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Li L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Chen S, Shan S, Wu T, Niu Y, Xu Y. Single substrate-functionalized molybdenum oxide nanozyme for specific colorimetric monitoring of xanthine oxidase activity. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:99. [PMID: 38228947 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine-functionalized molybdenum oxide nanodots (X-MoO3-x NDs) with peroxidase (POD)-like activity were developed for selective, sensitive, and facile colorimetric quantification of xanthine oxidase (XO). Xanthine functionalization can not only be favorable for the successful nanozyme preparation, but also for the specific recognition of XO as well as the simultaneous generation of hydrogen peroxide, which was subsequently transformed into hydroxyl radical to oxidize the chromogenic reagent based on the POD-like catalysis. Under the optimized conditions, the colorimetric biosensing platform was established for XO assay without addition of further substrates, showing good linearity relationship between absorbance difference (ΔA) and XO concentrations in the range 0.05-0.5 U/mL (R2 = 0.998) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.019 U/mL. The quantification of XO occurs in 25 min, which is superior to the previously reported and commercial XO assays. The proposed method has been successfully used in the assay of human serum samples, showing its high potential in the field of clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, School of Tourism and Geography Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, School of Tourism and Geography Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shuo Shan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Tianming Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, School of Tourism and Geography Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yusheng Niu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, School of Tourism and Geography Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, School of Tourism and Geography Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Chang L, Yao XY, Liu Q, Ning D, Wang Q, Du XM, Ruan WJ, Li Y. MOF based fluorescent assay of xanthine oxidase for rapid inhibitor screening with real-time kinetics monitoring. Talanta 2018; 183:83-88. [PMID: 29567192 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The activity assay of xanthine oxidase (XO) is of great application value in clinical diagnosis because the abnormal level of this enzyme is related to a series of pathological states. In this work, a Zr based metal-organic framework (BTB-MOF) with stable photoluminescence in pure water and buffer solution was synthesized. The examination about the fluorescent responses of this material to xanthine and its oxidation product, uric acid, showed that, although both of them affected the emission of BTB-MOF in quenching form, the efficiencies presented much difference. Taking advantage of this feature, a fluorescent method was developed for the activity assay of XO, that is, BTB-MOF was added to the enzymatic oxidation system as a sensor to transduce the proceeding of the reaction real-timely to the signal of fluorescent intensity change. Our method can work under the interference of normal biologically related species, and precisely reflect XO activity in the range of 0.2-40 U L-1 (detection limit = 0.004 U L-1). With consecutive fluorescence intensity scan, this assay could be applied as a high speed screening method of XO inhibitors with the testing time of 1 min. This work shows the wide potential application of MOFs in enzyme analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xi-Yuan Yao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Di Ning
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Du
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wen-Juan Ruan
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yue Li
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 of Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Rajendran P, Nandakumar N, Rengarajan T, Palaniswami R, Gnanadhas EN, Lakshminarasaiah U, Gopas J, Nishigaki I. Antioxidants and human diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:332-47. [PMID: 24933428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that includes hydrogen peroxide, hyphochlorus acid, superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxides, hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical are involved in growth, differentiation, progression and death of the cell. They can react with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and other small molecules. Low concentrations of ROS has an indispensable role in intracellular signalling and defence against pathogens, while, higher amounts of ROS play a role in number of human diseases, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia, failures in immunity and endocrine functions. Antioxidants presumably act as safeguard against the accumulation of ROS and their elimination from the system. The aim of this review is to highlight advances in understanding of the ROS and also to summarize the detailed impact and involvement of antioxidants in selected human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
| | - Natarajan Nandakumar
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | | | - Rajendran Palaniswami
- Department of Applied Zoology and Biotechnology, Vivekananda College (A Gurukula Institute of Life Training), Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Thiruvedakam West, Madurai 625234, India
| | - Edwinoliver Nesamony Gnanadhas
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Uppalapati Lakshminarasaiah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Oncology Department Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ikuo Nishigaki
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan.
