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Tajik S, Orooji Y, Ghazanfari Z, Karimi F, Beitollahi H, Varma RS, Jang HW, Shokouhimehr M. Nanomaterials modified electrodes for electrochemical detection of Sudan I in food. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dubenska L, Dmukhailo A, Tvorynska S, Rydchuk P, Dubenska L. Synthetic Food Dyes – Some Aspects Of Use And Methods Of Determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.17721/moca.2020.5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Color is one of the key ingredients for increasing the appetizing of food, so food dyes have become firmly established in food production technologies. However, with the acquisition of toxicity data of synthetic food dyes (SFD), there were restrictions and standards for their content in food have emerged. Numerous papers published in recent years demonstrate the importance of the problem of the use and definition of SFD. The review contains over 180 literary references in the field of usage and methods of determination of synthetic food dyes, among them regulatory documents (regulations), official internet resources of international and Ukrainian organizations, review articles and original works. Varieties of chromatography, enzyme-linked immunoassay, optical and electrochemical methods are used to identify and determine SFD. Special attention was paid to voltammetry (VA) as a method that is cheaper than chromatography and completely satisfies selectivity, sensitivity, reliability requirements and is compatible with the concept of green analytical chemistry, as it doesn't need organic solvents. Moreover, single sweep voltammetry can be considered as a screening method with low limits of determination and rapid respons
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Pani A, Thanh TD, Kim NH, Lee JH, Yun SI. Peanut skin extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and gold-silver bionanocomposites for electrochemical Sudan IV sensing. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 10:431-437. [PMID: 27906146 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable methods are needed for rapid and efficient detection of environmental and food pollutants. The Sudan group of dyes has been used extensively as adulterants in food and also are found to be polluting the soil and water bodies. There have been several methods for detection of Sudan dyes, but most of them are not practical enough for common use. In this study, the electrochemical detection efficiency and stability of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs), silver NPs and Au-Ag bionanocomposites, synthesised by peanut skin extract, modified glassy carbon electrode has been investigated. The synthesised nanomaterial samples were characterised, for their quality and quantity, using ultra-visible spectroscopy, inductive coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope. The nanomaterial hybrid electrodes showed great efficiency and stability in the detection of Sudan IV compared with the other previous electrodes. The peak current of the Sudan IV oxidation and reduction was found to be proportional to its concentration, in the range of 10-80 µM, with a detection limit of 4 µM. The hybrid electrodes showed 90% stability in detection for 20 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Pani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Duy Thanh
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hee Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Il Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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Tikhomirova TI, Ramazanova GR, Apyari VV. Adsorption preconcentration of synthetic anionic food dyes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817090118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Oplatowska-Stachowiak M, Elliott CT. Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:524-548. [PMID: 25849411 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.889652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Food colors are added to different types of commodities to increase their visual attractiveness or to compensate for natural color variations. The use of these additives is strictly regulated in the European Union, the United States, and many other countries worldwide. There is a growing concern about the safety of some commonly used legal food colorants and there is a trend to replace the synthetic forms with natural products. Additionally, a number of dyes with known or suspected genotoxic or carcinogenic properties have been shown to be added illegally to foods. Robust monitoring programs based on reliable detection methods are required to assure the food is free from harmful colors. The aim of this review is to present an up to date status of the various concerns arising from use of color additives in food. The most important food safety concerns in the field of food colors are lack of uniform regulation concerning legal food colors worldwide, possible link of artificial colors to hyperactive behavior, replacement of synthetic colors with natural ones, and the presence of harmful illegal dyes-both known but also new, emerging ones in food. The legal status of food color additives in the EU, United States, and worldwide is summarized. The reported negative health effects of both legal and illegal colors are presented. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed notifications and US import alerts concerning food colors are analyzed and trends in fraudulent use of color additives identified. The detection methods for synthetic colors are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
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Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Trace Trichlorfon and Monocrotophos Residues in Fruits. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Advanced Spectrophotometric Analysis of Sunset Yellow Dye E110 in Commercial Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A novel conducting poly(p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid)-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of Sudan I and its application for detection in food stuffs. Food Chem 2014; 173:594-9. [PMID: 25466064 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a new method for the determination of Sudan I has been developed based on a conducting poly(p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid) (poly(p-ABSA)) film modified electrode. The new electrochemical sensor showed strong accumulation ability and excellent electrocatalytic activity for Sudan I. Electrochemical oxidation signal of Sudan I at the poly(p-ABSA) modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(p-ABSA)/GCE) was significantly increased when compared to that at the bare GCE. The experimental conditions such as amount of alcohol, pH of buffer solution, accumulation time, and instrumental parameters for square wave anodic stripping voltammetry were optimised for the determination of Sudan I. Under optimum conditions, the linear regression equation of Sudan I was ip=1.868+0.1213c (ip: μA, c: μgL(-1), R=0.9981) from 1 to 500 μg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.3 μg L(-1). Finally, this sensor was successfully employed to detect Sudan I in some hot chili and ketchup samples.
