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Salinas RA, Martínez Tolibia SE, Zayas-Bazán PG, Rodil SE, Mathew MT, Navarrete A, Santana G, Dutt A. Synergistic Assembly of 1DZnO and Anti-CYFRA 21-1: A Physicochemical Approach to Optical Biosensing. BME FRONTIERS 2024; 5:0064. [PMID: 39297176 PMCID: PMC11408934 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: We conducted a comprehensive physicochemical analysis of one-dimensional ZnO nanowires (1DZnO), incorporating anti-CYFRA 21-1 immobilization to promote fast optical biomarker detection up to 10 ng ml-1. Impact Statement: This study highlights the effectiveness of proof-of-concept 1DZnO nanoplatforms for rapid cancer biomarker detection by examining the nanoscale integration of 1DZnO with these bioreceptors to deliver reliable photoluminescent output signals. Introduction: The urgent need for swift and accurate prognoses in healthcare settings drives the rise of sensitive biosensing nanoplatforms for cancer detection, which has benefited from biomarker identification. CYFRA 21-1 is a reliable target for the early prediction of cancer formation that can be perceptible in blood, saliva, and serum. However, 1DZnO nanostructures have been barely applied for CYFRA 21-1 detection. Methods: We assessed the nanoscale interaction between 1DZnO and anti-CYFRA 21-1 antibodies to develop rapid CYFRA 21-1 detection in two distinct matrices: PhosphateBuffered Saline (PBS) buffer and artificial saliva. The chemical modifications were tracked utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed antigen-antibody interplay over nanostructures. Results: Our results show high antibody immobilization efficiencies, affirming the effectiveness of 1DZnO nanoplatforms for rapid CYFRA 21-1 testing within a 5-min detection window in both PBS and artificial saliva. Photoluminescence measurements also revealed distinct optical responses across biomarker concentrations ranging from 10 to 1,000 ng ml-1. Conclusion: Discernible PL signal responses obtained after 5 min affirm the potential of 1DZnO nanoplatforms for further advancement in optical biomarker detection for application in early cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Salinas
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Shirlley E Martínez Tolibia
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Patricia G Zayas-Bazán
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Sandra E Rodil
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Andrés Navarrete
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico City, México
| | - Guillermo Santana
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Ateet Dutt
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, México
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Toval A, Solis-Urra P, Bakker EA, Sánchez-Aranda L, Fernández-Ortega J, Prieto C, Alonso-Cuenca RM, González-García A, Martín-Fuentes I, Fernandez-Gamez B, Olvera-Rojas M, Coca-Pulido A, Bellón D, Sclafani A, Sanchez-Martinez J, Rivera-López R, Herrera-Gómez N, Peñafiel-Burkhardt R, López-Espinosa V, Corpas-Pérez S, García-Ortega MB, Vega-Cordoba A, Barranco-Moreno EJ, Morales-Navarro FJ, Nieves R, Caro-Rus A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Mora-Gonzalez J, Vidal-Almela S, Carlén A, Migueles JH, Erickson KI, Moreno-Escobar E, García-Orta R, Esteban-Cornejo I, Ortega FB. Exercise and brain health in patients with coronary artery disease: study protocol for the HEART-BRAIN randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1437567. [PMID: 39246594 PMCID: PMC11377337 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1437567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment and mental health disorders compared to the general population. Physical exercise might improve their brain health. The overall goal of the HEART-BRAIN randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to investigate the effects of different types of exercise on brain health outcomes in patients with CAD, and the underlying mechanisms. Methods This three-arm, single-blinded RCT will include 90 patients with CAD (50-75 years). Participants will be randomized into: (1) control group-usual care (n = 30), (2) aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 30), or (3) HIIT combined with resistance exercise training (n = 30). The 12-week intervention includes 3 supervised sessions (45-min each) per week for the exercise groups. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and post-intervention. The primary outcome is to determine changes in cerebral blood flow assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary outcomes include changes in brain vascularization, cognitive measures (i.e., general cognition, executive function and episodic memory), and cardiorespiratory fitness. Additional health-related outcomes, and several potential mediators and moderators will be investigated (i.e., brain structure and function, cardiovascular and brain-based biomarkers, hemodynamics, physical function, body composition, mental health, and lifestyle behavior). Conclusion The HEART-BRAIN RCT will provide novel insights on how exercise can impact brain health in patients with CAD and the potential mechanisms explaining the heart-brain connection, such as changes in cerebral blood flow. The results may have important clinical implications by increasing the evidence on the effectiveness of exercise-based strategies to delay cognitive decline in this high-risk population. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT06214624].