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Rodrigo R, Libuy M, Feliú F, Hasson D. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in essential hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion myocardial damage. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:773-90. [PMID: 24347798 PMCID: PMC3856219 DOI: 10.1155/2013/974358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with hypertension being a major risk factor. Numerous studies support the contribution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the pathogenesis of hypertension, as well as other pathologies associated with ischemia/reperfusion. However, the validation of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in these settings is still lacking and novel association of these biomarkers and other biomarkers such as endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial microparticles, and ischemia modified albumin, is just emerging. Oxidative stress has been suggested as a pathogenic factor and therapeutic target in early stages of essential hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with plasma F2-isoprostane levels and negatively with total antioxidant capacity of plasma in hypertensive and normotensive patients. Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation causes an ischemia/reperfusion event associated with increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, two biomarkers associated with oxidative damage of cardiac tissue. An enhancement of the antioxidant defense system should contribute to ameliorating functional and structural abnormalities derived from this metabolic impairment. However, data have to be validated with the analysis of the appropriate oxidative stress and/or nitrosative stress biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70058, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Matías Libuy
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70058, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Felipe Feliú
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70058, Santiago 7, Chile
| | - Daniel Hasson
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70058, Santiago 7, Chile
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Miyamoto Y, Iwao Y, Tasaki Y, Sato K, Ishima Y, Watanabe H, Kadowaki D, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. The uremic solute indoxyl sulfate acts as an antioxidant against superoxide anion radicals under normal-physiological conditions. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2816-20. [PMID: 20416300 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the uremic solute indoxyl sulfate (IS) on scavenging superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(*-)) generated from both the xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) system and activated neutrophils was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, combined with 2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-1-oxide (EMPO). The findings show that the presence of normal-physiological serum concentrations of IS (0.1-10 microM) resulted in decreased formation of EMPO-superoxide adduct without affecting XO activity. Furthermore, IS showed scavenging activity against cell-derived O(2)(*-) generated from activated neutrophils. In addition, IS also eliminated hydroxyl radicals. These findings suggest that IS acts as a novel endogenous antioxidant under normal-physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Miyamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Varga Z, Seres I, Nagy E, Ujhelyi L, Balla G, Balla J, Antus S. Structure prerequisite for antioxidant activity of silybin in different biochemical systems in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:85-93. [PMID: 16360937 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural analogues (flavanone: 2-4 and flavone: 5 and 6, respectively) of silybin (1a) were synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity on O(2)(-) release and PKC translocation in PMA-stimulated neutrophils as well as xanthine oxidase activity in order to identify the molecular structures responsible for the antioxidant property of silybin. Concerning the prevention of hem-mediated oxidative modification of LDL by silybin, the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of its structural analogues was also determined. We demonstrated that the basic skeleton of 1a (4) is responsible for its inhibitory activity on O(2)(-) release in PMA-stimulated neutrophils via inhibition of PKC translocation, since introduction of a double bound and hydroxyl groups at C-5 and C-7 position (5 and 6) did not result in further increase in inhibition of O(2)(-) release. It has been shown that the presence of the phenolic hydroxyl group at C-5 and C-7 of 1a is essential for the inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. Moreover, introduction of a double bond into the C-ring of 2 and 3, resulting in flavone derivatives (5 and 6), markedly enhanced the antioxidant effect in all the tested systems. Finally, silybin (1a) and its flavon derivatives (5 and 6) directly scavenged hydroxyl radicals as well. On the basis of these results it might be concluded that different moiety of silybin is responsible for inhibition of overproduction of O(2)(-) in stimulated neutrophils, xanthine oxidase activity, and for prevention of hem-mediated oxidative modification of LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Varga
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hungary.
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Atlante A, Valenti D, Gagliardi S, Passarella S. A sensitive method to assay the xanthine oxidase activity in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2000; 6:1-5. [PMID: 11086257 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since xanthine oxidase (XO, Xanthine:oxidoreductase, E.C.1.2.3.22) is a key enzyme in reactive oxygen specie formation which plays a major role in cell oxidative stress, the availability of a sensitive and simple assay useful to detect its activity in monolayer cell cultures is worthwhile. In order to achieve this, we developed a method in which the conversion of pterine into isoxanthopterin is monitored fluorimetrically. Temperature assay was 50 degrees C. The activity of XO was detected in cerebellar granule cells exposed to glutamate. Since XO is formed from protease-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase processing, its activity appearance was found to be prevented by the protease inhibitor, leupeptin, as well as the glutamate NMDA-receptor inhibitor, MK-801, and the Ca(++) complexing agent, EGTA. The reported novel protocol, at variance with a conventional method, is shown to be a simple, fast, sensitive and relatively cheap method to assay XO activity. In addition, the reported assay can be applied to any cell type in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Atlante
- Centro di Studio sui Mitocondri e Metabolismo Energetico, CNR. Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, Italy.