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Lian Y, Gao W, Zhou L, Wu N, Lu Q, Han W, Tie X. Occurrence of Sudan I in paprika fruits caused by agricultural environmental contamination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4072-4076. [PMID: 24766082 DOI: 10.1021/jf5013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current research has demonstrated the presence of sub parts per billion levels of Sudan dye in paprika fruits during the vegetation process, which is difficult to understand on the basis of the conventional concept of cross-contamination or malicious addition. Detailed surveys on Sudan dyes I-IV in paprika fruits, soils, and agronomic materials used from seven fields of Xinjiang (China) were conducted to investigate the natural contamination. Results revealed that Sudan dyes II-IV were never detected and that Sudan I existed in almost all samples except for the mulching film and irrigation water. The higher total amount of Sudan I in soils, pesticides, and fertilizers compared to coated seeds indicated the combination of Sudan I-contaminated soils and application of Sudan I-containing agronomic materials constitutes a major source of 0.18-2.52 μg/kg levels of Sudan I in fruits during the growth period. The study offers a more reasonable explanation for the previously observed Sudan I in paprika fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Lian
- Hebei Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Pigments, Handan 057250, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Tang Q, Wang Q, Qiao X, Xu Z. Study of a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of trace trichlorfon and monocrotophos residues in vegetables. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1409-1415. [PMID: 24122545 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate pesticide residues are harmful to human health because of their potential mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, it is of great importance to development an accurate and reliable analytical method to prevent their uncontrolled effects on environmental pollution and human health. RESULTS This study reports a new method of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (MISPE-HPLC) for simultaneous determination of two organophosphate pesticides residues. Two types of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared using the trichlorfon and monocrotophos as the template molecule, respectively, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker. The recognition ability and adsorption-desorption dynamic of each imprinted polymer toward the trichlorfon or monocrotophos were characterised. Using the mixture of trichlorfon-MIP and monocrotophos-MIP (20:80, wt/wt) as solid-phase extraction sorbent, the factors affecting the pre-concentration on the analytes and the sensitivity of the MISPE-HPLC method were optimised. Under optimal condition, the linear range was 0.005-1.0 mg L⁻¹. The limit of detection was 4.2 µg g⁻¹ for trichlorfon, and 1.2 ng g⁻¹ for monocrotophos. The peak area precision [Relative standard deviation (RSD)] for three replicates was 2.9-4.5%. The blank rape and cauliflower samples spiked with trichlorfon and monocrotophos at 0.05 and 0.005 µg g⁻¹ levels were extracted and determined by this method with recoveries ranging from 88.5% to 94.2%. Moreover, this method was successfully applied to the quantitative detection of the trichlorfon and monocrotophos residues in leek samples. CONCLUSION With good properties of high sensitivity, simple pre-treatment and low cost, this MISPE-HPLC method could provide a new tool for the rapid determination of multi-pesticide residues in the complicated food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, P.R. China
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Tang B, Xi C, Zou Y, Wang G, Li X, Zhang L, Chen D, Zhang J. Simultaneous determination of 16 synthetic colorants in hotpot condiment by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 960:87-91. [PMID: 24792532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simultaneous determination method for 16 synthetic colorants in hotpot condiment was developed by high performance liquid chromatography. The samples were successively extracted with 2 mol/L carbamide solution containing 5% ammonia (dissolved in methanol) and methanol-acetone solution, and then the target analytes could be divided into two groups named as lipid-soluble and water-soluble colorants by ethyl acetate-cyclohexane with liquid-liquid extraction. The lipid-soluble and water-soluble colorants were purified by gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction column packed with polyamide resin, respectively. The obtained two eluates were combined, concentrated, and separated by C18 column and determined by diode array detector. Good linear relationships between peak areas and the concentrations of the synthetic colorants were obtained in the range of 0.01-50.0mg/L with correlation coefficients above 0.999 (n=10). The limits of detection and quantitation were 1-3 and 10 μg/kg for 16 synthetic colorants, respectively. The average recoveries at the spiked levels of 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg/kg were in the range of 63.2-97.1% with relative standard deviations (n=6) around 1.5-10.6%. This method is sensitive and reliable, and can be used to simultaneously determine 8 lipid-soluble and 8 water-soluble colorants in hotpot condiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center of Import and Export Food Safety, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Cunxian Xi
- Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center of Import and Export Food Safety, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Chongqing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Guomin Wang
- Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center of Import and Export Food Safety, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Xianliang Li
- Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center of Import and Export Food Safety, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center of Import and Export Food Safety, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
