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Fernandes LGR, Spillner E, Jakob T. Potential and limitations of epitope mapping and molecular targeting in Hymenoptera venom allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1327391. [PMID: 38162556 PMCID: PMC10755883 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1327391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hymenoptera venom (HV) allergy can lead to life threatening conditions by specific IgE (sIgE)-mediated anaphylactic reactions. The knowledge about major allergens from venom of different clinically relevant species increased in the last decades, allowing the development of component-resolved diagnostics in which sIgE to single allergens is analysed. Despite these advances, the precise regions of the allergens that bind to IgE are only known for few HV allergens. The detailed characterization of IgE epitopes may provide valuable information to improve immunodiagnostic tests and to develop new therapeutic strategies using allergen-derived peptides or other targeted approaches. Epitope-resolved analysis is challenging, since the identification of conformational epitopes present in many allergens demands complex technologies for molecular analyses. Furthermore, functional analysis of the epitopeś interaction with their respective ligands is needed to distinguish epitopes that can activate the allergic immune response, from those that are recognized by irrelevant antibodies or T cell receptors from non-effector cells. In this review, we focus on the use of mapping and molecular targeting approaches for characterization of the epitopes of the major venom allergens of clinically relevant Hymenoptera species. The screening of the most relevant allergen peptides by epitope mapping could be helpful for the development of molecules that target major and immunodominant epitopes blocking the allergen induced cellular reactions as novel approach for the treatment of HV allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gustavo Romani Fernandes
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Gießen-Marburg, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Immunological Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Gießen-Marburg, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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2
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Chan HH, Burrows AK, Hosgood G, Ghubash R. Sensitivity of a Hymenoptera serological immunoglobulin (Ig)E assay for the diagnosis of venom hypersensitivity in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:543-553. [PMID: 37485613 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hymenoptera envenomation with honey bee (Apis mellifera) and paper wasp (Polistes spp.) may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis in dogs. In human patients, clinical history, intradermal testing (IDT) and measurement of allergen-specific serological immunoglobulin (Ig)E (sIgE) are used to support a diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity. The utility of venom allergen-specific sIgE has not yet been evaluated for this purpose in dogs. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the sensitivity (sn), specificity (sp) and positive predictive value (PPV) of honey bee and paper wasp serological titres using a commercially available sIgE assay [VARL (Veterinary Allergen Reference Laboratory) Liquid Gold] against clinical history for a diagnosis of Hymenoptera hypersensitivity in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Honeybee and paper wasp IgE serum titres were measured in 15 client-owned dogs with a diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity based on a history of anaphylaxis, owner observation of Hymenoptera, and positive IDT to bee and/or wasp; and in 10 client-owned dogs with no known history of anaphylaxis or Hymenoptera exposure and a negative IDT to bee and wasp. RESULTS Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrate that a VARL score cut-off of one of six for honeybee yields Sn, Sp and PPV of 40%, 60% and 60%, respectively, and two of six for wasp yields Sn, Sp and PPV of 25%, 78% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Owing to the poor sensitivity and PPV of sIgE assays for both bee and wasp hypersensitivity in dogs with known envenomation and anaphylaxis, the use of sIgE cannot be recommended as a tool for venom identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary H Chan
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda K Burrows
- Animal Dermatology Clinic Perth, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Animal Hospital Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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El Naggar HM, Anwar MM, Khayyal AE, Abdelhameed RM, Barakat AM, Sadek SAS, Elashkar AM. Application of honeybee venom loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis: parasitological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:591-607. [PMID: 37520202 PMCID: PMC10382463 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic intracellular protozoon which may cause severe disease in the immunocompromised patients. Unfortunately, the majority of treatments on the market work against tachyzoites in the acute infection but can't affect tissue cysts in the chronic phase. So, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of bee venom (BV) loaded metal organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of chronic murine toxoplasmosis. Ninety laboratory Swiss Albino mice were divided into 9 groups (10 mice each); GI (negative control), GII (infected control), GIII-GXI (infected with Me49 strain of Toxoplasma and treated); GIII (MOFs-NPs), GIV and GV (BV alone and loaded on MOFs-NPs), GVI and GVII (spiramycin alone and loaded on MOFs-NPs), GVIII and GIX (ciprofloxacin alone and loaded on MOFs-NPs). Parasitological examination of brain cyst count, histopathological study of brain, retina, liver, and kidney tissue sections and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of liver was performed. Counting of Toxoplasma brain cysts showed high statistically significant difference between the infected treated groups and GII. GV showed the least count of brain cysts; mean ± SD (281 ± 29.5). Histopathological examination revealed a marked ameliorative effect of BV administration when used alone or loaded MOFs-NPs. It significantly reduced tissue inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. IHC examination of liver sections revealed high density CD8+ infiltration in GII, low density CD8+ infiltration in GIII, GVI, GVII, GVIII, and GIX while GIV and GV showed intermediate density CD8+ infiltration. BV is a promising Apitherapy against chronic toxoplasmosis. This effect is markedly enhanced by MOFs-NPs. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. El Naggar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Anwar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira E. Khayyal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda M Abdelhameed
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Barakat
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sabry A. S. Sadek
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman M. Elashkar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, KSA Saudi Arabia
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4
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Urbańska W, Szymański L, Ciepelak M, Cios A, Stankiewicz W, Klimaszewska E, Lieto K, Skopek R, Chciałowski A, Lewicki S. Time-dependent cytokines changes in ultra-rush wasp venom immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10560. [PMID: 37386045 PMCID: PMC10310823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venom immunotherapy (VIT) represents a potential therapeutic approach for the management of venom allergies, aiming to modify the immune response to venom allergens and enhance its precision. Previous studies have demonstrated that VIT induces a shift in T helper cell responses from Th2 to Th1, characterized by the production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In order to explore long-term pathways following VIT treatment and verify potential new outcomes, the serum concentrations of 30 cytokines were assessed in a cohort of 61 patients (18 control, 43 study group) exhibiting hypersensitivity to wasp venom. Cytokine levels were measured at 0, 2, 6, and 24 weeks after the initiation phase of VIT in the study group. The present study found no significant alterations in the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in the peripheral blood following VIT. However, a noteworthy finding was the substantial increase in the concentration of IL-12, a cytokine capable of promoting the differentiation of Th0 cells into Th1 cells. This observation supports the involvement of the Th1 pathway in the desensitization process induced by VIT. Additionally, the study revealed a significant rise in the levels of IL-9 and TGF-β after VIT. These cytokines may play a role in the generation of inducible regulatory T (Treg) cells, indicating their potential importance in the immune response to venom allergens and the desensitization process associated with VIT. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to comprehend the underlying mechanisms driving the VIT process comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Urbańska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Szymański
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - M Ciepelak
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Cios
- Department of Hematological and Transfusion Immunology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 I. Gandhi St., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Stankiewicz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The Mazovian State University in Płock, Generała Jarosława Dąbrowskiego 2, 09-402, Płock, Poland
| | - E Klimaszewska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600, Radom, Poland
| | - Krystyna Lieto
- Department of Microwave Safety, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Skopek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - A Chciałowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Lewicki
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600, Radom, Poland
- Institute of Outcomes Research, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 00-001, Warsaw, Poland
