: A Qualitative Metasynthesis of Transgender Individuals' Experiences Undergoing Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:1652-1683. [PMID: 36884002 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2186759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT) is a key therapeutic approach which aims to help trans and gender diverse (or simply "trans") individuals' transition from their sex-presumed-at-birth to their experienced gender identity. Previous reviews have focused on synthesizing quantitative experiences; however, a qualitative lens is important to understand the personal journey of GAHT. This review provides a qualitative meta-synthesis of the experiences of trans people around the world who have undergone GAHT to elicit contextualized understanding of the changes experienced. Systematic searches of eight databases identified an initial 2670 papers, refined to a final 28 papers. Overall, findings suggested that the GAHT journey is unique and elicited a myriad of changes which, whilst challenging at times, were life-changing and brought about positive psychological, physical, and social changes. Other themes explored GAHT not being treated as a fix-all for associated mental health issues, the rules that govern appraisal of physical changes, how privilege and social identity evolve, and the power of affirmation. This work offers important recommendations to improve the care offered to trans people undergoing GAHT. Namely, person-centered support is essential, and peer-navigation may be a useful future direction to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fowler
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Warzywoda
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nia Franks
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marini Mendis
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mattea Lazarou
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Bisshop
- Holdsworth House Medical Practice, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Wood
- Alexander Heights Family Practice, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Judith A Dean
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Alves Rodrigues C, Marguilho M, Ferreira B, Nascimento S, Nascimento M, Cardoso S, Silva M, Pablo AC, Soares C, Fernandes C, Gonçalves M. Gender Dysphoria: Concepts, Diagnosis and Clinical Management. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2024; 37:379-385. [PMID: 38577868 DOI: 10.20344/amp.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Gender dysphoria is defined as a condition characterized by mental suffering associated with the incongruence between one's experienced gender and their birth-assigned sex. Gender as a construct and gender dysphoria as a condition in need of multidisciplinary intervention have developed as swiftly as their visibility in society, making it mandatory to promote the literacy and education of all healthcare professionals in this area. This article aims to review information based on scientific evidence on people with gender dysphoria and its clinical approach, while contributing to a safe, inclusive, and non-discriminatory practice of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alves Rodrigues
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Miriam Marguilho
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Bárbara Ferreira
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Sandra Nascimento
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Miguel Nascimento
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Sónia Cardoso
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Mariana Silva
- Serviço de Psiquiatria de Ligação. Hospital São José. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Pablo
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Catarina Soares
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Marco Gonçalves
- Consulta de Sexologia. Hospital Júlio de Matos. Unidade Local de Saúde São José. Lisboa. Portugal
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Jorgensen SCJ, Athéa N, Masson C. Puberty Suppression for Pediatric Gender Dysphoria and the Child's Right to an Open Future. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1941-1956. [PMID: 38565790 PMCID: PMC11106199 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this essay, we consider the clinical and ethical implications of puberty blockers for pediatric gender dysphoria through the lens of "the child's right to an open future," which refers to rights that children do not have the capacity to exercise as minors, but that must be protected, so they can exercise them in the future as autonomous adults. We contrast the open future principle with the beliefs underpinning the gender affirming care model and discuss implications for consent. We evaluate claims that puberty blockers are reversible, discuss the scientific uncertainty about long-term benefits and harms, summarize international developments, and examine how suicide has been used to frame puberty suppression as a medically necessary, lifesaving treatment. In discussing these issues, we include relevant empirical evidence and raise questions for clinicians and researchers. We conclude that treatment pathways that delay decisions about medical transition until the child has had the chance to grow and mature into an autonomous adulthood would be most consistent with the open future principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C J Jorgensen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Céline Masson