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, University Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Esmée A Bakker
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lucía Sánchez-Aranda
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ortega
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa María Alonso-Cuenca
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Cardiology Service, San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Martín-Fuentes
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Gamez
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcos Olvera-Rojas
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Coca-Pulido
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Bellón
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sclafani
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Martinez
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Norberto Herrera-Gómez
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Cardiology Service, San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Sara Corpas-Pérez
- Cardiology Service, San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Emilio J Barranco-Moreno
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Morales-Navarro
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Nieves
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfredo Caro-Rus
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sol Vidal-Almela
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Anna Carlén
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jairo H Migueles
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Escobar
- Cardiology Service, San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Orta
- Cardiology Service, Virgen de Las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Morais CLM, Lima KMG, Dickinson AW, Saba T, Bongers T, Singh MN, Martin FL, Bury D. Non-invasive diagnostic test for lung cancer using biospectroscopy and variable selection techniques in saliva samples. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39105622 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00726c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly occurring malignant tumours worldwide. Although some reference methods such as X-ray, computed tomography or bronchoscope are widely used for clinical diagnosis of lung cancer, there is still a need to develop new methods for early detection of lung cancer. Especially needed are approaches that might be non-invasive and fast with high analytical precision and statistically reliable. Herein, we developed a swab "dip" test in saliva whereby swabs were analysed using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy harnessed to principal component analysis-quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) and variable selection techniques employing successive projections algorithm (SPA) and genetic algorithm (GA) for feature selection/extraction combined with QDA. A total of 1944 saliva samples (56 designated as lung-cancer positive and 1888 designed as controls) were obtained in a lung cancer-screening programme being undertaken in North-West England. GA-QDA models achieved, for the test set, sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0% and 99.1%, respectively. Three wavenumbers (1422 cm-1, 1546 cm-1 and 1578 cm-1) were identified using the GA-QDA model to distinguish between lung cancer and controls, including ring C-C stretching, CN adenine, Amide II [δ(NH), ν(CN)] and νs(COO-) (polysaccharides, pectin). These findings highlight the potential of using biospectroscopy associated with multivariate classification algorithms to discriminate between benign saliva samples and those with underlying lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo L M Morais
- Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
- Center for Education, Science and Technology of the Inhamuns Region, State University of Ceará, Tauá 63660-000, Brazil
| | - Kássio M G Lima
- Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Andrew W Dickinson
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK.
| | - Tarek Saba
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK.
| | - Thomas Bongers
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK.
| | - Maneesh N Singh
- Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK
- Chesterfield Royal Hospital, Chesterfield Road, Calow, Chesterfield S44 5BL, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK.
- Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK
| | - Danielle Bury
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK.
