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Busik JV. Lipid metabolism dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100017. [PMID: 33581416 PMCID: PMC7892987 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolic abnormalities have emerged as potential risk factors for the development and progression of diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR). This review article provides an overview of the results of clinical trials evaluating the potential benefits of lipid-lowering drugs, such as fibrates, omega-3 fatty acids, and statins, for the prevention and treatment of DR. Although several clinical trials demonstrated that treatment with fibrates leads to improvement of DR, there is a dissociation between the protective effects of fibrates in the retina, and the intended blood lipid classes, including plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, or HDL:LDL cholesterol ratio. Guided by these findings, plasma lipid and lipoprotein-independent mechanisms are addressed based on clinical, cell culture, and animal model studies. Potential retinal-specific effects of fatty acid oxidation products, cholesterol, and ceramide, as well as lipid-independent effects of PPAR alpha activation, are summarized based on the current literature. Overall, this review highlights promising potential of lipid-based treatment strategies further enhanced by the new knowledge of intraretinal lipids and lipoproteins in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Silverii GA, Botarelli L, Dicembrini I, Girolamo V, Santagiuliana F, Monami M, Mannucci E. Low-carbohydrate diets and type 2 diabetes treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1375-1382. [PMID: 32638087 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess whether LC diets are associated with long-term improvement in glycemic control and weight loss in people with T2DM, and their cardiovascular and renal safety. METHODS Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials lasting more than 3 months, retrieved through extensive search on PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrial.gov, Cochrane databases up to March 1st, comparing LC diets and balanced carbohydrate diets in people with T2DM. RESULTS We retrieved 37 trials, including 3301 patients. Average carbohydrate intake in LC diets was 36% of total energy. LC diets were associated with significant reduction of HbA1c at 3 months (MD - 0.17%, 95% CI - 0.27, - 0.07), no difference at 6 and 12 months, and significant increase at 24 months (MD 0.23%, 95% CI MD 0.02, 0.44). VLC diets were associated with significant HbA1c reduction at 3 and 6 months (MD - 0.43% - 0.60, - 0.26%, and MD - 0.40% 95% CI - 0.59, - 0.22, respectively), but not at 12 and 24 months. LC diets were associated with significant BMI reduction at 6 months (- 1.35 kg/m2 95% CI, - 2.18, - 0.52), but not at other time points. Only a minority of trials reported data on renal function, so renal safety could not be assessed. No significant differences in body weight, lipid profile, or blood pressure were found in the long term. CONCLUSION LC diets may produce small short-term improvements in HbA1c and weight, which are not maintained in the long term. Data on their renal safety are insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Silverii
- Diabetology Unit, Florence University, Florence, Italy.
| | - L Botarelli
- Diabetology Unit, Florence University, Florence, Italy
| | - I Dicembrini
- Diabetology Unit, Florence University, Florence, Italy
| | - V Girolamo
- Diabetology Unit, Florence University, Florence, Italy
| | | | - M Monami
- Diabetology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - E Mannucci
- Diabetology Unit, Florence University, Florence, Italy
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Nutrition for diabetic retinopathy: plummeting the inevitable threat of diabetic vision loss. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:2013-2027. [PMID: 28258307 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of preventable blindness. Hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and anemia majorly predispose its pathogenesis. The current treatment modalities of DR include laser photocoagulation therapy, intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreo-retinal surgery which are costly, highly invasive, unproven for prolonged use and opted in advanced stages of DR. By then retina already encounters a vast damage. Nutrients by their natural physiological, biochemical and molecular action can preserve retinal structure and functions by interfering with the various pathological steps prompting DR incidence, thereby altering the risk of developing this ocular morbidity. Nutrients can also play a central role in DR patients resistant towards the conventional medical treatments. However due to the byzantine interplay existing between nutrients and DR, the worth of nutrition in curbing this vision-threatening ocular morbidity remains silent. This review highlights how nutrients can halt DR development. A nutritional therapy, if adopted in the initial stages, can provide superior-efficacy over the current treatment modalities and can be a complementary, inexpensive, readily available, anodyne option to the clinically unmet requirement for preventing DR. Assessment of nutritional status is presently considered relevant in various clinical conditions except DR. Body Mass Index (BMI) conferred inconclusive results in DR subjects. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) of nutritional status has recently furnished relevant association with DR status. By integrating nutritional strategies, the risk of developing DR can be reduced substantially. This review summarizes the subsisting knowledge on nutrition, potentially beneficial for preventing DR and sustaining good vision among diabetic subjects.