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Gonzalez Guzman LA, García Robaina JC, Barrios Recio J, Escudero Arias E, Liñares Mata T, Cervera Aznar R, De La Roca Pinzón F, Miguel Polo LDC, Arenas Villarroel L, López Couso VP, Alcover Diaz J, Rodriguez Gil D, Pelaez RP, Carballada Gonzalez FJ. Real-World Safety and Efficacy Clinical Data of an Improved Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Product for the Treatment of Bee Venom Allergy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050979. [PMID: 37243083 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the safety and efficacy of bee venom immunotherapy without HSA, in real-life patients. Methods: This is an observational retrospective study developed in seven hospitals in Spain, where patients treated with this immunotherapy were included. They gathered the protocol used to initiate the immunotherapy, adverse reactions, field re-stings, and the patient clinical data (clinical history, biomarkers, and skin prick test). Results: A total of 108 patients were included. In total, 4 protocols were used (5 weeks reaching 200 μg, and 4, 3, and 2 weeks reaching 100 μg). An incidence of systemic adverse reactions for each 100 injections of 1.5, 1.7, 0, and 0.58, respectively, was found. The demographic data showed not to directly affect the appearance of adverse reactions, except for those having a grade 2 systemic reaction with immunotherapy previously had a grade 4 systemic reaction; the IgE to Apis mellifera was 3 times higher in patients with systemic reactions of grade 1 than in the general group, and other specific IgEs were lower in those with systemic reactions. Most of the patients recognized Api m 1 followed by Api m 10. In the sample, 32% experienced spontaneous re-stings, without presenting systemic reactions, after a year of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Carlos García Robaina
- Allergy Department, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria University Hospital, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Barrios Recio
- Allergy Department, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria University Hospital, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Tania Liñares Mata
- Allergy Department, Hospital Provincial de Pontevedra, 36001 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Raquel Cervera Aznar
- Allergy Department, Hospital General Universitari de Castelló, 12004 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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Cichocka-Jarosz E, Brzyski P, Jedynak-Wąsowicz U, Mól N, Klasa B, Mazurek-Durlak Z, Lis G, Nowak-Węgrzyn A. Skin prick tests are not useful for the qualification for venom immunotherapy in children. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100775. [PMID: 37351272 PMCID: PMC10282561 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The basis for qualification for venom immunotherapy (VIT) is the fulfilment of both the clinical and immunological criteria. Diagnostic tests that confirm the immunological criterion of an IgE-mediated sensitization include skin prick tests (SPT), intradermal tests (IDT), and serum specific IgE (sIgE) for the culprit venom. Objective This study aimed to assess the usefulness of SPT as the immunological marker in the diagnosis of insect venom sensitization in children with history of systemic reaction (SR) to insect sting evaluated by means of I-IV-grades Mueller's scale. There are no such studies in children. Methods This cross-sectional study sample consisted of 416 children aged 3-18 years (mean age 10.6 ± 3.8), 76% males, all with the history of a systemic reaction (SR) after a Hymenoptera sting (48% of grade III/IV according to Mueller scale), diagnosed between 1999 and 2019 in the tertiary referral centre. The standard diagnostic tests were used. Specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values were computed to assess the diagnostic properties of the clinical tests to distinguish between mild and severe SR. To assess the relative value of an individual test in predicting the qualification to VIT we incorporated the Shapley value (SV). Results Positive SPT results were found in up to no more than 3% of children; among them less than 1% had only positive SPT and were negative for sIgE and IDT. Approximately 85% of the children had detectable venom sIgE, followed by positive IDT (75%). Almost 70% of children had positive both sIgE and IDT results. In children with grade III/IV reaction, about 80% of children had positive results of both of these tests. sIgE and IDT had sensitivity >0.80, whereas SPT had high specificity (>0.97) in differentiating between mild and severe SR. Relative value of diagnostic tests in predicting qualification to VIT varied between venoms. Bee venom IDT had higher SV (0.052) than sIgE (0.041). In contrast, wasp venom sIgE had higher SV (0.075) than IDT (0.035). Conclusion SPTs are not an useful immunological marker of venom sensitization in children, and eliminating SPT does not result in a loss of diagnostic accuracy. Limiting diagnostics to venom sIgE and IDT would shorten the procedure and reduce costs. Future studies are needed to determine if venom sIgE as the first line diagnostic test, with IDT added only if the venom sIgE is undetectable, is an optimal diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Cichocka-Jarosz
- Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka St, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Urszula Jedynak-Wąsowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka St, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Nina Mól
- Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka St, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Klasa
- Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka St, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zofia Mazurek-Durlak
- Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka St, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lis
- Department of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 265 Wielicka St, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Nowak-Węgrzyn
- Department of Pediatrics at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
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7
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Jovanovic D, Peric‐Popadic A, Djuric V, Stojanovic M, Lekic B, Milicevic O, Bonaci‐Nikolic B. Molecular diagnostics and inhibition of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in Hymenoptera venom allergy. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12230. [PMID: 36973962 PMCID: PMC9993137 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of venom extracts, cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) and the component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) are important fields of investigation. IgE-reactivity to CCD complicates the interpretation of IgE to Hymenoptera venoms, especially in patients with multiple-positivity. We analyzed the clinical importance of CRD and CCD-inhibition for selection of allergens for venom immunotherapy (VIT). METHODS In 71 patients, we measured specific IgE (sIgE) to honeybee venom (HBV), wasp venom (WV), hornet venom (HV), CCD, and recombinant allergens: phospholipase A2 (rApi m 1), hyaluronidase (rApi m 2), icarapin (rApi m 10), antigen 5 (rVes v 5), and phospholipase A1 (Immunoblot). In 29/71 HBV/WV/HV/CCD-positive patients CCD-inhibition was performed. According to CRD and CCD-inhibition, we identified true sensitization and defined groups of multiple-positive patients who needed CCD-inhibition before starting VIT. RESULTS sIgE-rApi m 1, sIgE-rApi m 2, and sIgE-rApi m 10 were detected in 65.7%, 68.4%, and 58%, respectively. In HBV allergic patients, CRD sensitivity was 86.8%. In WV allergic patients, sensitivity of sIgE-rVes v 5 was 94%. True multiple-sensitization was found in 44.8% of HBV/WV/HV/CCD-positive patients after CCD-inhibition. Patients with multiple venom- and CCD-positivity had more frequent severe allergic reactions (p < 0.001). CCD-inhibition was helpful in HBV/WV/HV/CCD-positive patients who were negative to all tested recombinant honeybee allergens. Persistence of HBV-positivity after CCD-inhibition requires CRD to other honeybee recombinant allergens. CONCLUSION CRD, using a profile of five most important recombinant allergens and CCD, has a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of venom allergy, especially in patients positive to several venom extracts. CRD and CCD-inhibition are helpful to reveal the clinically relevant, true sensitization and improve the selection of venoms for long-lasting VIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Jovanovic
- Clinic of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
| | - Aleksandra Peric‐Popadic
- Clinic of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
| | - Vojislav Djuric
- Clinic of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
| | - Maja Stojanovic
- Clinic of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
| | - Branislav Lekic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
- Clinic of DermatovenerologyUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
| | - Ognjen Milicevic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
- Department for Medical Statistics and InformaticsInstitute for Medicine Statistics and InformaticsUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
| | - Branka Bonaci‐Nikolic
- Clinic of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
- University of Belgrade Faculty of MedicineBelgradeSerbia
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8
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Rodríguez-Vázquez V, López-Freire S, Méndez-Brea P, González-Fernández MT, Hernández-Pérez C, Vidal C. [Basophil activation test to follow-up of patients treated with hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: a review of current evidence]. REVISTA ALERGIA MÉXICO 2023; 69:125-137. [PMID: 36869012 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v69i3.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy (HVI) is a long-term effective treatment to avoid new systemic reactions in patients with Hymenoptera allergy. The sting challenge test is considered the gold standard to confirm the tolerance. However, the use of this technique is not generalized in clinical practice, being the basophil activation test (BAT), which functionally explores allergen response, an alternative that does not entail any of the provocation risks associated with the sting challenge test. This study reviews the publications that used the BAT to follow up and evaluate the success of the HVI. Studies assessing the changes between a baseline BAT before the start and BATs performed between the starting and maintenance phases of the HVI were selected. Ten articles were found, comprising information from 167 patients, of which 29% used the sting challenge test. The studies concluded the importance of evaluating the responses with submaximal allergen concentrations, which reflect basophil sensitivity, to monitor the HVI using the BAT. It was also observed that changes in the maximum response (reactivity) could not reflect the clinical status of tolerance, particularly in the initial phases of HVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Servicio de Alergología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, España.