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Tanaka K, Nakazawa H, Okada K, Umezawa K, Fukuyama N, Koga Y. Nitric oxide mediates murine cytomegalovirus-associated pneumonitis in lungs that are free of the virus. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1822-30. [PMID: 9312183 PMCID: PMC508368 DOI: 10.1172/jci119710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
4 wk after intraperitoneal inoculation of 0.2 LD50 (50% lethal dose) of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in adult BALB/c mice, MCMV remained detectable in the salivary glands, but not in the lungs or other organs. When the T cells of these mice were activated in vivo by a single injection of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, interstitial pneumonitis was induced in the lungs that were free of the virus with an excessive production of the cytokines. In the lungs of such mice persistently infected with MCMV, the mRNA of the cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were abundantly expressed 3 h after the anti-CD3 injection, and the elevated levels continued thereafter. A marked expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) was then noted in the lungs, suggesting that such cytokines as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma may have induced iNOS. Although the increase in NO formation was demonstrated by the significant elevation of the serum levels of nitrite and nitrate, the interstitial pneumonitis was not associated with either increased superoxide formation or peroxynitrite-induced tyrosine nitration. Nevertheless, the administration of an NO antagonist also alleviated the interstitial pneumonitis provoked by anti-CD3 mAb. Based on these findings, it was concluded that MCMV-associated pneumonitis is mediated by a molecule of cytokine-induced NO other than peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-11, Japan.
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Mohàcsi A, Kozlovszky B, Kiss I, Seres I, Fülöp T. Neutrophils obtained from obliterative atherosclerotic patients exhibit enhanced resting respiratory burst and increased degranulation in response to various stimuli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1316:210-6. [PMID: 8781540 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(96)00027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue destruction in atherosclerosis is partly due to uncontrolled protease and oxygen radical release. In this study we investigated the release of elastase and myeloperoxidase, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) obtained from patients with obliterative atherosclerotic of the lower legs. In addition we measured the plasma concentration of xanthine oxidase. PMNLs of atherosclerotic patients have a greater ability to increase elastase and myeloperoxidase release after their stimulation with formyl-methionin-leucyl-phenylalanin (fMLP) and calcium ionophore, A23187, independently of their age, than PMNLs of healthy middle-aged subjects. Similarly to healthy elderly subjects there was an increased superoxide anion (O2-) production under basal condition in both atherosclerotic patient age-groups. The activation of PMNLs with fMLP and A23187 enhanced O2- formation both in healthy subjects and in patients with atherosclerotic disease of the lower legs, however the increase was significantly less in the latter group. No biochemical parameters showed significant correlation with patient's risk factors, however myeloperoxidase production was significantly higher in less severe stage of the disease (P < 0.05). We found that patients with atherosclerotic disease of the lower legs have higher plasma xanthine oxidase level than control subjects. This study indicates an other piece of evidence suggesting the activation and involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis of the lower legs. The similar tendencies in the reactivity of neutrophils during aging and in atherosclerosis suggest that atherosclerosis may be an early aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohàcsi
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical School of Debrecen, Hungary.
