1
|
Howell AN, Woods SJ, Farmer W, Zibulsky DA, Srivastav A, Randolph G, Weeks JW. Mutual eye gaze and vocal pitch in relation to social anxiety and depression: A virtual interaction task. J Affect Disord 2024; 363:282-291. [PMID: 39038622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with high social interaction anxiety (SIA) and depression often behave submissively in social settings. Few studies have simultaneously examined the associations between objectively assessed submissive behaviors and SIA or depression, despite their high comorbidity and unknown mechanisms regarding submissiveness. METHODS A sample of 45 young adults self-reported trait SIA and depression, state positive/negative affect (PA/NA) before and after a virtual social interaction. Participants engaged in a four-minute conversation with a confederate who was trained to behave neutrally. Mutual eye gaze, via eye-tracking, and vocal pitch were assessed throughout the interaction. RESULTS Depression and SIA were positively correlated with NA, poorer self-rated performance, and vocal pitch. Highly socially anxious women engaged in less mutual eye gaze than highly socially anxious men. Also, vocal pitch was inversely associated with mutual eye gaze and positively related to NA and (nonsignificantly) to self-ratings of poor performance. Finally, our data partially replicated past research on the use of vocal pitch during social stress to detect social anxiety disorder. LIMITATIONS The current sample is relatively homogenous in educational attainment, age, and race. All research confederates were women. Future research should examine whether these archival data replicate with the latest telecommunication technologies. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight nuanced relationships among SIA, depression, emotions, self-perceptions, and biobehavioral indicators of submissive behavior-in response to an ambiguously negative/positive social interaction. Sex/gender may interact with these effects, emphasizing considerations for research method designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Howell
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Psychology, United States of America; Ohio University, Department of Psychology, United States of America.
| | - Savannah J Woods
- University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - William Farmer
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Devin A Zibulsky
- Ohio University, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Akanksha Srivastav
- Ohio University, Department of Psychology, United States of America; Evergreen Psychotherapy APC, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Griffin Randolph
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Justin W Weeks
- Nebraska Medicine, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernández-Álvarez J, Colombo D, Gómez Penedo JM, Pierantonelli M, Baños RM, Botella C. Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11:e46593. [PMID: 38574359 PMCID: PMC11027061 DOI: 10.2196/46593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increased interest in understanding social anxiety (SA) and SA disorder (SAD) antecedents and consequences as they occur in real time, resulting in a proliferation of studies using ambulatory assessment (AA). Despite the exponential growth of research in this area, these studies have not been synthesized yet. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to identify and describe the latest advances in the understanding of SA and SAD through the use of AA. METHODS Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. RESULTS A total of 70 articles met the inclusion criteria. The qualitative synthesis of these studies showed that AA permitted the exploration of the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dynamics associated with the experience of SA and SAD. In line with the available models of SA and SAD, emotion regulation, perseverative cognition, cognitive factors, substance use, and interactional patterns were the principal topics of the included studies. In addition, the incorporation of AA to study psychological interventions, multimodal assessment using sensors and biosensors, and transcultural differences were some of the identified emerging topics. CONCLUSIONS AA constitutes a very powerful methodology to grasp SA from a complementary perspective to laboratory experiments and usual self-report measures, shedding light on the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral antecedents and consequences of SA and the development and maintenance of SAD as a mental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Álvarez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Fundación Aiglé, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa María Baños
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03 Instituto Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03 Instituto Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elmer T, Ram N, Gloster AT, Bringmann LF. Studying Daily Social Interaction Quantity and Quality in Relation to Depression Change: A Multi-Phase Experience Sampling Study. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231211469. [PMID: 38098172 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231211469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Day-to-day social life and mental health are intertwined. Yet, no study to date has assessed how the quantity and quality of social interactions in daily life are associated with changes in depressive symptoms. This study examines these links using multiple-timescale data (iSHAIB data set; N = 133), where the level of depressive symptoms was measured before and after three 21-day periods of event-contingent experience sampling of individuals' interpersonal interactions (T = 64,112). We find weak between-person effects for interaction quantity and perceiving interpersonal warmth of others on changes in depressive symptoms over the 21-day period, but strong and robust evidence for overwarming-a novel construct representing the self-perceived difference between one's own and interaction partner's level of interpersonal warmth. The findings highlight the important role qualitative aspects of social interactions may play in the progression of individuals' depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timon Elmer