| | - Sara López-Freire
- Servicio de Alergología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | - Paula Méndez-Brea
- Servicio de Alergología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, España
| | | | | | - Carmen Vidal
- Servicio de Alergología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, España.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, España
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9
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Nejabat S, Haghshenas MR, Farjadian S. Allergenome profiling of Vespa orientalis venom by serum IgE in patients with anaphylactic reaction to this hornet sting. Toxicon 2022; 214:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Pitsios C, Petalas K, Dimitriou A, Parperis K, Gerasimidou K, Chliva C. Workup and Clinical Assessment for Allergen Immunotherapy Candidates. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040653. [PMID: 35203303 PMCID: PMC8870157 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) is a well-established, efficient, and safe way to treat respiratory and insect-venom allergies. After determining the diagnosis of the clinically relevant culprit allergen, AIT can be prescribed. However, not all patients are eligible for AIT, since some diseases/conditions represent contraindications to AIT use, as described in several guidelines. Allergists are often preoccupied on whether an extensive workup should be ordered in apparently healthy AIT candidates in order to detect contra-indicated diseases and conditions. These preoccupations often arise from clinical, ethical and legal issues. The aim of this article is to suggest an approach to the workup and assessment of the presence of any underlying diseases/conditions in patients with no case history before the start of AIT. Notably, there is a lack of published studies on the appropriate evaluation of AIT candidates, with no globally accepted guidelines. It appears that Allergists are mostly deciding based on their AIT training, as well as their clinical experience. Guidance is based mainly on experts’ opinions; the suggested preliminary workup can be divided into mandatory and optional testing. The evaluation for possible underlying neoplastic, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases, primary and acquired immunodeficiencies and pregnancy, might be helpful but only in subjects for whom the history and clinical examination raise suspicion of these conditions. A workup without any reasonable correlation with potential contraindications is useless. In conclusion, the evaluation of each individual candidate for possible medical conditions should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Petalas
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 251 General Airforce Hospital, 155 61 Athens, Greece;
| | | | | | - Kyriaki Gerasimidou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Caterina Chliva
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, “Attikon” General University Hospital, 124 61 Haidari, Greece;
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Feindor M, Heath MD, Hewings SJ, Carreno Velazquez TL, Blank S, Grosch J, Jakob T, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Klimek L, Golden DBK, Skinner MA, Kramer MF. Venom Immunotherapy: From Proteins to Product to Patient Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:616. [PMID: 34564620 PMCID: PMC8470233 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline and reflect on the important differences between allergen-specific immunotherapy for inhalant allergies (i.e., aeroallergens) and venom-specific immunotherapy (VIT), with a special focus on Venomil® Bee and Wasp. Venomil® is provided as a freeze-dried extract and a diluent to prepare a solution for injection for the treatment of patients with IgE-mediated allergies to bee and/or wasp venom and for evaluating the degree of sensitivity in a skin test. While the materials that make up the product have not changed, the suppliers of raw materials have changed over the years. Here, we consolidate relevant historical safety and efficacy studies that used products from shared manufacture supply profiles, i.e., products from Bayer or Hollister-Stier. We also consider the characterization and standardization of venom marker allergens, providing insights into manufacturing controls that have produced stable and consistent quality profiles over many years. Quality differences between products and their impacts on treatment outcomes have been a current topic of discussion and further research. Finally, we review the considerations surrounding the choice of depot adjuvant most suitable to augmenting VIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Feindor
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, UK; (M.F.); (M.D.H.); (S.J.H.); (T.L.C.V.); (M.A.S.)
- Bencard Allergie GmBH, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew D. Heath
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, UK; (M.F.); (M.D.H.); (S.J.H.); (T.L.C.V.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Simon J. Hewings
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, UK; (M.F.); (M.D.H.); (S.J.H.); (T.L.C.V.); (M.A.S.)
| | | | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany; (S.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Johannes Grosch
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany; (S.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Giessen, Germany;
| | | | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, 65183 Wiesbaden, Germany;
| | | | - Murray A. Skinner
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, UK; (M.F.); (M.D.H.); (S.J.H.); (T.L.C.V.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Matthias F. Kramer
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd., Worthing BN14 8SA, UK; (M.F.); (M.D.H.); (S.J.H.); (T.L.C.V.); (M.A.S.)
- Bencard Allergie GmBH, 80804 Munich, Germany
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12
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Pickert J, Kleine-Tebbe J. [Significance of molecular diagnostics in allergen immunotherapy : Practical tips for the application in various groups of allergens with exemplary cases]. DER HAUTARZT; ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DERMATOLOGIE, VENEROLOGIE, UND VERWANDTE GEBIETE 2021; 72:751-759. [PMID: 34383107 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The basis of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the diagnosis of the eliciting allergen sources, which is a challenge, especially in the case of multiple sensitizations. Molecular allergy diagnostics can be of special help, since detection of "marker allergens", usually important major allergens, allows to distinguish between primary sensitization and cross-reactions. Thus, the indication and extract selection for AIT can be facilitated. While molecular diagnosis is particularly useful for double-sensitized hymenoptera venom and polysensitized pollen allergic patients, the benefit is probably lower in case of house dust mite allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pickert
- Allergiezentrum Hessen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg (Standort Marburg), Baldingerstr., 35043, Marburg, Deutschland.
| | - J Kleine-Tebbe
- Allergie- und Asthma-Zentrum Westend, Praxis Hanf, Ackermann und Kleine-Tebbe, Spandauer Damm 130, Haus 9, 14050, Berlin, Deutschland
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13
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Precision medicine reaching out to the patients in allergology - a German-Japanese workshop report. Allergol Select 2021; 5:162-179. [PMID: 34079922 PMCID: PMC8167740 DOI: 10.5414/alx02234e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An expert workshop in collaboration of the German Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) and the Japanese Society of Allergy (JSA) provided a platform for key opinion leaders of both countries aimed to join expertise and to highlight current developments and achievements in allergy research. Key domains of the meeting included the following seven main sections and related subchapters: 1) basic immunology, 2) bronchial asthma, 3) prevention of allergic diseases, 4) food allergy and anaphylaxis, 5) atopic dermatitis, 6) venom allergy, and 7) upper airway diseases. This report provides a summary of panel discussions of all seven domains and highlights unmet needs and project possibilities of enhanced collaborations of scientific projects.