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11
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Hayden TJ, Brennan D, Quirke K, Murphy P. Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase in mammary gland of mouse: relationship to mammogenesis and lactogenesis in vivo and in vitro. J DAIRY RES 1991; 58:401-9. [PMID: 1765590 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (XO/XDH) increases at mid gestation in mammary gland but not in liver of the mouse and remains elevated until the pups are weaned at 20 d post partum. The increase in enzyme activity is due neither to alteration in activators or inhibitors nor to a production of a variant enzyme with altered catalytic properties. The increase is preceded in vivo by a surge of prolactin-like activity (placental lactogen) in plasma, and prolactin is required for induction of XO/XDH in explant culture in vitro. Induction of XO/XDH in vivo and in vitro precedes the full histological differentiation of the gland. In addition, induction of XO/XDH in vitro occurs more rapidly and at lower concentrations of prolactin than does histological differentiation. Thus although XO/XDH is present in milk, increased XO/XDH activity is an early event in mammogenesis in vivo and in vitro rather than a terminal component of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hayden
- Department of Zoology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Irish Republic
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Akaike T, Ando M, Oda T, Doi T, Ijiri S, Araki S, Maeda H. Dependence on O2- generation by xanthine oxidase of pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:739-45. [PMID: 2155924 PMCID: PMC296490 DOI: 10.1172/jci114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated various biochemical parameters in influenza virus-infected mice and focused on adenosine catabolism in the supernatant of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (s-BALF), lung tissue, and serum (plasma). The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO), which generates O2-, were elevated in the s-BALF, lung tissue homogenate, and serum (plasma). The elevations were most remarkable in s-BALF and in lung tissue: We found a 170-fold increase in ADA activity and a 400-fold increase in XO activity as measured per volume of alveolar lavage fluid. The ratio of activity of XO to activity of xanthine dehydrogenase in s-BALF increased from 0.15 +/- 0.05 (control; no infection) to 1.06 +/- 0.13 on day 6 after viral infection. Increased levels of various adenosine catabolites (i.e., inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) in serum and s-BALF were confirmed. We also identified O2- generation from XO in s-BALF obtained on days 6 and 8 after infection, and the generation of O2- was enhanced remarkably in the presence of adenosine. Lastly, treatment with allopurinol (an inhibitor of XO) and with chemically modified superoxide dismutase (a scavenger of O2-) improved the survival rate of influenza virus-infected mice. These results indicate that generation of oxygen-free radicals by XO, coupled with catabolic supply of hypoxanthine from adenosine catabolism, is a pathogenic principle in influenza virus infection in mice and that a therapeutic approach by elimination of oxygen radicals thus seems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akaike
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Sasaoka T, Kaneda N, Nagatsu T. Highly sensitive assay for xanthine oxidase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 424:392-7. [PMID: 3372632 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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14
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Manchester KM, Amy NK. Xanthine oxidase activity and immunologically detectable protein in the C57B1/6 mouse. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 20:1061-6. [PMID: 3248666 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Xanthine oxidase (XO) was purified from livers of C57B1/6 mice. Antibodies generated against the purified protein were used in an immunoassay to measure total XO protein. 2. Both the specific activity and amount of XO protein were greater in the proximal small intestine than in the liver. A pool of inactive enzyme was present in the small intestine which developed after weaning. 3. Male C57B1/6 mice had the same XO specific activity as females and neither the hepatic nor the intestinal XO activity were affected by the level of dietary protein. 4. When mice were fed diets with tungsten, XO activity was lost and the amount of XO protein in the small intestine was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Manchester
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Majkić-Singh N, Bogavac L, Kalimanovska V, Jelić Z, Spasić S. Spectrophotometric assay of xanthine oxidase with 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) as chromogen. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 162:29-36. [PMID: 3802544 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of xanthine oxidase activity, based on the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) by use of uricase and peroxidase, is described. The absorbance increase of the oxidized form of ABTS, measured after 10 min at 410 nm is proportional to xanthine oxidase activity. The method is sensitive, precise (CV below 8.3%), and linear up to 20 U/l. The analytical recovery of the ABTS-method was quantitative. Comparison with the UV and colorimetric NBT-method gave good correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.984). Reference values for serum xanthine oxidase activities determined with the new ABTS-method on 83 healthy persons are 0 to 1.20 U/l.