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Sharma Y, Saxena S, Mishra A, Saxena A, Natu SM. Apolipoprotein A-I and B and Subjective Global Assessment relationship can reflect lipid defects in diabetic retinopathy. Nutrition 2016; 33:70-75. [PMID: 27908554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated lipid levels increase complications of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Uncontrolled diabetes increases these complications and causes unintentional weight loss, indicating an apparently normal body mass index (BMI). Thus, it is easy to assume that patients with DR and a normal BMI have optimal lipid status. Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and Apo B levels differentially indicate serum lipid status in DR. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) scores are associated with DR status. If SGA scores and serum Apo A-I and B levels are found to be interrelated, their relationship can reflect lipid defects in patients with DR despite apparently normal BMI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between serum Apo A-I and B levels and SGA scores of patients with DR. METHOD This was a case-control study conducted from November 2011 to April 2014. Serum Apo A-I and B levels and SGA scores were calculated for 40 healthy controls, 48 individuals without DR, 49 nonproliferative DR cases, and 48 proliferative DR cases. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied between Apo A-I, Apo B, Apo B/Apo A-I ratio, and SGA scores. RESULTS Negative correlation was observed between serum Apo A-I level (r = -0.567, P < 0.001) and positive correlation between serum Apo B level (r = 0.451, P < 0.001) and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio (r = 0.597, P < 0.001) with escalating SGA scores. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a novel correlation between serum Apo A-I, Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio and SGA scores. SGA scores can help predict lipid abnormalities in patients with DR even when they have an apparently normal BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhara Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Arvind Mishra
- Department of Medicine, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anita Saxena
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shankar Madhav Natu
- Department of Pathology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
The relationship between lipids and the development and/or severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is complex. Large epidemiologic studies suggest an inconsistent and overall modest association between serum triglycerides or major cholesterol species and the severity of DR; however, certain specific lipoprotein species may have stronger associations with DR severity, suggesting a pathophysiological role for lipoproteins analogous to that seen in atherosclerosis. In this lipoprotein-mediated DR pathogenesis model, damage to the blood-retinal barrier allows extravasation of lipoprotein species, which are modified in the intraretinal environment, creating substantial local damage. Additionally, hypolipidemic therapy with statins and fibrates--particularly the latter--have been shown to modulate DR in large-scale studies. Since serum lipid profile changes do not necessarily correlate with DR modulation, the efficacy of these agents may be due to their tissue-specific changes in lipoproteins and/or their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and antiapoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobeck S Modjtahedi
- a Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Namrata Bose
- b Department of Endocrinology , Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Thanos D Papakostas
- a Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Lawrence Morse
- c Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science , School of Medicine, University of California , Davis , Davis , California , USA , and
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- a Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology , Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Amar U Kishan
- d Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Busik JV, Esselman WJ, Reid GE. Examining the role of lipid mediators in diabetic retinopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:661-675. [PMID: 23646066 DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the most disabling complication of diabetes, affecting 65% of patients after 10 years of the disease. Current treatment options for diabetic retinopathy are highly invasive and fall short of complete amelioration of the disease. Understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is critical to the development of more effective treatment options. Diabetic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are the main metabolic insults that affect retinal degeneration in diabetes. Although the role of hyperglycemia in inducing diabetic retinopathy has been studied in detail, much less attention has been paid to dyslipidemia. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated a strong association between dyslipidemia and development of diabetic retinopathy, highlighting the importance of understanding the exact changes in retinal lipid metabolism in diabetes. This review describes what is known on the role of dyslipidemia in the development of diabetic retinopathy, with a focus on retinal-specific lipid metabolism and its dysregulation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Vannas S, Esilä R, Tuovinen E. Observations on the effect of ethyl a-p chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) therapy on serum lipid levels and on diabetic and some other retinopathies. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 46:162-70. [PMID: 5755673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1968.tb05172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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ESMANN V, JENSEN HJ, LUNDBAEK K. Disappearance of Waxy Exudates in Diabetic Retinopathy During Administration of p-Amino-salicylate (PAS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 174:99-104. [PMID: 14042470 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb07896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Misra A, Kumar S, Kishore Vikram N, Kumar A. The role of lipids in the development of diabetic microvascular complications: implications for therapy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2004; 3:325-38. [PMID: 14728067 DOI: 10.2165/00129784-200303050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a major factor responsible for coronary heart disease and its reduction decreases coronary risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the association of dyslipidemia with microvascular complications and the effect of intervention with lipid-lowering therapy in diabetes have been less investigated. We present the systematic review of association and intervention studies pertaining to dyslipidemia and microvascular disease in diabetes and also review possible mechanisms. Dyslipidemia may cause or exacerbate diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy by alterations in the coagulation-fibrinolytic system, changes in membrane permeability, damage to endothelial cells and increased atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidemia is associated with faster decline in glomerular filtration rate and progression of albuminuria and nephropathy. Recent evidence also suggests a role of lipoprotein(a) in progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Lipid-lowering therapy, using single agents or a combination of drugs may significantly benefit diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. In particular, hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors may be effective in preventing or retarding the progression of microvascular complications because of their powerful lipid-lowering effects and other additional mechanisms. However, most of the data are based on short-term studies, and need to be ascertained in long-term studies. Until more specific guidelines are available, aggressive management of diabetic dyslipidemia, according to currently accepted guidelines, should be continued for the prevention of macrovascular disease which would also benefit microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Misra
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Baghdasarian SB, Jneid H, Hoogwerf BJ. Association of dyslipidemia and effects of statins on nonmacrovascular diseases. Clin Ther 2004; 26:337-51. [PMID: 15110128 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have mechanisms of action that expand their effects beyond cholesterol lowering and atherosclerotic medical conditions. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes clinical evidence for the association of dyslipidemia and the effects of statin use on aortic stenosis, Alzheimer's dementia (AD), osteoporosis, prevention of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic/nondiabetic nephropathy. METHODS An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966-June 2003). Bibliographies of retrieved articles were reviewed. Search terms included statin, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, aortic stenosis, Alzheimer's dementia, osteoporosis, prevention of diabetis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic nephropathy, and nondiabetic nephropathy. RESULTS Three retrospective cohort trials have shown an association between statin use and the progression of aortic stenosis; one of these trials observed a 45% decrease in aortic valve area in 1 year. In AD, one cross-sectional analysis found 60% to 73% lower AD rates in lovastatin or pravastatin recipients ( P<0.001 ). Of the multiple observational studies on the effect of statins on fracture risk, some have shown a decreased risk, with an odds ratio as low as 0.50 (95% CI, 0.33-0.76); others have demonstrated no association. A post hoc analysis of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study found a 30% reduction in the development of DM ( P=0.042 ), but this was not duplicated in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm. A small clinical trial of 6 patients (11 eyes) demonstrated improved retinal hard exudates with pravastatin treatment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. In a cross-sectional analysis, age-related macular degeneration was found to be less common among statin users than nonusers (4% [ 1/27 ] vs 22% [ 76/352 ]; P=0.02. Multiple small clinical trials of 19 to 56 patients with diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy at various stages generated inconsistent results for an association between statin use and decreased albumin excretion rate and decreased rate of decline in glomerular filtration. CONCLUSION Data of variable quantity and quality support the use of statins as adjuncts in the treatment of nonmacrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis B Baghdasarian
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Gardner TW, Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, LaNoue KF, Levison SW. Diabetic retinopathy: more than meets the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2002; 47 Suppl 2:S253-62. [PMID: 12507627 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal microvascular dysfunction in diabetes is a major component of diabetic retinopathy. This review highlights recent observations regarding the cellular anatomy that contributes to the blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown, the alterations of macroglial, neuronal, and microglial cells in diabetes, and how these changes lead to loss of vision. In addition, the effects of systemic pathophysiologic influences, including metabolic control, blood pressure, and fluid volume on the formation of diabetic macular edema are discussed. Finally, an overview of inflammatory mechanisms and responses in the retina in diabetes is provided. Together, these new observations provide a broader clinical and research perspective on diabetic retinal vascular dysfunction than previously considered, and provide new avenues for improved treatments to prevent loss of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gardner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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CRUZ AB, AMATUZIO DS, GRANDE F, HAY LJ. Effect of intra-arterial insulin on tissue cholesterol and fatty acids in alloxan-diabetic dogs. Circ Res 1998; 9:39-43. [PMID: 13718642 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.9.