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14
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Emiliani Y, Sánchez A, Munera M, Sánchez J, Aparicio D. In silico analysis of cross reactivity among phospholipases from Hymenoptera species. F1000Res 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 34046162 PMCID: PMC8129813 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27089.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phospholipases are enzymes with the capacity to hydrolyze membrane lipids and have been characterized in several allergenic sources, such as hymenoptera species. However, cross-reactivity among phospholipases allergens are little understood. The objective of this study was to determine potential antigenic regions involved in cross-reactivity among allergens of phospholipases using an
in silico approach. Methods: In total, 18 amino acids sequences belonging to phospholipase family derived from species of the order hymenoptera were retrieved from the UniProt database to perform phylogenetic analysis to determine the closest molecular relationship. Multialignment was done to identify conserved regions and matched with antigenic regions predicted by ElliPro server. 3D models were obtained from modeling by homology and were used to locate cross-reactive antigenic regions. Results: Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 18 phospholipases split into four monophyletic clades (named here as A, B, C and D). Phospholipases from A clade shared an amino acid sequences’ identity of 79%. Antigenic patches predicted by Ellipro were located in highly conserved regions, suggesting that they could be involved in cross-reactivity in this group (Ves v 1, Ves a 1 and Ves m 1). Conclusions: At this point, we advanced to the characterization of potential antigenic sites involved in cross-reactivity among phospholipases. Inhibition assays are needed to confirm our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Emiliani
- Health Faculty - GINUMED, Corporation University Rafael Nuñez, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Health Faculty - GINUMED, Corporation University Rafael Nuñez, Cartagena, Colombia.,Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marlon Munera
- Health Faculty - GINUMED, Corporation University Rafael Nuñez, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dilia Aparicio
- Health Faculty - GINUMED, Corporation University Rafael Nuñez, Cartagena, Colombia
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15
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Stock R, Fischer T, Aẞmus K, Zoeller N, Ackermann H, Kaufmann R, Meissner M, Valesky E. Safety and tolerability of venom immunotherapy: Evaluation of 581 rush- and ultra-rush induction protocols (safety of rush and ultra-rush venom immunotherapy). World Allergy Organ J 2020; 14:100496. [PMID: 33376576 PMCID: PMC7750415 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current literature is inconsistent regarding the risk of severe side effects using accelerated induction protocols in Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy (VIT). In addition, several data indicate the influence of purity grade of venom preparation on tolerability. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of ultra-rush and rush build-up protocols using purified and non-purified venom preparations. Methods Retrospective single-center study of 581 VIT inductions (325 ultra-rush and 256 rush protocols) from 2005 to 2018 in 559 patients with bee and vespid venom allergy using aqueous purified (ALK SQ®) for ultra-rush protocol and aqueous non-purified (ALK Reless®) venom preparations for rush protocol. Results Urticaria (8% vs. 3.1%, p = 0,013) and dose reductions (4.3% vs. 1.2%, p = 0,026) were significantly more frequent in the ultra-rush group. Overall rate of moderate-to-severe side effects (anaphylaxis ≥grade 2 according to Ring and Meβmer) was low and did not differ significantly between protocols (p = 0.105). Severe events (grade 4 anaphylaxis) were not reported. Discontinuation rate was very low in both cohorts (0.6% vs 1.2%). The higher purity grade of venom preparations in the ultra-rush cohort did not improve tolerability. The bee venom group showed a non-significant trend towards higher incidence of mild reactions (urticaria), resulting in more frequent dose reductions and antiallergic therapy. Conclusion Rush and ultra-rush protocols show an excellent safety profile with only infrequent and mild anaphylactic reactions in bee and vespid venom allergy. Ultra-rush immunotherapy reduces the duration of the inpatient build-up phase setting and thus is viewed by the authors as preferred treatment in Hymenoptera venom allergic patients.
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Key Words
- BTC, basal tryptase concentration
- BV, bee venom
- Bee venom allergy
- Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy
- IgE, Immunoglobulin E
- R, rush
- Rush protocol
- UR, ultra-rush
- Ultra-rush protocol
- VIT, venom immunotherapy
- VV, vespid venom
- Vespid venom allergy
- f, female
- m, male
- ml, millilitres
- n, number of patients
- y, years
- μL, microlitres
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stock
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tatjana Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Aẞmus
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Zoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hanns Ackermann
- Institute for Biostatistics, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Meissner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Blank S, Grosch J, Ollert M, Bilò MB. Precision Medicine in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy: Diagnostics, Biomarkers, and Therapy of Different Endotypes and Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579409. [PMID: 33193378 PMCID: PMC7643016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic reactions to stings of Hymenoptera species may be severe and are potentially fatal deviations of the immunological response observed in healthy individuals. However, venom-specific immunotherapy (VIT) is an immunomodulatory approach able to cure venom allergy in the majority of affected patients. An appropriate therapeutic intervention and the efficacy of VIT not only depend on a conclusive diagnosis, but might also be influenced by the patient-specific manifestation of the disease. As with other diseases, it should be borne in mind that there are different endotypes and phenotypes of venom allergy, each of which require a patient-tailored disease management and treatment scheme. Reviewed here are different endotypes of sting reactions such as IgE-mediated allergy, asymptomatic sensitization or a simultaneous presence of venom allergy and mast cell disorders including particular considerations for diagnosis and therapy. Additionally, phenotypical manifestations of venom allergy, as e.g. differences in age of onset and disease severity, multiple sensitization or patients unsusceptible to therapy, are described. Moreover, biomarkers and diagnostic strategies that might reflect the immunological status of the patient and their value for therapeutic guidance are discussed. Taken together, the increasing knowledge of different disease manifestations in venom hypersensitivity and the growing availability of diagnostic tools open new options for the classification of venom allergy and, hence, for personalized medical approaches and precision medicine in Hymenoptera venom allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Grosch
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Beatrice Bilò
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aim of this review is the description of the medical conditions in which the support of molecular allergy diagnostics (MAD) has an impact on the clinical outcomes, such as laboratory diagnostics, prognosis, and therapy of allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The review of the literature of the last 2 years generated a wide number of results on this topic. As expected, not all were obtained by the use of MAD, but, in general, a clear trend is evident. SUMMARY Within the large number of works available, laboratory allergy diagnostics seems to be the most frequently discussed topic, in particular considering the complexity of the biological environment where these assays are used. Some interesting news arrive from the prognostic potential of MAD, whereas for allergen immunotherapy, waiting for a well-conducted prospective randomized clinical study, data from retrospective studies still confirms the added values of MAD in the management of the allergic patients.