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LIU J, GONG Z. Determination of four Sudan dyes in chili oil by high performance liquid chromatography with on-line photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection. Se Pu 2013; 30:624-9. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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El-Shahawi M, Hamza A, Al-Sibaai A, Bashammakh A, Al-Saidi H. A new method for analysis of sunset yellow in food samples based on cloud point extraction prior to spectrophotometric determination. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang J, Wang ML, Shentu C, Wang WC, He Y, Chen ZD. Electrochemical detection of Sudan I by using an expanded graphite paste electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang H, Wei Y, Zhou J, Xu Z, Tian S, Huang H, He J. Preparation and Application of a Molecular Imprinting Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion Extraction for the Determination of Olaquindox in Chicken by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu L, Qiao X, Ma Y, Zhang X, Xu Z. Preparation of a Hydrophilic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Its Application in Solid-Phase Extraction to Determine of Trace Acrylamide in Foods Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Song J, Qiao X, Chen H, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Xu Z. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of trace olaquindox residues in chick feeds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2378-85. [PMID: 21674504 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olaquindox, one of the antimicrobial growth accelerants, is usually used as a feed additive in livestock production to improve feed efficiency. Due to health concerns over possible carcinogenic, mutagenic and photoallergenic effects of olaquindox on animals, the development of a simple, rapid and sensitive analytical method for determination of olaquindox is crucial and necessary. RESULTS In this paper, a novel and hydrophilic functionalised material of olaquindox-imprinted polymer was synthesised in aqueous solution by a surface molecular imprinting in combination with a sol-gel process. This imprinted material was characterised by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and static and kinetic adsorption experiments, and results showed that it had good recognition and selective ability, and fast adsorption-desorption dynamics for olaquindox. Applying the prepared material as sorbent, a method of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) for separation and analysis of olaquindox residues in feeds coupled with HPLC was presented. Under the selected MISPE condition, the detection limit (S/N = 3) for olaquindox was 68.0 ng L(-1), the RSD for five replicate extractions of 50 µg L(-1) olaquindox was 9.8%. The blank chick feed samples spiked with olaquindox at 0.0025 and 0.010 mg g(-1) levels were extracted and determined by the developed method, with recoveries ranging from 90% to 96%. CONCLUSION This method was applied for enrichment and analysis of olaquindox in animal feed samples with good accuracy and repeatability. This study will provide a sensitive and fast method for the monitoring of olaquindox residues in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Xu L, Zhao D, Song J, Xu Z, Zhou J. Preparation of Epichlorohydrine-Modified Chitosan Microsphere Functionalized Materials and Adsorption Characterization Toward Olaquindox. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2011.541636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Di Anibal CV, Ruisánchez I, Callao MP. High-resolution 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometry combined with chemometric treatment to identify adulteration of culinary spices with Sudan dyes. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu Z, Song J, Zhao D, Zhou J, Qiao X. Preparation and Characterization of Hydrophilic Olaquindox Molecularly Imprinted Polymer in Aqueous Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2011.537477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Determination of Trace Sudan IV Residues in Foods Through Molecularly Imprinted SPE Coupled with LC. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xu Z, Zhang J, Cong L, Meng L, Song J, Zhou J, Qiao X. Preparation and characterization of magnetic chitosan microsphere sorbent for separation and determination of environmental estrogens through SPE coupled with HPLC. J Sep Sci 2010; 34:46-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Huo J, Guo Y, Meng S, Wang M, Wang Y. Complex Formation of Sudan I with Cu(II) and Its Identification from Chilli Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhixiang X, Shuo W, Guozhen F, Jiajia S, Yan Z. On-Line SPE Coupled with LC for Analysis of Traces of Sudan Dyes in Foods. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Xu Z, Zhou J, Zhao D, Qiao X, Yang J. Determination of Trace Para Red Residues in Foods through On-Line Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Food Sci 2010; 75:C49-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang X, Jiang L, Geng C, Hu C, Yoshimura H, Zhong L. Inhibition of Sudan I genotoxicity in human liver-derived HepG2 cells by the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:189-95. [PMID: 18297612 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701864492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemoprotective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT) against Sudan I-induced genotoxicity was investigated in a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. The comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay were used to monitor genotoxicity. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured using a fluorescent probe, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The levels of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were estimated by immunocytochemistry analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and by measuring levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), respectively. Intracellular glutathione (GSH) level was estimated by fluorometric methods. The results showed that HT significantly reduced the genotoxicity caused by Sudan I. Furthermore, HT ameliorated lipid pexidation as demonstrated by a reduction in TBARS formation and attenuated GSH depletion in a concentration-dependent manner. It was also found that HT reduced intracellular ROS formation and 8-OHdG level caused by Sudan I. These results strongly suggest that HT has significant protective ability against Sudan I-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Wang S, Xu Z, Fang G, Zhang Y, He J. Separation and determination of estrone in environmental and drinking water using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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He L, Su Y, Fang B, Shen X, Zeng Z, Liu Y. Determination of Sudan dye residues in eggs by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:139-46. [PMID: 17560395 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and cheap high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) was developed for the determination of Sudan dyes (I, II, III, and IV) residues in various types of eggs. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reverse phase C18 column with gradient elution, using a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid aqueous solution; detector was set at 478 nm for Sudan I and 520 nm for Sudan II, III and IV. The suspected egg samples were derivatized with N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoro-acetamide and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in EI. Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives of the Sudan dyes were built up in EI mode. Recoveries of the Sudan dyes ranged between 79.8 and 95.7% in eggs by HPLC-UV, with all the relative standard deviations of less than 5%. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 4.0-4.8 and 12.3-13.8 microg kg(-1) in eggs, respectively. Identification and confirmation could be validated in the range of 2.0-4.2 microg kg(-1) with the GC-MS method. This method is suitable for routine fast monitoring, screening and confirmation of Sudan dyes residues in eggs, as mandated by regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PC 510642, PR China
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Wang S, Xu Z, Fang G, Duan Z, Zhang Y, Chen S. Synthesis and characterization of a molecularly imprinted silica gel sorbent for the on-line determination of trace Sudan I in Chilli powder through high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3869-76. [PMID: 17439236 DOI: 10.1021/jf070261t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective imprinted polymer was synthesized by a surface molecular imprinting technique in combination with a sol-gel process. The imprinted polymer was evaluated by FT-IR and static and kinetic adsorption experiments. The results showed that the imprinted sorbent exhibited good recognition and selective ability, offered a faster kinetics for the adsorption and desorption of Sudan I than the non-imprinted sorbent, a saturated binding capacity (Qmax) that reached 33.47 mg g-1. The prepared sorbent was applied for the determination of trace Sudan I through on-line solid-phase coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC). With a loading flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 for sampling 50 mL, an enrichment factor of 1266 was achieved. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was 1.2 ng L-1, and the peak area precision (RSD) for five replicate detections of 0.01 microg L-1 Sudan I was 3.66%. The Sudan I in the chilli powder from the local market was determined at three levels (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ng g-1) with recoveries ranging from 80.31 to 94.02%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.
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An Y, Jiang L, Cao J, Geng C, Zhong L. Sudan I induces genotoxic effects and oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 627:164-70. [PMID: 17188558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sudan I, a synthetic lipid soluble azo pigment, is widely used in various industrial fields. However, Sudan I has not been approved at any level of food production, since there are many inconclusive reports relating to its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effects of Sudan I and to identify and clarify the reaction mechanisms by use of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. To study the genotoxic effects of Sudan I, the comet assay and micronucleus test (MNT) were used. In the comet assay and MNT, we found increase of DNA migration and of the micronuclei frequencies at all tested concentrations (25-100 microM) of Sudan I in a dose-dependent manner. The data suggest that Sudan I caused DNA strand breaks and chromosome breaks. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of this difference, we monitored the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with the 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. The level of the oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation was evaluated using immunoperoxidase staining for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and by measuring levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Significantly increased levels of ROS, 8-OHdG and TBARS were observed in HepG2 cells at higher concentrations, the doses being 100, 50-100 and 50-100 microM, respectively. We conclude that Sudan I causes genotoxic effects, probably via ROS-induced oxidative DNA damage at the higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu An
- Department of Toxicology, Dalian Medical University, 465 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116027 Liaoning, China
