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Kim HB, Kang MH, Baik KY, Kim JE, Park SB, Choung PH, Chung JH. Integration of blue light with near-infrared irradiation accelerates the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 245:112752. [PMID: 37451155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Blue light is used less in photobiomodulation than red or near-infrared light because of concerns about its high energy. However, some reports have suggested that blue light releases NO from nitrosated proteins, affects cell signal regulation, and promotes stem cell differentiation. Because blue and red lights could have different mechanisms of action, their combination is expected to have new consequences. In this study, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were sequentially exposed to blue and near-infrared light to study their effects on proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and immunomodulation. We found that NIR irradiation applied after blue light can reduce blue light toxicity improving the cell viabiltiy. Delayed luminescence and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that this combination excited hDPSCs and activated mitochondrial biogenesis. Those modulations accelerated hDPSC differentiation, as shown by an increase of about 1.3-fold in alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro and an about 1.5-fold increase in the osteocalcin-positive regions in cells implanted in nude mice compared with mice exposed to near-infrared alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bae Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ho Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ku Youn Baik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Eun Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bae Park
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pill-Hoon Choung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Chung
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ziółkowska N, Lewczuk B, Szyryńska N, Rawicka A, Vyniarska A. Low-Intensity Blue Light Exposure Reduces Melanopsin Expression in Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells and Damages Mitochondria in Retinal Ganglion Cells in Wistar Rats. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071014. [PMID: 37048087 PMCID: PMC10093228 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Three groups of nine albino Wistar rats were used. One group was continuously exposed to blue light (150 lx) for 2 d (STE); one was exposed to 12 h of blue light and 12 h of darkness for 10 d (LTE); one was maintained in 12 h of white light (150 lx) and 12 h of darkness for 10 d (control). Melanopsin (Opn4) was immunolabelled on retinal whole-mounts. To count and measure Opn4-positive ipRGC somas and dendrites (including Sholl profiles), Neuron J was used. Retinal cryosections were immunolabeled for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling for apoptosis detection. LTE reduced the length of Opn4-positive ipRGC dendrites (p = 0.03) and decreased Opn4-immunoreactivity in ipRGC outer stratifying dendrites. LTE and STE decreased the complexity of dendritic arborization (Sholl profile; p < 0.001, p = 0.03, respectively), increased retinal GFAP immunoreactivity (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively), and caused outer segment vesiculation and outer nuclear layer apoptosis. Ultrastructural analysis showed that LTE damaged mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells and in the inner plexiform layer. Thus, LTE to low-intensity blue light harms the retinas of albino Wistar rats.
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Agarwal A, Maldonado Rosas I, Anagnostopoulou C, Cannarella R, Boitrelle F, Munoz LV, Finelli R, Durairajanayagam D, Henkel R, Saleh R. Oxidative Stress and Assisted Reproduction: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiological Role and Strategies for Optimizing Embryo Culture Environment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030477. [PMID: 35326126 PMCID: PMC8944628 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants has been established as an important factor that can negatively affect the outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Excess ROS exert their pathological effects through damage to cellular lipids, organelles, and DNA, alteration of enzymatic function, and apoptosis. ROS can be produced intracellularly, from immature sperm, oocytes, and embryos. Additionally, several external factors may induce high ROS production in the ART setup, including atmospheric oxygen, CO2 incubators, consumables, visible light, temperature, humidity, volatile organic compounds, and culture media additives. Pathological amounts of ROS can also be generated during the cryopreservation-thawing process of gametes or embryos. Generally, these factors can act at any stage during ART, from gamete preparation to embryo development, till the blastocyst stage. In this review, we discuss the in vitro conditions and environmental factors responsible for the induction of OS in an ART setting. In addition, we describe the effects of OS on gametes and embryos. Furthermore, we highlight strategies to ameliorate the impact of OS during the whole human embryo culture period, from gametes to blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (R.F.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Florence Boitrelle
- Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France;
- Department BREED, UVSQ, INRAE, Paris Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lina Villar Munoz
- Citmer Reproductive Medicine, IVF LAB, Mexico City 11520, Mexico; (I.M.R.); (L.V.M.)
| | - Renata Finelli
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (R.F.); (R.H.)
| | - Damayanthi Durairajanayagam
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ralf Henkel
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (R.F.); (R.H.)