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18
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Blank S, Bazon ML, Grosch J, Schmidt-Weber CB, Brochetto-Braga MR, Bilò MB, Jakob T. Antigen 5 Allergens of Hymenoptera Venoms and Their Role in Diagnosis and Therapy of Venom Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:58. [PMID: 32647993 PMCID: PMC7347709 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stings of Hymenoptera of the superfamily Vespoidea such as yellow jackets, paper wasps or stinging ants are common triggers for severe and even fatal allergic reactions. Antigen 5 allergens are potent allergens in the majority of these venoms with major importance for diagnosis and therapy. Reviewed here are the characteristics of antigen 5 allergens, their role in component-resolved diagnostics as well as current limitations of the available diagnostics for proper therapeutic decisions. RECENT FINDINGS Antigens 5 are proteins of unknown function in Hymenoptera venoms with high allergenic potency. They represent key elements in component-resolved diagnosis to discriminate between honeybee and vespid venom allergy. However, due to their pronounced cross-reactivity, there are remaining diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that have to be addressed. Antigens 5 are highly relevant venom allergens of the Vespoidea superfamily. Although their use in component-resolved diagnosis facilitates dissection of cross-reactivity and primary allergy in double sensitization to honeybee and vespid venom, new diagnostic concepts are needed to discriminate between allergies to different vespid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany.
| | - Murilo Luiz Bazon
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johannes Grosch
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Márcia Regina Brochetto-Braga
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatrice Bilò
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Ancona and Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ancona, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Rauber MM, Roßbach A, Jung A, Müller S, Möbs C, Pfützner W, Miehe M, Spillner E, Jakob T. The honey bee venom allergen Api m 10 displays one major IgE epitope, Api m 10 160-174. Allergy 2020; 75:1756-1759. [PMID: 31957885 DOI: 10.1111/all.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Myriam Rauber
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology and Allergology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
| | - Antonia Roßbach
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology and Allergology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology and Allergology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Dermatology Medical Centre‐University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Clinical & Experimental Allergology Department of Dermatology and Allergology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Clinical & Experimental Allergology Department of Dermatology and Allergology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Immunological Biotechnology Department of Engineering Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Immunological Biotechnology Department of Engineering Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group Department of Dermatology and Allergology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
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20
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Jakob T, Rauber MM, Perez-Riverol A, Spillner E, Blank S. The Honeybee Venom Major Allergen Api m 10 (Icarapin) and Its Role in Diagnostics and Treatment of Hymenoptera Venom Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:48. [PMID: 32548726 PMCID: PMC7297703 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In Hymenoptera venom allergy, the research focus has moved from whole venoms to individual allergenic molecules. Api m 10 (icarapin) has been described as a major allergen of honeybee venom (HBV) with potentially high relevance for diagnostics and therapy of venom allergy. Here, we review recent studies on Api m 10 characteristics as well as its role in component-resolved diagnostics and potential implications for venom-specific immunotherapy (VIT). RECENT FINDINGS Api m 10 is a major allergen of low abundance in HBV. It is an obviously unstable protein of unknown function that exhibits homologs in other insect species. Despite its low abundance in HBV, 35 to 72% of HBV-allergic patients show relevant sensitization to this allergen. Api m 10 is a marker allergen for HBV sensitization, which in many cases can help to identify primary sensitization to HBV and, hence, to discriminate between genuine sensitization and cross-reactivity. Moreover, Api m 10 might support personalized risk stratification in VIT, as dominant sensitization to Api m 10 has been identified as risk factor for treatment failure. This might be of particular importance since Api m 10 is strongly underrepresented in some therapeutic preparations commonly used for VIT. Although the role of Api m 10 in HBV allergy and tolerance induction during VIT is not fully understood, it certainly is a useful tool to unravel primary sensitization and individual sensitization profiles in component-resolved diagnostics (CRD). Moreover, a potential of Api m 10 to contribute to personalized treatment strategies in HBV allergy is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Michèle Myriam Rauber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Amilcar Perez-Riverol
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Department of Engineering Immunological Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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21
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Fernandes LGR, Perez-Riverol A, Bazon ML, Abram DM, Brochetto-Braga MR, Zollner RDL. Functional Profile of Antigen Specific CD4 + T Cells in the Immune Response to Phospholipase A1 Allergen from Polybia paulista Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060379. [PMID: 32521656 PMCID: PMC7354480 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect venom can cause systemic allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Improvements in diagnosis and venom immunotherapy (VIT) are based on a better understanding of an immunological response triggered by venom allergens. Previously, we demonstrated that the recombinant phospholipase A1 (rPoly p 1) from Polybia paulista wasp venom induces specific IgE and IgG antibodies in sensitized mice, which recognized the native allergen. Here, we addressed the T cell immune response of rPoly p 1-sensitized BALB/c mice. Cultures of splenocytes were stimulated with Polybia paulista venom extract and the proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and the frequency of T regulatory cells (Tregs) populations were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokines were quantified in cell culture supernatants in ELISA assays. The in vitro stimulation of T cells from sensitized mice induces a significant proliferation of CD4+ T cells, but not of CD8+ T cells. The cytokine pattern showed a high concentration of IFN-γ and IL-6, and no significant differences to IL-4, IL-1β and TGF-β1 production. In addition, the rPoly p 1 group showed a pronounced expansion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ Tregs. rPoly p 1 sensitization induces a Th1/Treg profile in CD4+ T cell subset, suggesting its potential use in wasp venom immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gustavo Romani Fernandes
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Medicine School, FCM, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil; (D.M.A.); (R.d.L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amilcar Perez-Riverol
- Center of the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro 13500, Brazil;
| | - Murilo Luiz Bazon
- Laboratory of Arthropods Molecular Biology - LBMA-IBRC-UNESP (São Paulo State University), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (M.L.B.); (M.R.B.-B.)
| | - Débora Moitinho Abram
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Medicine School, FCM, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil; (D.M.A.); (R.d.L.Z.)
| | - Márcia Regina Brochetto-Braga
- Laboratory of Arthropods Molecular Biology - LBMA-IBRC-UNESP (São Paulo State University), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (M.L.B.); (M.R.B.-B.)
- Venoms and Venomous Animal Studies Center-CEVAP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Lima Zollner
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Medicine School, FCM, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, Brazil; (D.M.A.); (R.d.L.Z.)
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Current challenges in molecular diagnostics of insect venom allergy. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-020-2518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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A WAO - ARIA - GA 2LEN consensus document on molecular-based allergy diagnosis (PAMD@): Update 2020. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100091. [PMID: 32180890 PMCID: PMC7062937 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision allergy molecular diagnostic applications (PAMD@) is increasingly entering routine care. Currently, more than 130 allergenic molecules from more than 50 allergy sources are commercially available for in vitro specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) testing. Since the last publication of this consensus document, a great deal of new information has become available regarding this topic, with over 100 publications in the last year alone. It thus seems quite reasonable to publish an update. It is imperative that clinicians and immunologists specifically trained in allergology keep abreast of the new and rapidly evolving evidence available for PAMD@. PAMD@ may initially appear complex to interpret; however, with increasing experience, the information gained provides relevant information for the allergist. This is especially true for food allergy, Hymenoptera allergy, and for the selection of allergen immunotherapy. Nevertheless, all sIgE tests, including PAMD@, should be evaluated within the framework of a patient's clinical history, because allergen sensitization does not necessarily imply clinical relevant allergies.