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Picardie Jules-Verne, Amiens, France
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Calcaterra V, Tornese G, Zuccotti G, Staiano A, Cherubini V, Gaudino R, Fazzi EM, Barbi E, Chiarelli F, Corsello G, Esposito SMR, Ferrara P, Iughetti L, Laforgia N, Maghnie M, Marseglia G, Perilongo G, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Ruggieri M, Russo G, Salerno M, Striano P, Valerio G, Wasniewska M. Adolescent gender dysphoria management: position paper from the Italian Academy of Pediatrics, the Italian Society of Pediatrics, the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, the Italian Society of Adolescent Medicine and the Italian Society of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:73. [PMID: 38637868 PMCID: PMC11025175 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the imperative need for standardized support for adolescent Gender Dysphoria (GD), the Italian Academy of Pediatrics, in collaboration with the Italian Society of Pediatrics, the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Italian Society of Adolescent Medicine and Italian Society of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry is drafting a position paper. The purpose of this paper is to convey the author's opinion on the topic, offering foundational information on potential aspects of gender-affirming care and emphasizing the care and protection of children and adolescents with GD. MAIN BODY Recognizing that adolescents may choose interventions based on their unique needs and goals and understanding that every individual within this group has a distinct trajectory, it is crucial to ensure that each one is welcomed and supported. The approach to managing individuals with GD is a multi-stage process involving a multidisciplinary team throughout all phases. Decisions regarding treatment should be reached collaboratively by healthcare professionals and the family, while considering the unique needs and circumstances of the individual and be guided by scientific evidence rather than biases or ideologies. Politicians and high court judges should address discrimination based on gender identity in legislation and support service development that aligns with the needs of young people. It is essential to establish accredited multidisciplinary centers equipped with the requisite skills and experience to effectively manage adolescents with GD, thereby ensuring the delivery of high-quality care. CONCLUSION Maintaining an evidence-based approach is essential to safeguard the well-being of transgender and gender diverse adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi, n.74, Milano, 20157, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentino Cherubini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, "G. Salesi Hospital", Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossella Gaudino
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Maria Fazzi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Corsello
- Division of Pediatrics, "A.R.N.A.S." Civic Hospital, Di Cristina Benfratelli, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Susanna Maria Roberta Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferrara
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Paediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Marseglia
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Pediatric Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Perilongo
- Department of Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Woman's & Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Martino Ruggieri
- Unit of Pediatric Clinic, Centre for Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Russo
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuliana Valerio
- Department of Medical, Movement and Wellbeing studies, University of Napoli "Parthenope", Napoli, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Nayar KR, Vinu S, Bhat LD, Kandaswamy S. Right Versus Wrong: A Qualitative Appraisal With Respect to Pandemic Trajectories of Transgender Population in Kerala, India. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2023; 20:639-646. [PMID: 38150121 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The transgender population generally faces rights violations and discrimination in their day-to-day lives, which was exacerbated during the recent pandemic. This necessitates close scrutiny from an ethics perspective. Following directives from a 2014 Supreme Court judgement, Kerala became the first Indian state to implement a comprehensive policy to enforce the constitutional rights of transgender people. Despite such positive actions, a basic social tendency not to respect gender diversity has led to discrimination and marginalization. This was very evident during the pandemic. In this empirical work, we have documented the lives of the transgender community during the pandemic wherein they share experiences related to livelihood, interaction with the healthcare system, and acceptance in society vis-à-vis the pandemic. Simply providing third-gender status will not help the gender-marginalized community to grow to their fullest potential and have a better lifestyle on par with others in mainstream society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Vinu
- Global Institute of Public Health, Trivandrum, 695024, India
| | - Lekha D Bhat
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610005, India.