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa
- LogixX Pharma, Theale RG7 4AB, UK
| | - Ramadan Saleh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
- Ajyal IVF Center, Ajyal Hospital, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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Ramírez-Domínguez LB, Agarwal A, Roychoudhury S, Jiménez-Medina I, Moreno-Fernández S, Izquierdo-Martínez M, Kesari K, Flores-Leal A, Villar-Muñoz L, Maldonado-Rosas I. Interplay of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Mammalian Embryo Culture System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1391:243-258. [PMID: 36472826 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12966-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One principal purpose of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is to produce viable and good quality embryos. However, a variety of environmental factors may induce epigenetic changes in the embryo. Moreover, laboratory conditions including the culture media may also affect embryo development. Therefore, media change is an important factor in maintaining proper oxidant/antioxidant balance during embryo culture. Alterations in the oxidant/antioxidant balance are related to various cellular responses such as an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA damage, and apoptosis. The current study focuses on the role of external factors on embryo culture and the ability of antioxidants to enhance in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Indeed, an optimization of media culture by the addition of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in animal models and human embryos in ART has been updated in this study, with an emphasis on comparing the available results and their possible reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kavindra Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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Jeffet U, Shimon R, Sterer N. Effect of High Intensity Blue Light on
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Membrane Integrity. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:178-181. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uziel Jeffet
- Department of Prosthodontics Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Rachel Shimon
- Department of Prosthodontics Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Nir Sterer
- Department of Prosthodontics Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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Tao JX, Zhou WC, Zhu XG. Mitochondria as Potential Targets and Initiators of the Blue Light Hazard to the Retina. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6435364. [PMID: 31531186 PMCID: PMC6721470 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6435364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have an intense emission in the range of blue light, which has raised a range of public concerns about their potential risks as retinal hazards. Distinct from other visible light components, blue light is characterized by short wavelength, high energy, and strong penetration that can reach the retina with relatively little loss in damage potential. Mitochondria are abundant in retinal tissues, giving them relatively high access to blue light, and chromophores, which are enriched in the retina, have many mitochondria able to absorb blue light and induce photochemical effects. Therefore, excessive exposure of the retina to blue light tends to cause ROS accumulation and oxidative stress, which affect the structure and function of the retinal mitochondria and trigger mitochondria-involved death signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight the essential roles of mitochondria in blue light-induced photochemical damage and programmed cell death in the retina, indicate directions for future research and preventive targets in terms of the blue light hazard to the retina, and suggest applying LED devices in a rational way to prevent the blue light hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wen-Chuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xin-Gen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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7
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Janssen AFJ, Katrukha EA, van Straaten W, Verlhac P, Reggiori F, Kapitein LC. Probing aggrephagy using chemically-induced protein aggregates. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4245. [PMID: 30315152 PMCID: PMC6185936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective types of autophagy mediate the clearance of specific cellular components and are essential to maintain cellular homeostasis. However, tools to directly induce and monitor such pathways are limited. Here we introduce the PIM (particles induced by multimerization) assay as a tool for the study of aggrephagy, the autophagic clearance of aggregates. The assay uses an inducible multimerization module to assemble protein clusters, which upon induction recruit ubiquitin, p62, and LC3 before being delivered to lysosomes. Moreover, use of a dual fluorescent tag allows for the direct observation of cluster delivery to the lysosome. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that delivery to the lysosome is partially dependent on p62 and ATG7. This assay will help in elucidating the spatiotemporal dynamics and control mechanisms underlying aggregate clearance by the autophagy-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F J Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy van Straaten
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Mitophagy in hepatocytes: Types, initiators and role in adaptive ethanol metabolism☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2018; 2:125-132. [PMID: 31157120 PMCID: PMC6541449 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy) in hepatocytes is an essential quality control mechanism that removes for lysosomal digestion damaged, effete and superfluous mitochondria. Mitophagy has distinct variants. In type 1 mitophagy, typical of nutrient deprivation, cup-shaped sequestration membranes (phagophores) grow, surround and sequester individual mitochondria into mitophagosomes, often in coordination with mitochondrial fission. After sequestration, the outer compartment of the mitophagosome acidifies and the entrapped mitochondrion depolarizes, followed by fusion with lysosomes. By contrast, mitochondrial depolarization stimulates type 2 mitophagy, which is characterized by coalescence of autophagic microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-containing structures on mitochondrial surfaces without the formation of a phagophore or mitochondrial fission. Oppositely to type 1 mitophagy, the inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) does not block type 2 mitophagy. In type 3 mitophagy, or micromitophagy, mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) enriched in oxidized proteins bud off from mitochondrial inner and outer membranes and incorporate into multivesicular bodies by vesicle scission into the lumen. In response to ethanol feeding, widespread ethanol-induced hepatocellular mitochondrial depolarization occurs to facilitate hepatic ethanol metabolism. As a consequence, type 2 mitophagy develops in response to the mitochondrial depolarization. After chronic high ethanol feeding, processing of depolarized mitochondria by mitophagy becomes compromised, leading to release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) that promote inflammatory and profibrogenic responses. We propose that the persistence of mitochondrial responses for acute ethanol metabolism links initial adaptive ethanol metabolism to mitophagy and then to chronic maladaptive changes initiating onset and the progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD).