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Gruzelle V, Mailhol C, Waters DW, Guilleminault L. Clinical Utility of Rush Venom Immunotherapy: Current Status. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:1-10. [PMID: 32021308 PMCID: PMC6954838 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s200917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) is the leading cause of anaphylactic reactions in adults and the second most common cause in children. Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is used to elicit an immune tolerance against hymenoptera venom in allergic patients and is based on the administration of purified venom extracts regularly for defined periods. The protocols of administration include 2 phases: an up-dosing phase that incrementally reaches the final dose resulting in a protective effect, and a maintenance phase in order to obtain the sustained effect. The goal of this review is to detail the efficacy and the safety of the up-dosing phase also named rush. Pathophysiological mechanisms, indications of VIT and technical aspects of up-dosing protocol are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Gruzelle
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Hospital Centre of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Mailhol
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergic Diseases, University Hospital Centre of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Mastocytosis Reference Centre and Dermatology Department, University Hospital Centre of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - David W Waters
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse III University, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Guilleminault
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergic Diseases, University Hospital Centre of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Toulouse III University, Toulouse, France
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Matuszewska E, Matysiak J, Bręborowicz A, Olejniczak K, Kycler Z, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Proteomic features characterization of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:77. [PMID: 31798646 PMCID: PMC6881982 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hymenoptera venom allergy is one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis. In its most severe form, the reaction to wasp and honey bee stings may be life-threatening. Therefore, immediate and proper diagnosis of venom allergy and implementation of suitable therapy are extremely important. Broadening the knowledge on the mechanism of the allergic reaction may contribute to the improvement of both diagnostic and treatment methods. Thus, this study aimed to discover changes in protein expression in serum of patients allergic to Hymenoptera (wasp and honeybee) venom and to point out proteins and peptides involved in the allergic inflammation. Methods Serum proteomic patterns typical to allergic patients and healthy volunteers were obtained with MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight) mass spectrometer. The spectra were processed, analyzed and compared using advanced bioinformatics tools. The discriminative peaks were subjected to identification with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results This methodology allowed for the identification of four features differentiating between allergy and control groups. They were: fibrinogen alpha chain, coagulation factor XIII chain A, complement C4-A, and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4. All of these proteins are involved in allergic inflammatory response. Conclusions Extending the knowledge of the Hymenoptera venom sensitization will contribute to the development of novel, sensitive and specific methods for quick and unambiguous allergy diagnosis. Understanding the basis of the allergy at the proteomic level will support the improvement of preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Matuszewska
- 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Medical Faculty, Higher Vocational State School, 13 Kaszubska Street, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Anna Bręborowicz
- 3Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Olejniczak
- 3Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zdzisława Kycler
- 3Department of Pulmonology, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zenon J Kokot
- 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Fehr D, Micaletto S, Moehr T, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. Risk factors for severe systemic sting reactions in wasp ( Vespula spp.) and honeybee ( Apis mellifera) venom allergic patients. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:54. [PMID: 31632639 PMCID: PMC6788055 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hymenoptera stings are a major cause of anaphylaxis. Various risk factors are discussed in literature. This study aims to investigate potential risk factors for severe sting reactions in wasp (Vespula spp.) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom allergic patients and analyses the correlation between diagnostic test results and the severity of the allergic reaction. Methods 480 patients suffering from wasp or honeybee venom allergy were included in this retrospective case series. Only individuals allergic to Vespula spp. but not to other vespids such as Polistes were considered. The severity of their systemic field sting reaction was analysed with regard to the amount of specific IgE antibodies to whole venom extracts and to major allergens of honeybee and/or wasp venom. Furthermore, the following potential risk factors for severe sting reactions were examined: age, sex, latency time, skin symptoms, baseline serum tryptase levels and the concentration of venom inducing a positive intracutaneous test. Results The two following indicators for severe systemic sting reactions in honeybee and wasp venom allergic patients have been identified: a short latency time and the absence of skin symptoms. The patient’s age and baseline serum tryptase levels have been found to positively correlate with the grade of the sting reaction only in individuals allergic to wasp venom. No correlation could be found between the degree of sensitisation and the severity of the allergic reaction. Neither the amount of specific IgE antibodies to whole venom extracts nor to major allergens were significantly associated with the severity of the sting reaction. Conclusion The clinical history is essential for the allergological workup and therapeutic decision on Hymenoptera venom allergies. A short latency time and the absence of skin symptoms are indicators for severe systemic sting reactions, followed by the patient’s age and baseline serum tryptase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Fehr
- 1Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Micaletto
- 1Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Moehr
- B,S,S. Economic Consultants, Aeschengraben 9, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
- 1Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Korošec P, Jakob T, Harb H, Heddle R, Karabus S, de Lima Zollner R, Selb J, Thong BYH, Zaitoun F, Golden DB, Levin M. Worldwide perspectives on venom allergy. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100067. [PMID: 31700565 PMCID: PMC6829763 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Venom immunotherapy is the standard of care for people with severe reactions and has been proven to reduce risk of future anaphylactic events. There is a moral imperative to ensure production, supply and worldwide availability of locally relevant, registered, standardized commercial venom extracts for diagnosis and treatment. Insects causing severe immediate allergic reactions vary by region worldwide. The most common culprits include honeybees (Apis mellifera), social wasps including yellow jackets (Vespula and Dolichovespula), paper wasps (Polistes) and hornets (Vespa), stinging ants (Solenopsis, Myrmecia, Pachycondyla, and Pogonomyrmex), and bumblebees (Bombus). Insects with importance in specific areas of the world include the Australian tick (Ixodes holocyclus), the kissing bug (Triatoma spp), horseflies (Tabanus spp), and mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles). Reliable access to high quality venom immunotherapy to locally relevant allergens is not available throughout the world. Many current commercially available therapeutic vaccines have deficiencies, are not suitable for, or are unavailable in vast areas of the globe. New products are required to replace products that are unstandardized or inadequate, particularly whole-body extract products. New products are required for insects in which no current treatment options exist. Venom immunotherapy should be promoted throughout the world and the provision thereof be supported by health authorities, regulatory authorities and all sectors of the health care service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Korošec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatoloy and Allergy, University Medical Center Giessen UKGM, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Harfi Harb
- National Center of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sarah Karabus
- Division of Paediatric Allergy, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ricardo de Lima Zollner
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Julij Selb
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Bernard Yu-Hor Thong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - David B.K. Golden
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Division of Paediatric Allergy, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Prevalence of Hymenoptera venom allergy and sensitization in the population-representative German KORA cohort. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Möbs C, Wiedemann D, Pfützner W. Evaluation of a modified skin prick test for diagnosis of Hymenoptera venom allergy. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Prevalence of Hymenoptera venom allergy and sensitization in the population-representative German KORA cohort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40629-018-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Adib-Tezer H, Bayerl C. Honeybee and wasp venom allergy: Sensitization and immunotherapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:1228-1247. [PMID: 30300499 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hymenoptera venom allergy is the most common cause of anaphylactic reactions in adults. In children, it is the second most common cause after food-related anaphylaxis. Such reactions are primarily due to stings by honeybees (Apis) and certain social wasps (Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica in particular). Especially in adults, stings are frequently associated with severe anaphylaxis. Established diagnostic methods including molecular tests allow for greater success rates in terms of determining the insect actually responsible for triggering the anaphylactic reaction. Sensitization to both venoms, or a history of systemic sting reaction without any evidence of sensitization, complicate the decision regarding treatment. Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is a safe and effective causal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Adib-Tezer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Wiesbaden, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinics, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Christiane Bayerl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Wiesbaden, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinics, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Adib-Tezer H, Bayerl C. Bienen- und Wespengiftallergie: Sensibilisierung und spezifische Immuntherapie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:1228-1248. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13670_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Adib-Tezer