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Frost SK, Borchert ME, Thorsteinsdottir S. Rapid and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic assay procedure for measuring xanthine dehydrogenase activity from tissue extracts. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1986; 382:314-20. [PMID: 3465740 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Effects of adenine on the stability and expression of xanthine dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Friedman TB, Polanco GE, Appold JC, Mayle JE. On the loss of uricolytic activity during primate evolution--I. Silencing of urate oxidase in a hominoid ancestor. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 81:653-9. [PMID: 3928241 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Urate oxidase activity is not detectable in liver homogenates from the gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, gorilla and human. Liver homogenates from five genera of Old World and two genera of New World monkeys have easily detectable levels of urate oxidase activity. There is no evidence for extant detectable intermediate steps in the loss of urate oxidase activity in the hominoids. Urate oxidase activity from Old World and New World monkeys is stable, a simple observation which debunks a long-standing myth. Urate oxidase activity was silenced in an ancestor to the five living genera of hominoids after divergence from the Old World monkeys.
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McHale A, Grimes H, Coughlan MP. Human serum xanthine oxidase: fluorometric assay applicable to the investigation of liver disorders. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:317-9. [PMID: 456720 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(79)90096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Huh K, Yamamoto I, Gohda E, Iwata H. Tissue distribution and characteristics of xanthine oxidase and allopurinol oxidizing enzyme. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 26:719-24. [PMID: 1021607 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.26.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue distribution and levels of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme and xanthine oxidase with hypoxanthine as a substrate were compared with supernatant fractions from various tissues of mice and from liver of mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. The allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activities in liver were quite different among the species and the sex difference of the enzyme activity only in mouse liver. In mice, the highest activity of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme was found in the liver with a trace value in lung, but the enzyme activity was not detected in brain, small intestine and kidney, while the highest activity of xanthine oxidase was detected in small intestine, lung, liver and kidney in that sequence. The allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activity in mouse liver supernatant fraction did not change after storage at -20 degrees C or dialysis against 0.1 M Tris-HCl containing 1.15% KCl, but the activity markedly decreased after dialysis against 0.1 M Tris-HCl. On the contrary, the xanthine oxidase was activated 2 to 3 times the usual activity after storage at -20 degrees C or dialysis of the enzyme preparation. These results indicated that allopurinol was hydroxylated to oxipurinol mainly by the enzyme which is not identical to xanthine oxidase in vivo. A possible role of aldehyde oxidase involved in the allopurinol oxidation in liver supernatant fraction was dicussed.
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Clark AJ, Pratt DE. Xanthine oxidase activity in rat serum after administration of homogenized bovine cream preparation. Life Sci 1976; 19:887-92. [PMID: 966968 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(76)90316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Huh K, Yamamoto I, Iwata H. Activation of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme activity of the dialysate of mouse liver supernatant by monovalent cations. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1974; 24:928-30. [PMID: 4463280 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.24.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dewey VC, Kidder GW. The sites of action of allopurinol in Crithidia fasciculata. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1973; 20:678-82. [PMID: 4763384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb03597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Markley HG, Faillace LA, Mezey E. Xanthine oxidase activity in rat brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 309:23-31. [PMID: 4708675 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Duke EJ, Joyce P, Ryan JP. Characterization of alternative molecular forms of xanthine oxidase in the mouse. Biochem J 1973; 131:187-90. [PMID: 4722435 PMCID: PMC1177457 DOI: 10.1042/bj1310187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
1. Two major forms of xanthine oxidase are demonstrated for the mouse. On polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis the duodenal form migrates faster towards the anode than that of the liver. Both forms also differ in their (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation patterns and sucrose-density-gradient molecular-weight determinations. 2. The liver form is fully converted into the duodenal form by incubation at 37 degrees C with 2.5mg of crude trypsin/ml for 1(1/2)h, without loss of activity. The trypsin-treated liver form behaves like the normal duodenal form as characterized by electrophoresis, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation patterns, and sucrose-density-gradient molecular-weight determinations. 3. Partial conversion is also brought about by purified trypsin and chymotrypsin, but not with beta-carboxypeptidase or lipase. The conversion is inhibited by soya-bean trypsin inhibitor. 4. In embryo mice the duodenal form is similar to the liver form on electrophoresis. 5. These studies indicate, as might be expected, that the duodenal form is a modified version of the liver enzyme, probably caused by proteolytic alteration.
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Bestimmung von Xanthinoxidase in Gewebekulturen, Gewebeproben und Tumor-Zellsuspensionen. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00531219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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