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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9
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Dong F, Jin X, Boettler MA, Sciulli H, Abu-Asab M, Del Greco C, Wang S, Hu YC, Campos MM, Jackson SN, Muller L, Woods AS, Combs CA, Zhang J, Nickerson ML, Kruth HS, Weiss JS, Kao WW. A Mouse Model of Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy with the N100S Point Mutation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10219. [PMID: 29977031 PMCID: PMC6033878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease in humans, characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids in cornea caused by mutations in the UbiA prenyltransferase domain containing 1 (UBIAD1) gene. In this study, we generated a mouse line carrying Ubiad1 N100S point mutation using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to investigate the pathogenesis of SCD. In vivo confocal microscopy revealed hyper-reflective dot-like deposits in the anterior cornea in heterozygotes and homozygotes. No significant change was found in corneal epithelial barrier function or wound healing. Electron microscopy revealed abnormal mitochondrial morphology in corneal epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells. Mitochondrial DNA copy number assay showed 1.27 ± 0.07 fold change in homozygotes versus 0.98 ± 0.05 variation in wild type mice (P < 0.05). Lipidomic analysis indicated abnormal metabolism of glycerophosphoglycerols, a lipid class found in mitochondria. Four (34:1, 34:2, 36:2, and 44:8) of the 11 glycerophosphoglycerols species identified by mass spectrometry showed a significant increase in homozygous corneas compared with heterozygous and wild-type mouse corneas. Unexpectedly, we did not find a difference in the corneal cholesterol level between different genotypes by filipin staining or lipidomic analysis. The Ubiad1N100S mouse provides a promising animal model of SCD revealing that mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent component of the disease. The different phenotype in human and mouse may due to difference in cholesterol metabolism between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xueting Jin
- Laboratory of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Harrison Sciulli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Facility, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Transgenic Animal and Genome Editing Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria M Campos
- Histopathology Facility, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Structural Biology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ludovic Muller
- Structural Biology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amina S Woods
- Structural Biology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian A Combs
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Nickerson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Laboratory of Experimental Atherosclerosis, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jayne S Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Winston W Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16071. [PMID: 28179989 PMCID: PMC5292780 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Bystander effect’ refers to the induction of biological effects in cells not directly targeted. The retinal pigment epithelium consists of hexagonal cells, forming a monolayer interconnected by gap junctions (GJs). Oxidative stress initiated in an individual cell by photostimulation (488 nm) triggered changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ψm). The Ca2+ signal was transmitted to neighboring cells slowly and non-uniformly; the ROS signal spread fast and radially. Increased Ca2+ levels were associated with a loss in ψm. GJ blockers prevented the spreading of the Ca2+, but not the ROS-related signal. The GJ-mediated Ca2+ wave was associated with cell death by 24 h, requiring endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria Ca2+ transfer. Ensuing cell death was correlated with baseline Ca2+ levels, and baseline Ca2+ levels were correlated with pigmentation. Hence, local oxidative stress in a donor cell can trigger changes in certain connected recipient cells, a signal that required GJ communication and an ROS-Ca2+ dual-hit. Finally, damage apparently occurred in susceptible cells, which correlated with baseline Ca2+ levels.