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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IRELAND JT, CULLEN JF, OLIVER MF, DUNCAN LJ. A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ATROMID THERAPY IN EXUDATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 3:701-8. [PMID: 14100915 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(63)80055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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KING RC, DOBREE JH, KOK D, FOULDS WS, DANGERFIELD WG. EXUDATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATY. SPONTANEOUS CHANGES AND EFFECTS OF A CORN OIL DIET. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 47:666-72. [PMID: 14211666 PMCID: PMC505868 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.47.11.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Simpson HC, Mann JI. The dietary management of diabetes. ADVANCES IN NUTRITIONAL RESEARCH 1985; 7:39-69. [PMID: 3006455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2529-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Dornan TL, Carter RD, Bron AJ, Turner RC, Mann JI. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol: an association with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 1982; 22:167-70. [PMID: 7042426 DOI: 10.1007/bf00283746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal profiles of total and lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in 11 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects without retinopathy, 10 with background and 10 with proliferative retinopathy. The groups were closely matched for age and duration of diabetes. Total cholesterol levels were higher in patients with proliferative (5.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/l) than background (5.1 +/- 0.7 mmol/l) or no retinopathy (4.6 +/- 0.8 mmol/l, trend test; p less than 0.003), due to raised levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (3.8 +/- 0.9, 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 2.8 +/- 0.8 mmol/l respectively; p less than 0.02). High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were similar in patients with and without retinopathy and HDL/LDL ratios were lower with more severe retinopathy (p less than 0.025). Cholesterol levels were similar in diabetic subjects without retinopathy and in 12 normal subjects. Triglyceride levels were not related to retinopathy and no measure of plasma lipids correlated with HbA1 or 24-h mean plasma glucose. Total and LDL cholesterol were weakly inversely correlated with creatinine clearance but the association with retinopathy was independent of this effect.
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Houtsmuller AJ, Zahn KJ, Henkes HE. Unsaturated fats and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 1980; 48:363-71. [PMID: 6995054 DOI: 10.1007/bf00141465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of adult-onset diabetics, matched according to 10 different criteria, were followed, biochemically and fluorescein-angiographically, over a period of 6 years. One group used a saturated-fat diet, and the other group of patients were on an unsaturated-fat diet, particularly rich in linoleic acid. Statistically significant differences were found in biochemical data and in the progression of diabetic microangiopathy between the two groups. The conclusion is warranted that a linoleic acid-rich diet, administered over an extended period of time, may inhibit the development of microangiopathy, or the deterioration of diabetic retinopathy.
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Vaughan G, Crock G. Clofibrate and low fat diet in the peroperative management of terminal retinal angiomatosis. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1973; 1:49-52. [PMID: 4761545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1973.tb01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Brunzell JD, Lerner RL, Hazzard WR, Porte D, Bierman EL. Improved glucose tolerance with high carbohydrate feeding in mild diabetes. N Engl J Med 1971; 284:521-4. [PMID: 5100724 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197103112841004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nikkilä EA. Control of plasma and liver triglyceride kinetics by carbohydrate metabolism and insulin. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1969; 7:63-134. [PMID: 4899909 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024907-7.50009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Moore CB. Diabetic diet in prevention of atherosclerosis. Postgrad Med 1965; 38:A101-8. [PMID: 5858929 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1965.11696867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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BLACKARD WG, OMORI Y, FREEDMAN LR. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Japan. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1965; 18:415-27. [PMID: 14292189 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(65)90025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R C King
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, London
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Albrink MJ, Fasanella RM. Serum Lipids in Patients with Senile Macular Degeneration* *From the Department of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, and the Section of Ophthalmology, Yale University School of Medicine. This study was supported (in part) by grant H-6714(Cl) from the National Heart Institute. This work was performed during tenure (M. J. A.) of an established investigatorship of the American Heart Association. Am J Ophthalmol 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(63)92428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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RICHARDS RD. Lipids in diabetic retinopathy. J Am Geriatr Soc 1962; 10:831-42. [PMID: 13982102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1962.tb03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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FABRYKANT M. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE USE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND HIGH-PROTEIN LOW-FAT DIETS. J Am Geriatr Soc 1962; 10:743-8. [PMID: 13891253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1962.tb00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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BECKETT AG, LEWIS JG. Mobilisation and utilisation of body-fat as an aetiological factor in occlusive vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1960; 2:14-8. [PMID: 13798139 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)92661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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