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Liu Y, Song Z, Dong F, Zhang L. Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of sudan I in hot chilli sauce. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:614-7. [PMID: 17263450 DOI: 10.1021/jf063332h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A chemiluminescence method based on the luminol-H2O2 system with flow injection technology was proposed for the determination of sudan I in hot chilli sauce. It was found that sudan I could enhance chemiluminescence intensity generated from the luminol-H2O2 system. The increment of chemiluminescence intensity was proportional to the concentration of sudan I, giving a calibration graph linear over the concentration from 10 pg mL-1 to 7 ng mL-1 (R 2 = 0.9980) with the detection limit of 3 pg mL-1 (3sigma) and the quantification limit of 7.5 pg mL-1. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, one analysis cycle, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 60 s with a relative standard deviation of <5.0%. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of sudan I in Pixian douban, Golden Mark guilin chilli sauce, and Golden Mark satay sauce, and the recovery was 90.6-110.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwest University, 710069 Xi'an, China
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Wu LP, Li YF, Huang CZ, Zhang Q. Visual Detection of Sudan Dyes Based on the Plasmon Resonance Light Scattering Signals of Silver Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2006; 78:5570-7. [PMID: 16878897 DOI: 10.1021/ac0603577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A visual light scattering detection method of Sudan dyes is reported in food products based on the formation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) . Sudan dyes including I, II, III and IV have reducibility due to the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond and phenol group in their molecular structure, and a redox reaction could occur with AgNO3. Owing to the formation of silver NPs as a result of the redox reaction, color changes could be observed by eye from the red of Sudan to the brown of silver NPs, resulting in strong plasmon resonance light scattering (PRLS) signals characterized at 452 nm, which could be measured using a common spectrofluorometer. It was found that the PRLS intensities were proportional to the dye concentrations over the range of 0.2-2.4 microM Sudan I, 0.1-2.4 microM Sudan II, 0.1-2.4 microM Sudan III, and 0.2-3.0 microM Sudan IV, with the corresponding limits of determination (3 sigma) of 3.2, 3.0, 3.2, and 2.9 nM, respectively. Using hot chili as a model sample, detection could be made with the recovery of 90.8-103.3% and RSD of 4.0-4.9%, and the results are identical with that of a liquid chromatographic method approved by the European Commission. To make the PRLS method much more practical, we could visually detect the quantity of Sudan dyes based on the PRLS signals using simple devices such as a portable laser pointer (653 nm) and a light emitting diode (458 nm). Mechanism investigations show that the functional group of Sudan oxidized by AgNO3 is the phenol group, not the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Puoci F, Garreffa C, Iemma F, Muzzalupo R, Spizzirri UG, Picci N. Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for detection of sudan I in food matrices. Food Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Karpińska J, Szostak J. Determination of chlorprothixene and amitryptyline hydrochlorides by UV-derivative spectrophotometry and UV-solid-phase spectrophotometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:975-981. [PMID: 15683805 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two methods for spectrophotometric determination of chlorprothixene and amitryptyline hydrochlorides were proposed. One of them is based on spectral analysis of their derivative spectra. The measurement of the value at 316.0 nm of first derivative was used for construction of calibration graph for chlorprothixene. The Beer law was obeyed in the concentration range 0.5-50.0 microg ml(-1). The amplitude of the second derivative at 261.4 nm was used for determination of amitryptyline in the range 0.5-75.0 microg ml(-1). The second proposed method is utilized the use of solid sorbent for simultaneous preconcentration and assay of studied compounds. For this purpose the filtration gel Sephadex G100 was applied. The elaborated solid-phase spectrophotometric method was used for determination of chlorprothixene at 268.0 nm in the range 2.5-75.0 microg ml(-1) and amitryptyline at 238.0 nm in the concentration range 10.0-75.0 microg ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Karpińska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-399 Bialystok, ul. Hurtowa 1, Poland.
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Di Donna L, Maiuolo L, Mazzotti F, De Luca D, Sindona G. Assay of Sudan I Contamination of Foodstuff by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution. Anal Chem 2004; 76:5104-8. [PMID: 15373449 DOI: 10.1021/ac0498821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food safety represents one of the main issues of national and international agencies appointed to health control. In April 2003, a French agency disclosed that powdered or smashed hot chili pepper imported from India and Pakistan was heavily contaminated with a carcinogenic azo dye known as Sudan I. This paper deals with a modern approach for assaying the content of this colorant in foodstuff down to a limit of a few tens of parts per billion. The isotope dilution method combined with APCI tandem mass spectrometry was used. The internal standard, 1-(d5-phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol, was obtained by simple chemistry, and its structure was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric method is more sensitive than the HPLC approach by a factor of 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Di Donna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci, cubo 12/C, I-87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Chapter 3 Solid-phase spectrometric assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(03)80108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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