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11
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Wataha JC, Lewis JB, Lockwood PE, Hsu S, Messer RL, Rueggeberg FA, Bouillaguet S. Blue Light Differentially Modulates Cell Survival and Growth. J Dent Res 2016; 83:104-8. [PMID: 14742645 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that blue light (400–500 nm) inhibits cell mitochondrial activity. We investigated the hypothesis that cells with high energy consumption are most susceptible to blue-light-induced mitochondrial inhibition. We estimated cell energy consumption by population doubling time, and cell survival and growth by succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Six cell types were exposed to 5 or 60 J/cm2 of blue light from quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH), plasma-arc (PAC), or argon laser sources in monolayer culture. Post-light SDH activity correlated positively with population doubling time (R2 = 0.91 for PAC, 0.76 for QTH, 0.68 for laser); SDH activity increased for cell types with the longest doubling times and was suppressed for cell types with shorter doubling times. Thus, light-induced exposure differentially affects SDH activity, cell survival, and growth, depending on cell energy consumption. Blue light may be useful as a therapeutic modulator of cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wataha
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA 30912-1260, USA.
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12
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Foulkes NS, Whitmore D, Vallone D, Bertolucci C. Studying the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circadian Clock: The Power of Fish as Comparative Models. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 95:1-30. [PMID: 27503352 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The utility of any model species cannot be judged solely in terms of the tools and approaches it provides for genetic analysis. A fundamental consideration is also how its biology has been shaped by the environment and the ecological niche which it occupies. By comparing different species occupying very different habitats we can learn how molecular and cellular mechanisms change during evolution in order to optimally adapt to their environment. Such knowledge is as important as understanding how these mechanisms work. This is illustrated by the use of fish models for studying the function and evolution of the circadian clock. In this review we outline our current understanding of how fish clocks sense and respond to light and explain how this differs fundamentally from the situation with mammalian clocks. In addition, we present results from comparative studies involving two species of blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus and Phreatichthys andruzzii. This work reveals the consequences of evolution in perpetual darkness for the circadian clock and its regulation by light as well as for other mechanisms such as DNA repair, sleep, and metabolism which directly or indirectly are affected by regular exposure to sunlight. Major differences in the cave habitats inhabited by these two cavefish species have a clear impact on shaping the molecular and cellular adaptations to life in complete darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Foulkes
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - D Vallone
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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13
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Di Sante G, Casimiro MC, Pestell TG, Pestell RG. Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27168174 DOI: 10.3791/53657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse video microscopy can be defined as the real time imaging of living cells. This technique relies on the collection of images at different time points. Time intervals can be set through a computer interface that controls the microscope-integrated camera. This kind of microscopy requires both the ability to acquire very rapid events and the signal generated by the observed cellular structure during these events. After the images have been collected, a movie of the entire experiment is assembled to show the dynamic of the molecular events of interest. Time-lapse video microscopy has a broad range of applications in the biomedical research field and is a powerful and unique tool for following the dynamics of the cellular events in real time. Through this technique, we can assess cellular events such as migration, division, signal transduction, growth, and death. Moreover, using fluorescent molecular probes we are able to mark specific molecules, such as DNA, RNA or proteins and follow them through their molecular pathways and functions. Time-lapse video microscopy has multiple advantages, the major one being the ability to collect data at the single-cell level, that make it a unique technology for investigation in the field of cell biology. However, time-lapse video microscopy has limitations that can interfere with the acquisition of high quality images. Images can be compromised by both external factors; temperature fluctuations, vibrations, humidity and internal factors; pH, cell motility. Herein, we describe a protocol for the dynamic acquisition of a specific protein, Parkin, fused with the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) in order to track the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, using a time-lapse video microscopy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, SKCC; Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, SKCC; Kazan Federal University;