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Nayar KR, Vinu S. Equity issues in gender-affirming medical care in Kerala: a reflective commentary. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:193. [PMID: 37730589 PMCID: PMC10512484 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender-affirming medical care is the provision of transition-related medical services that support a transgender person's own gender identity. Gender transitioning is a process that requires not only social support but also psychological and medical support, This paper attempts to document the challenges faced by transgender individuals (TG) especially in the context of gender affirming medical care in the Kerala context. The transition process is extremely complex as the preference for such process is varied. Some transgender individuals preferred social transition and/or medical transition to align their gender expression with their gender identity, while others chose to have a gender expression or identity outside the traditional gender binary. In Kerala, despite proactive policy and positive legal support, transgender individuals face many challenges in gender-affirming medical care which include lack of family support and equity-related issues with respect to a number of social support institutions including health services. A few possible interventions are suggested such as changes in medical curriculum, more active State support and sensitization of the society including health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rajasekharan Nayar
- Global Institute of Public Health Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - S Vinu
- Global Institute of Public Health Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Doyle DM, Lewis TOG, Barreto M. A systematic review of psychosocial functioning changes after gender-affirming hormone therapy among transgender people. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1320-1331. [PMID: 37217739 PMCID: PMC10444622 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review assessed the state and quality of evidence for effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on psychosocial functioning. Forty-six relevant journal articles (six qualitative, 21 cross-sectional, 19 prospective cohort) were identified. Gender-affirming hormone therapy was consistently found to reduce depressive symptoms and psychological distress. Evidence for quality of life was inconsistent, with some trends suggesting improvements. There was some evidence of affective changes differing for those on masculinizing versus feminizing hormone therapy. Results for self-mastery effects were ambiguous, with some studies suggesting greater anger expression, particularly among those on masculinizing hormone therapy, but no increase in anger intensity. There were some trends toward positive change in interpersonal functioning. Overall, risk of bias was highly variable between studies. Small samples and lack of adjustment for key confounders limited causal inferences. More high-quality evidence for psychosocial effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy is vital for ensuring health equity for transgender people.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matthew Doyle
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom O G Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Mirabella M, Di Giannantonio B, Giovanardi G, Piras I, Fisher AD, Lingiardi V, Chianura L, Ristori J, Speranza AM, Fortunato A. Exploring Gender Diversity in Transgender and Non-Binary Adults Accessing a Specialized Service in Italy. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2150. [PMID: 37570390 PMCID: PMC10418792 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11152150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Italy, studies investigating gender identity and expression in gender non-conforming adults are lacking, as well as data regarding the non-binary population. The present study aimed at dimensionally exploring how transgender and non-binary Italian adults identify and express their gender. The Gender Diversity Questionnaire (GDQ) was administered to a sample of 112 adult subjects aged 18-60 years accessing a gender-specialized service in Rome. The majority of the participants were aged 18-24 years (53.6%), whereas fewer subjects were aged 25-35 years (32%) and 35 years and older (14.3%). Most participants (83.9%) identified themselves as trans binary, while the remaining (16.1%) identified as non-binary. Trans binary participants reported a stable gender identity, whereas non-binary participants reported a more fluid gender identity over time and across contexts. Younger subjects recognized the use of chosen names, pronouns, and clothes as important for their gender expression, whereas older subjects attributed more importance to physical appearance and emotions. Differences regarding gender-affirmative interventions emerged between non-binary and transbinary participants. Findings evidence that gender non-conforming adults accessing gender-specialized services have unique needs and features, thus it is essential to shed light on this population by providing greater visibility and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirabella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Di Giannantonio
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Giovanardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Piras
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra D. Fisher
- Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, 50100 Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Chianura