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Hauttumorzentrum Wiesbaden; Helios Dr. Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken Wiesbaden
| | - Christiane Bayerl
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie; Hauttumorzentrum Wiesbaden; Helios Dr. Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken Wiesbaden
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Stoevesandt J, Hosp C, Kerstan A, Trautmann A. Sensitization to
Hymenoptera
venom marker allergens: Prevalence, predisposing factors, and clinical implications. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1735-1743. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Stoevesandt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Christine Hosp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Axel Trautmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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Bazon ML, Silveira LH, Simioni PU, Brochetto-Braga MR. Current Advances in Immunological Studies on the Vespidae Venom Antigen 5: Therapeutic and Prophylaxis to Hypersensitivity Responses. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E305. [PMID: 30042313 PMCID: PMC6115769 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although systemic reactions caused by allergenic proteins present in venoms affect a small part of the world population, Hymenoptera stings are among the main causes of immediate hypersensitivity responses, with risk of anaphylactic shock. In the attempt to obtain therapeutic treatments and prophylaxis to hypersensitivity responses, interest in the molecular characterization of these allergens has grown in the scientific community due to the promising results obtained in immunological and clinical studies. The present review provides an update on the knowledge regarding the immune response and the therapeutic potential of Antigen 5 derived from Hymenoptera venom. The results confirm that the identification and topology of epitopes, associated with molecular regions that interact with antibodies, are crucial to the improvement of hypersensitivity diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Luiz Bazon
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lais Helena Silveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Ucelli Simioni
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Americana, FAM, Av. Joaquim Bôer, 733 Jardim Luciane, Americana 13477-360, SP, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Regina Brochetto-Braga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
- Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos-CEVAP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu 18610-307, SP, Brazil.
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Gattinger P, Lupinek C, Kalogiros L, Silar M, Zidarn M, Korosec P, Koessler C, Novak N, Valenta R, Mittermann I. The culprit insect but not severity of allergic reactions to bee and wasp venom can be determined by molecular diagnosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199250. [PMID: 29940036 PMCID: PMC6016944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergy to bee and wasp venom can lead to life-threatening systemic reactions. The identification of the culprit species is important for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Objectives To determine a panel of recombinant bee and wasp allergens which is suitable for the identification of bee or wasp as culprit allergen sources and to search for molecular surrogates of clinical severity of sting reactions. Methods Sera from eighty-seven patients with a detailed documentation of their severity of sting reaction (Mueller grade) and who had been subjected to titrated skin testing with bee and wasp venom were analyzed for bee and wasp-specific IgE levels by ImmunoCAPTM. IgE-reactivity testing was performed using a comprehensive panel of recombinant bee and wasp venom allergens (rApi m 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10; rVes v 1 and 5) by ISAC chip technology, ImmunoCAP and ELISA. IgG4 antibodies to rApi m 1 and rVes v 5 were determined by ELISA and IgE/IgG4 ratios were calculated. Results from skin testing, IgE serology and IgE/IgG4 ratios were compared with severity of sting reactions. Results The panel of rApi m 1, rApi m 10, rVes v 1 and rVes v 5 allowed identification of the culprit venom in all but two of the 87 patients with good agreement to skin testing. Severities of sting reactions were not associated with results obtained by skin testing, venom-specific IgE levels or molecular diagnosis. Severe sting reactions were observed in patients showing < 1 ISU and < 2kUA/L of IgE to Api m 1 and/or Ves v 5. Conclusion We identified a minimal panel of recombinant bee and wasp allergens for molecular diagnosis which may permit identification of bee and/or wasp as culprit insect in venom-sensitized subjects. The severity of sting reactions was not associated with parameters obtained by molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lampros Kalogiros
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mira Silar
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Zidarn
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Peter Korosec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Christine Koessler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Mittermann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Russkamp D, Van Vaerenbergh M, Etzold S, Eberlein B, Darsow U, Schiener M, De Smet L, Absmaier M, Biedermann T, Spillner E, Ollert M, Jakob T, Schmidt-Weber CB, de Graaf DC, Blank S. Characterization of the honeybee venom proteins C1q-like protein and PVF1 and their allergenic potential. Toxicon 2018; 150:198-206. [PMID: 29842867 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom (HBV) represents an ideal model to study the role of particular venom components in allergic reactions in sensitized individuals as well as in the eusociality of Hymenoptera species. The aim of this study was to further characterize the HBV components C1q-like protein (C1q) and PDGF/VEGF-like factor 1 (PVF1). C1q and PVF1 were produced as recombinant proteins in insect cells. Their allergenic properties were examined by determining the level of specific IgE antibodies in the sera of HBV-allergic patients (n = 26) as well as by their capacity to activate patients' basophils (n = 11). Moreover, the transcript heterogeneity of PVF1 was analyzed. It could be demonstrated that at least three PVF1 variants are present in the venom gland, which all result from alternative splicing of one transcript. Additionally, recombinant C1q and PVF1 from Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells exhibited specific IgE reactivity with approximately 38.5% of sera of HBV-allergic patients. Interestingly, both proteins were unable to activate basophils of the patients, questioning their role in the context of clinically relevant sensitization. Recombinant C1q and PVF1 can build the basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Hymenoptera venoms. Moreover, the conflicting results between IgE sensitization and lack of basophil activation, might in the future contribute to the identification of factors that determine the allergenic potential of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Russkamp
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Van Vaerenbergh
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Etzold
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Am Biederstein 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Darsow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Am Biederstein 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schiener
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Lina De Smet
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Absmaier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Am Biederstein 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Am Biederstein 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Immunological Engineering, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 9000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, Rue Henri Koch, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Gießen-Marburg, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gaffkystraße 14, 35395 Gießen, Germany; Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Purpose of review Component-resolved diagnostics makes use of defined allergen molecules to analyse IgE-mediated sensitizations at a molecular level. Here, we review recent studies on the use of component-resolved diagnostics in the field of Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) and discuss its benefits and limitations. Recent findings Component resolution in HVA has moved from single molecules to panels of allergens. Detection of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to marker and cross-reactive venom allergens has been reported to facilitate the discrimination between primary sensitization and cross-reactivity and thus, to provide a better rationale for prescribing venom immunotherapy (VIT), particularly in patients sensitized to both honeybee and vespid venom. Characterization of IgE reactivity to a broad panel of venom allergens has allowed the identification of different sensitization profiles that in honeybee venom allergy were associated with increased risks for side effects or treatment failure of VIT. In contrast, component resolution so far has failed to provide reliable markers for the discrimination of sensitizations to venoms of different members of Vespidae. Summary Component-resolved diagnostics allows a better understanding of the complexity of sensitization and cross-reactivities in HVA. In addition, the enhanced resolution and precision may allow identification of biomarkers, which can be used for risk stratification in VIT. Knowledge about the molecular composition of different therapeutic preparations may enable the selection of appropriate preparations for VIT according to individual sensitization profiles, an approach consistent with the goals of personalized medicine.