- University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Čolić J, Bassett TR, Latysheva A, Imboden C, Bader K, Hatzinger M, Mikoteit T, Meyer AH, Lieb R, Gloster A, Hoyer J. Predictors of Embarrassment in Daily Social Interactions in Social Phobia, Major Depression and Healthy Controls. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Embarrassment is a social affect. Once experienced in social interactions (SIs), it can be a precursor of clinical symptoms like depersonalization and ruminative thinking. This experience sampling study investigated predictors of embarrassment in social phobia (SP), major depressive disorder (MDD), and controls. Methods: For seven days, a total of n = 165 patients (n = 47 SP, n = 118 MDD) and n = 119 controls completed five surveys per day on their smartphones. The effect of social anxiety and depression facets on embarrassment was examined in contemporaneous and time-lagged models. Results: Individuals with SP or MDD experienced more embarrassing SIs than controls. Among facets of depression, feelings of guilt, and low self-worth significantly predicted embarrassment in contemporaneous, but not in time-lagged models. Among facets of social anxiety, worries about other people's opinion and worries of saying or doing something wrong during a social interaction significantly predicted embarrassment (contemporaneous and time-lagged; all p < .05). Discussion: The study reveals important cognitive factors that accompany embarrassment in SIs and that connect social experience and clinical symptoms. Targeting these putative dysfunctions could be an important strategy in therapy. The differential patterns in SP and MDD are discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Čolić J, Latysheva A, Bassett TR, Imboden C, Bader K, Hatzinger M, Mikoteit T, Meyer AH, Lieb R, Gloster AT, Hoyer J. Post-Event Processing After Embarrassing Situations: Comparing Experience Sampling Data of Depressed and Socially Anxious Individuals. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE 2020; 2:e2867. [PMID: 36398063 PMCID: PMC9645469 DOI: 10.32872/cpe.v2i4.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-event processing (PEP) after social interactions (SIs) contributes to the persistence of social phobia (SP). This study investigated whether PEP as a transdiagnostic process also occurs in major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls. We also tested to what extent PEP was explained by trait levels of social anxiety (SA) or depression. Method For seven days, a total of n = 165 patients (n = 47 SP, n = 118 MDD) and n = 119 controls completed five surveys per day on their smartphones. Event-based experience sampling was used. PEP was assessed following subjective embarrassment in SIs with two reliable items from the Post-Event Processing Questionnaire. Data were analysed via multilevel regression analyses. Results Individuals with SP or MDD experienced more embarrassing SIs than controls and, accordingly, more PEP. The relative frequency of PEP after embarrassing SIs was equally high in all groups (86-96%). The groups did not differ regarding the amount of time PEP was experienced. After controlling trait depression, embarrassment occurred more frequently only in SP compared to controls. When controlling trait SA, between-group differences in indications of embarrassment, and consequently in PEP, dissipated. Conclusions PEP could be interpreted as a common coping strategy among all individuals, while more frequent embarrassment might be specific for clinical groups. Embarrassment was primarily driven by SA. The alleviation of SA could lead to the reduction of embarrassment and, further, of PEP. On this basis, a model describing PEP in MDD is proposed, while current models of PEP in SP are complemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Čolić
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Latysheva
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tyler R. Bassett
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Bader
- Centre for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thorsten Mikoteit
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland
- Centre for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Hans Meyer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew T. Gloster
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Intervention Science, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Čolić J, Bassett TR, Latysheva A, Imboden C, Bader K, Hatzinger M, Mikoteit T, Lieb R, Gloster AT, Hoyer J. Depersonalization and derealization in embarrassing social interactions: an experience sampling study in social phobia, major depression and controls. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 70:102189. [PMID: 32070861 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study explored the duration and frequency of depersonalization (DP) and derealization (DR) in embarrassing social interactions in the everyday life of individuals with social phobia (SP), major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls. METHODS Experience sampling was used (seven days, five surveys per day). A total of N = 165 patients (n = 47 SP, n = 118 MDD) and n = 119 controls were included. DP/DR were assessed whenever an interaction has been indicated as embarrassing. RESULTS Individuals with SP and MDD experienced more embarrassing social interactions than controls and, accordingly, more DP/DR. The frequency of DP in embarrassing social interactions was, compared to controls, only significantly higher in MDD (no difference between SP and MDD). Regarding DR, there were no between-group differences. The groups also did not differ regarding duration of DP/DR. CONCLUSIONS The study is the first to demonstrate in an ecologically valid manner that DP/DR regularly occur in relation to feelings of embarrassment in controls and in individuals suffering from SP or MDD. DP and DR might be responses to strong emotions, like embarrassment, or might be attempts at coping. The higher emergence of embarrassment itself might be viewed as an indicator of maladaptation. Treatment interventions correcting for these misinterpretations might reduce DP/DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Čolić
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tyler R Bassett
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Latysheva
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Imboden
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn Hospital Group, Solothurn, Switzerland; Private Clinic Wyss, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Bader
- Center for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hatzinger
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn Hospital Group, Solothurn, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Mikoteit
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn Hospital Group, Solothurn, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology & Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew T Gloster
- Division of Clinical Psychology & Intervention Science, Department of Psychology, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|