- Gender Identity Development Service, Hospital S. Camillo-Forlanini, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Jiska Ristori
- Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Florence University Hospital, 50100 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ashley F. Youth should decide: the principle of subsidiarity in paediatric transgender healthcare. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2023; 49:110-114. [PMID: 35131805 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2021-107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the principle of subsidiarity, this article develops a framework for allocating medical decision-making authority in the absence of capacity to consent and argues that decisional authority in paediatric transgender healthcare should generally lie in the patient. Regardless of patients' capacity, there is usually nobody better positioned to make medical decisions that go to the heart of a patient's identity than the patients themselves. Under the principle of subsidiarity, decisional authority should only be held by a higher level decision-maker, such as parents or judges, if lower level decision-makers are incapable of satisfactorily addressing the issue even with support and the higher level decision-maker is better positioned to satisfactorily address the issue than all lower level decision-makers. Because gender uniquely pertains to personal identity and self-realisation, parents and judges are rarely better positioned to make complex medical decisions. Instead of taking away trans youth's authority over their healthcare decisions, we should focus on supporting their ability to take the best possible decision for themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Ashley
- Faculty of Law and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Giovanardi G, Mirabella M, Di Giuseppe M, Lombardo F, Speranza AM, Lingiardi V. Defensive Functioning of Individuals Diagnosed With Gender Dysphoria at the Beginning of Their Hormonal Treatment. Front Psychol 2021; 12:665547. [PMID: 34484028 PMCID: PMC8415164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense mechanisms are relevant indicators of psychological functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology. Their evaluation can unveil individuals' unconscious strategies for mediating reactions to emotional conflict and external stressors. At the beginning of their journey toward gender reassignment, individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD) may experience conflict and stressful experiences that trigger a wide range of defense mechanisms. Mature defenses may strengthen these individuals as they travel along this important path, while neurotic and immature defenses may exacerbate their body dissatisfaction (BD) and hinder their processing of change. Only a few studies have investigated self-reported defensive functioning in transgender people, finding a higher frequency of maladaptive defense mechanisms relative to controls. The present study was the first to apply an in-depth clinician-rated tool to assess the entire hierarchy of defense mechanisms within a sample of transgender people. Defensive functioning and personality organization were assessed in 36 individuals diagnosed with GD (14 trans women, 22 trans men, mean age 23.47 years), using the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales (Perry, 1990) and the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (Shedler et al., 2014). Body uneasiness was assessed using the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT; Cuzzolaro et al., 2006). The findings showed that defensive functioning correlated positively with healthy personality functioning and negatively with BD. Compared to cisgender controls, participants with GD who presented greater defensive functioning were found to be more immature and to demonstrate significant differences in many levels of functioning. The clinical implications of the results suggest that psychological interventions aimed at improving defensive functioning in individuals with GD will be important in helping them manage the challenges posed by their gender transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Giovanardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Mirabella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Mirabella M, Senofonte G, Giovanardi G, Lingiardi V, Fortunato A, Lombardo F, Speranza AM. Psychological Well-Being of Trans* People in Italy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Critical Issues and Personal Experiences. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2021; 19:1808-1818. [PMID: 34413909 PMCID: PMC8364416 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-021-00633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic represents risk to physical health and psychological well-being. Specifically, it causes concerns among minoritized communities, such as transgender/non-binary individuals. The study investigates the experience of this group in Italy during the pandemic and identifies risk factors that exerted negative impacts on psychological well-being and physical health. Methods The study developed an online questionnaire to investigate psychological status, access to medical health services, and factors such as predictors of risk outcomes among transgender/non-binary people during lockdown restrictions. Responses were collected (n = 256) on April 2020. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis of variance, and t-test were conducted. Results The respondents confirmed several issues, such as worries about the future (58.2%), negative emotions (46.9%), and self-uncertainty (52.7%) during the pandemic. Difficulties in undertaking hormone therapy and access to health facilities were reported. Living with family members represented a significant stressor for psychological well-being, whereas lack of support from LGBT + communities was reported. Subjects undergoing psychological therapy during the pandemic reported increases in depression, anxiety, somatization, and lack of privacy in the household. Conclusions The study findings provide a framework for critical aspects experienced by transgender/non-binary individuals during the pandemic. Specifically, the study provides evidence of the vulnerability of this population underlined by multiple difficulties. Policy Implications The study findings provide an overview of the experience of transgender and non-binary people during the pandemic, insights regarding risk factors, and aspects that require adequate attention and care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13178-021-00633-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirabella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Senofonte
- Laboratory of Seminology, Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini,” Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Giovanardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology, Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini,” Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ramos GGF, Mengai ACS, Daltro CAT, Cutrim PT, Zlotnik E, Beck APA. Systematic Review: Puberty suppression with GnRH analogues in adolescents with gender incongruity. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1151-1158. [PMID: 33111215 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gender incongruence is defined as disharmony between assigned gender and gender identity. Several interventions are liable in this case including genital affirming surgery among other surgical interventions such as harmonization, and also the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) for gonadal shielding. This aids in preventing the development of secondary sexual characteristics related to the genetic sex. OBJECTIVE Systematically review the treatment of gender incongruity with GnRHa analogues. DATA SOURCES The data source of this research is from Pubmed-Medline and Embase. STUDY SELECTION Articles published between 2009 and 2019 which studied transgender adolescents treated with GnRHa were carefully selected. DATA EXTRACTION Were extracted: design, sample size, study context, targeted subjects of intervention, outcome measures, and results. RESULTS Eleven studies were included. The use of GnRHa seems to be well tolerated by the studied population. When started in pubertal transition, it was associated with a more distinct resemblance to body shape than to the affirmed sex. In addition to preventing the irreversible phenotypic changes that occur in cross-hormonal therapy, the use of GnRHa can equally contribute to the mental health of these adolescents. LIMITATION There are few consistent studies on the use of GnRHa for gender incongruence. CONCLUSION As the population of transgender children and adolescents grows, they acquire knowledge and greater access to the various forms and stages of treatment for sex reassignment. The medical community needs to be adequately prepared to better serve this population and offer the safest resources available.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G F Ramos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil.
| | - A C S Mengai
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - C A T Daltro
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - P T Cutrim
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - E Zlotnik
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - A P A Beck
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
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Giovanardi G, Fortunato A, Mirabella M, Speranza AM, Lingiardi V. Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Qualitative Study on Specialized Centers' Model of Care and Network. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249536. [PMID: 33352745 PMCID: PMC7766564 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Italy, similar to many other countries, has witnessed an increase in children and adolescents presenting gender incongruence. This trend has led to the development and implementation of specialized centers providing care and support for these youths and their families. The present study aimed at investigating the functioning of agencies specialized in working with transgender and gender non-conforming youths in the Italian territory. Professionals in these agencies were interviewed about their perspectives on their agency's functioning, networks with other services, and work with trans* youths and their families. A semi-structured interview was developed and administered to professionals in specialized centers and associations dedicated to trans * youths, and deductive thematic analysis was applied to the transcripts. Eight professionals were interviewed: six working in specialized centers and two working in associations. The qualitative analyses of transcripts revealed four main themes, pertaining to service referrals, assessment protocols and intervention models, psychological support for youths and families, and agency shortcomings. The study explored the functioning of Italian agencies specialized in caring for transgender and gender non-conforming youths, from the perspective of professionals working in these agencies. While several positive aspects of the work emerged, the study highlighted a lack of uniformity across the Italian territory and the need for better networks between agencies and other medical professionals.