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Manmohan M, Müller S, Rauber MM, Koberne F, Reisch H, Koster J, Böhm R, Messelken M, Fischer M, Jakob T. Current state of follow-up care for patients with Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis in southwest Germany. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Manmohan M, Müller S, Myriam Rauber M, Koberne F, Reisch H, Koster J, Böhm R, Messelken M, Fischer M, Jakob T. Current state of follow-up care for patients with Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis in southwest Germany: Major impact of early information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:4-14. [PMID: 29399436 PMCID: PMC5785614 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-017-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Up to 3.5% of the population experience anaphylactic reactions in response to Hymenoptera stings. Current guidelines are in place for the diagnostic workup and follow-up care of patients with Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis (HVA). However, little is known about the degree of implementation of the recommendations and patient attitudes toward the recommendations in the general patient population. Methods For the analysis of the follow-up care in real life, a retrospective questionnaire-based study was conducted in unselected patients who had received treatment from an emergency medical response team for HVA, as documented in records of three regional Medical Emergency Response Centers. Results From over 125,000 cases, a filtered list of 1895 patients that coded for anaphylaxis was generated and examination of paper records identified 548 patients with a documented insect sting anaphylaxis. Patients were sent a standardized questionnaire addressing different aspects of diagnostics and follow-up care. Almost 40% of the patients did not receive a referral to an allergist at the emergency center, over 50% did not consult an allergy specialist at any time after the index sting, 25% did not receive any form of diagnostic workup, over 30% did not receive any information about venom immunotherapy (VIT) as treatment option, and only 50% were eventually started on VIT. Emergency medication was prescribed in 90% of the cases, 77% including an adrenalin auto injector, of which 47% were expired at the time of the survey. Patients who were informed about diagnostic and treatment options early during the index event, i. e., during the stay in the emergency department, displayed a higher rate of referral to an allergist (70% vs. 17%), higher rate of diagnostic workup (88% vs. 59%), and a higher rate of initiation of VIT (89% vs. 64%), as compared to patients who did not. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that there are missed opportunities for secondary and tertiary prevention of anaphylaxis due to insect venom allergy and that early information on required diagnostics and treatment options has a major impact on the degree of proper follow-up care in line with current guideline recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Manmohan
- 1Department of Dermatology, Allergy Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Gaffkystraße 14, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,3Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., 44195 Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Sabine Müller
- 1Department of Dermatology, Allergy Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michèle Myriam Rauber
- 2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Gaffkystraße 14, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Koberne
- Emergency Medical Response Center Freiburg, St. Joseph's Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Reisch
- Emergency Medical Response Center Freiburg, St. Joseph's Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Koster
- 5Emergency Medical Response Center Bad Krozingen, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Richard Böhm
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Alb Fils Kliniken GmbH, Klinik am Eichert, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Martin Messelken
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Alb Fils Kliniken GmbH, Klinik am Eichert, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Alb Fils Kliniken GmbH, Klinik am Eichert, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- 1Department of Dermatology, Allergy Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Gaffkystraße 14, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Aktuelle Entwicklungen rund um die Anaphylaxie. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-017-1496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Worm M, Sturm G, Kleine-Tebbe J, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Cardona V, Maris I, Dölle S. New trends in anaphylaxis. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2017; 26:295-300. [PMID: 29214141 PMCID: PMC5705757 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-017-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the current trends in anaphylaxis management discussed at the fourth International Network for Online-Registration of Anaphylaxis (NORA) conference held in Berlin in April 2017. Current data from the anaphylaxis registry show that Hymenoptera venom, foods, and pharmaceutical drugs are still among the most frequent triggers of anaphylaxis. Rare triggers include chicory, cardamom, asparagus, and goji berries. A meta-analysis on recent trends in insect venom anaphylaxis demonstrated for the first time that, although data on the efficacy of insect venom immunotherapy is limited, the occurrence of severe reactions upon repeated sting events can be prevented and patients' quality of life improved. Molecular diagnostics of insect venom anaphylaxis have significantly improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Self-treatment of anaphylaxis is of great importance. Recent data from the anaphylaxis registry show an increase (from 23% in 2012 to 29% in 2016) in the use of adrenaline as recommended in the guidelines. A survey on the implementation of guidelines conducted among the centers reporting to the anaphylaxis registry highlights the extent to which the guideline has been perceived and implemented. Reports on a variety of cases in the anaphylaxis registry illustrate the diversity of this potentially life-threatening reaction. Component-resolved diagnostics can help to specify sensitization profiles in anaphylaxis, particularly in terms of the risk for severe reactions. Recent studies on anaphylaxis awareness show that training methods are effective; nevertheless, target groups and learning methods need to undergo further scientific investigation in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Sturm
- University Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jörg Kleine-Tebbe
- Hanf, Ackermann and Kleine-Tebbe Allergy Practice, Allergy and Asthma Center Westend, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Cichocka-Jarosz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, and Dermatology Division, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakau, Poland
| | - Victoria Cardona
- Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ioana Maris
- Department of Paediatrics and ChildHealth, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sabine Dölle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Heterologous Expression, Purification and Immunoreactivity of the Antigen 5 from Polybia paulista Wasp Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090259. [PMID: 28837089 PMCID: PMC5618192 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybia paulista (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is responsible for a high number of sting accidents and anaphylaxis events in Southeast Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. The specific detection of allergy to the venom of this wasp is often hampered by the lack of recombinant allergens currently available for molecular diagnosis. Antigen 5 (~23 kDa) from P. paulista venom (Poly p 5) is a highly abundant and glycosylated allergenic protein that could be used for development of component-resolved diagnosis (CRD). Here, we describe the cloning and heterologous expression of the antigen 5 (rPoly p 5) from P. paulista venom using the eukaryotic system Pichia pastoris. The expression as a secreted protein yielded high levels of soluble rPoly p 5. The recombinant allergen was further purified to homogeneity (99%) using a two-step chromatographic procedure. Simultaneously, the native form of the allergen (nPoly p 5) was purified from the wasp venom by Ion exchange chromatography. The rPoly p 5 and nPoly p 5 were then submitted to a comparative analysis of IgE-mediated immunodetection using sera from patients previously diagnosed with sensitization to wasp venoms. Both rPoly p 5 and nPoly p 5 were recognized by specific IgE (sIgE) in the sera of the allergic individuals. The high levels of identity found between nPoly p 5 and rPoly p 5 by the alignment of its primary sequences as well as by 3-D models support the results obtained in the immunoblot. Overall, we showed that P. pastoris is a suitable system for production of soluble rPoly p 5 and that the recombinant allergen represents a potential candidate for molecular diagnosis of P.paulista venom allergy.
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