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Antonelli R, Ferrari E, Gallo M, Ciociola T, Calciolari E, Spisni A, Meleti M, Pertinhez TA. The Association between Salivary Metabolites and Gingival Bleeding Score in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5448. [PMID: 38791486 PMCID: PMC11122368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are among the most prevalent diseases in humans. Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gingiva caused by the accumulation of dental plaque. Salivary diagnostics are becoming increasingly popular due to the variation in saliva composition in response to pathological processes. We used a metabolomics approach to investigate whether a specific saliva metabolic composition could indicate preclinical stage of gingivitis. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was used to obtain the salivary metabolite profiles of 20 healthy subjects. Univariate/multivariate statistical analysis evaluated the whole saliva metabolite composition, and the Full-Mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS) was employed as a classification parameter. Identifying a signature of specific salivary metabolites could distinguish the subjects with high FMBS scores but still within the normal range. This set of metabolites may be due to the enzymatic activities of oral bacteria and be associated with the early stages of gingival inflammation. Although this analysis is to be considered exploratory, it seems feasible to establish an FMBS threshold that distinguishes between the absence and presence of early inflammatory alterations at the salivary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Antonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (R.A.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (M.G.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Mariana Gallo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (M.G.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Tecla Ciociola
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Elena Calciolari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (R.A.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
- Center for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (M.G.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Marco Meleti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (R.A.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Thelma A. Pertinhez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (M.G.); (T.A.P.)
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Kolenchukova OA, Dedora AO, Stepanova LV, Kravchuk VU, Kratasyuk VA. The use of bioluminescent enzyme bioassay for the analysis of human saliva: Advantages and disadvantages. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4776. [PMID: 38769690 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the work was to find optimal conditions for bioluminescent enzymatic analysis of saliva (based on the use of NADH:FMN oxidoreductase + luciferase) and then to determine the biological effect of using bioluminescence assay of saliva to study the physiological state of the body under normal and pathological conditions. The saliva of snowboarders and students were studied in the "rest-training" model. The saliva of patients diagnosed with acute pharyngitis was examined in the "sick-healthy" model. Bioluminescence assay was performed with a lyophilized and immobilized bi-enzyme system using cuvette, plate, and portable luminometers. The concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and cortisol were determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the total protein content was measured by spectrophotometric method. The activity of the bioluminescent system enzymes increased as the amount and volume of saliva in the sample was decreased. The cuvette and plate luminometers were sensitive to changes in the luminescence intensity in saliva assay. Luminescence intensity correlated with the concentrations of sIgA and cortisol. The integrated bioluminescent index for saliva was reduced in the "rest-training" model and increased in the "sick-healthy" model. Thus, the non-invasive bioluminescent saliva analysis may be a promising tool for assessing the health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A Kolenchukova
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia O Dedora
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Stepanova
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vlada U Kravchuk
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Valentina A Kratasyuk
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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6
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Arroyo MJ, Escobedo P, Ruiz-García I, Palma AJ, Santoyo F, Ortega-Muñoz M, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Erenas MM. POC device for rapid oral pH determination based on a smartphone platform. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:134. [PMID: 38353778 PMCID: PMC10867041 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Salivary pH serves as a valuable and useful diagnostic marker for periodontal disease, as it not only plays a critical role in disease prevention but also in its development. Typically, saliva sampling is collected by draining and spitting it into collection tubes or using swabs. In this study, we have developed a Point-of-Care (POC) device for in situ determination of oral pH without the need for complex instruments, relying solely on a smartphone as the detection device. Our system utilizes a non-toxic vegetable colourimetric indicator, immobilized on a chitosan membrane located on a disposable stick, enabling direct sampling within the buccal cavity. An ad hoc designed 3D-printed attachment is used to ensure accurate positioning and alignment of the stick, as well as isolation from external lighting conditions. A custom-developed smartphone application captures and automatically processes the image of the sensing membrane, providing the salivary pH results. After optimizing the cocktail composition, the developed sensors demonstrated the capacity to determine pH within a range of 5.4 to 8.1 with a remarkable precision of 0.6%, achieving a very short analysis time of just 1 min. A stability study conducted on the sensing membranes revealed a lifetime of 50 days. To validate the performance of our analytical device, we compared its results against those obtained from a calibrated pH-meter, using a group of individuals. The device exhibited an average error of 2.4% when compared with the pH-meter results, confirming its reliability and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Arroyo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ECsens, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Escobedo
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, iMUDS, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Ruiz-García
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, iMUDS, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto J Palma
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, iMUDS, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Fermín Capitán-Vallvey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ECsens, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel M Erenas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ECsens, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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