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Mirabella M, Giovanardi G, Fortunato A, Senofonte G, Lombardo F, Lingiardi V, Speranza AM. The Body I Live in. Perceptions and Meanings of Body Dissatisfaction in Young Transgender Adults: A Qualitative Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113733. [PMID: 33233761 PMCID: PMC7699932 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction in individuals with Gender Incongruence (GI) represents a primary source of suffering. Several studies have highlighted how this suffering has psychological, physical, and biological implications. This work aims to explore experiences related to body dissatisfaction and investigate the issues associated with living in a body perceived as incongruent for individuals with GI. Thirty-six individuals, aged between 18 and 30 years old and at stage T0 of hormone treatment, participated in the study. Body dissatisfaction and experiences related to it were investigated using the Clinical Diagnostic Interview. The Consensual Qualitative Research methodology was applied to the transcripts of the interviews. Several themes emerged: experiences with GI development, experiences with puberty and bodily changes, perception of one’s body, psychological problems and complex behavioral patterns related to body dissatisfaction. Results pointed out the complexity implied in the relationship with one’s body for individuals with GI, highlighting specific aspects of body dissatisfaction among these individuals (e.g., eating disorders, sexual difficulties, social withdrawal). This study underlines the need for a deeper understanding of some aspects of GI to better define guidelines for a correct assessment of it. In this way it will be easier to avoid negative outcomes for the psychological and general health of transgender people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirabella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.G.); (A.F.); (V.L.); (A.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-986-7587
| | - Guido Giovanardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.G.); (A.F.); (V.L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.G.); (A.F.); (V.L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Giulia Senofonte
- Laboratory of Seminology, Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini,” Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology, Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini,” Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.G.); (A.F.); (V.L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.G.); (A.F.); (V.L.); (A.M.S.)
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Magalhães M, Aparicio-García ME, García-Nieto I. Transition Trajectories: Contexts, Difficulties and Consequences Reported by Young Transgender and Non-Binary Spaniards. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186859. [PMID: 32961787 PMCID: PMC7558185 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The transition process can have a significant impact on young transgender and non-binary individuals (TNBI), especially regarding their mental health. As such, this study aimed to explore the encountered difficulties and expectations of 225 young adults, between 14 and 25 years old, who identify themselves as TNBI. Four different aspects were analyzed: difficulties related to the transition process; main current difficulties; if the current difficulties are due to the participants’ sexual orientation or gender identity; and if participants feel the need of changing something in their lives. Several obstacles either before, during or after the transition process were identified; and these obstacles have serious consequences in TBNI’s mental health. Questions regarding legislation, discrimination, transphobia, lack of social support, the pathologization of transgenderism, low self-esteem, anxiety symptomatology, among others, were pointed out by the participants. The narratives collected and analyzed in the present study appear as important inputs to the literature, which can be translated into the basis of further investigations and the improvement of professional practices in the health field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Magalhães
- Work, Social and Differential Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta E. Aparicio-García
- Work, Social and Differential Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, s/n, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Isidro García-Nieto
- LGBTI Service of Madrid Community; C/ Alcalá, 22, 5° dcha, 28014 Madrid, Spain;
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Cooper K, Russell A, Mandy W, Butler C. The phenomenology of gender dysphoria in adults: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 80:101875. [PMID: 32629301 PMCID: PMC7441311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gender dysphoria is distress due to a discrepancy between one's assigned gender and gender identity. Adults who wish to access gender clinics are assessed to ensure they meet the diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria. Therefore, the definition of gender dysphoria has a significant impact on the lives of individuals who wish to undergo physical gender transition. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize all existing qualitative research literature about the lived experience of gender dysphoria in adults. A pre-planned systematic search identified 1491 papers, with 20 of those meeting full inclusion criteria, and a quality assessment of each paper was conducted. Data pertaining to the lived experience of gender dysphoria were extracted from each paper and a meta-ethnographic synthesis was conducted. Four overarching concepts were identified; distress due to dissonance of assigned and experienced gender; interface of assigned gender, gender identity and society; social consequences of gender identity; internal processing of rejection, and transphobia. A key finding was the reciprocal relationship between an individual's feelings about their gender and societal responses to transgender people. Other subthemes contributing to distress were misgendering, mismatch between gender identity and societal expectations, and hypervigilance for transphobia. A systematic review of all papers on the lived experience of gender dysphoria Twenty papers with 1606 participants were included in a meta-ethnographic synthesis. Distress was due to gender and sex incongruence, as well as social factors. Results give new insights into the relationships between factors causing distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Cooper
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Ailsa Russell
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - William Mandy
- UCL Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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