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Dany M, Ogretmen B. Ceramide induced mitophagy and tumor suppression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2834-45. [PMID: 25634657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipid effectors, which are involved in the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Sphingolipids play essential roles in controlling cell inflammation, proliferation, death, migration, senescence, metastasis and autophagy. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been also implicated in many human cancers. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is a form of nonselective sequestering of cytosolic materials by double membrane structures, autophagosomes, which can be either protective or lethal for cells. Ceramide, a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of autophagy at various levels, including the induction of lethal mitophagy, a selective autophagy process to target and eliminate damaged mitochondria. In this review, we focused on recent studies with regard to the regulation of autophagy, in particular lethal mitophagy, by ceramide, and aimed at providing discussion points for various context-dependent roles and mechanisms of action of ceramide in controlling mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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15
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Lee S, Zhang C, Liu X. Role of glucose metabolism and ATP in maintaining PINK1 levels during Parkin-mediated mitochondrial damage responses. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:904-17. [PMID: 25404737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in several genes, including PINK1 and Parkin, are known to cause autosomal recessive cases of Parkinson disease in humans. These genes operate in the same pathway and play a crucial role in mitochondrial dynamics and maintenance. PINK1 is required to recruit Parkin to mitochondria and initiate mitophagy upon mitochondrial depolarization. In this study, we show that PINK1-dependent Parkin mitochondrial recruitment in response to global mitochondrial damage by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine (CCCP) requires active glucose metabolism. Parkin accumulation on mitochondria and subsequent Parkin-dependent mitophagy is abrogated in glucose-free medium or in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose upon CCCP treatment. The defects in Parkin recruitment correlate with intracellular ATP levels and can be attributed to suppression of PINK1 up-regulation in response to mitochondria depolarization. Low levels of ATP appear to prevent PINK1 translation instead of affecting PINK1 mRNA expression or reducing its stability. Consistent with a requirement of ATP for elevated PINK1 levels and Parkin mitochondrial recruitment, local or individual mitochondrial damage via photoirradiation does not affect Parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria as long as a pool of functional mitochondria is present in the photoirradiated cells even in glucose-free or 2-deoxy-D-glucose-treated conditions. Thus, our data identify ATP as a key regulator for Parkin mitochondrial translocation and sustaining elevated PINK1 levels during mitophagy. PINK1 functions as an AND gate and a metabolic sensor coupling biogenetics of cells and stress signals to mitochondria dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuyler Lee
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Conggang Zhang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Xuedong Liu
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303
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16
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Osborne NN, Núñez-Álvarez C, del Olmo-Aguado S. The effect of visual blue light on mitochondrial function associated with retinal ganglions cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lemasters JJ. Variants of mitochondrial autophagy: Types 1 and 2 mitophagy and micromitophagy (Type 3). Redox Biol 2014; 2:749-54. [PMID: 25009776 PMCID: PMC4085350 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy), which removes damaged, effete and superfluous mitochondria, has several distinct variants. In Type 1 mitophagy occurring during nutrient deprivation, preautophagic structures (PAS) grow into cup-shaped phagophores that surround and sequester individual mitochondria into mitophagosomes, a process requiring phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and often occurring in coordination with mitochondrial fission. After sequestration, the outer compartment of the mitophagosome acidifies, followed by mitochondrial depolarization and ultimately hydrolytic digestion in lysosomes. Mitochondrial damage stimulates Type 2 mitophagy. After photodamage to single mitochondria, depolarization occurs followed by decoration and then coalescence of autophagic LC3-containing structures on mitochondrial surfaces. Vesicular acidification then occurs. By contrast to Type 1 mitophagy, PI3K inhibition does not block Type 2 mitophagy. Further, Type 2 mitophagy is not associated with phagophore formation or mitochondrial fission. A third form of self-eating of mitochondria is formation of mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) enriched in oxidized mitochondrial proteins that bud off and transit into multivesicular bodies. Topologically, the internalization of MDV by invagination of the surface of multivesicular bodies followed by vesicle scission into the lumen is a form of microautophagy, or micromitophagy (Type 3 mitophagy). Cell biological distinctions are the basis for these three types of mitophagy. Future studies are needed to better characterize the molecular and biochemical differences between Types 1, 2 and 3 mitophagy.
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Key Words
- 3 MA, 3-methyladenine
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein-1
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3
- LTR, LysoTracker Red
- MDV, mitochondria-derived vesicle
- MFFR, MitoFluor Far Red
- MV633, MitoView 633
- Micromitophagy
- Mitochondria-derived vesicles
- Mitophagy
- Nutrient deprivation
- PAS, preautophagic structure
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Photodamage
- Preautophagic structure
- TMRM, tetramethyrhodamine methyester
- TOM20, transporter of the outer membrane-20
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- ΔΨ, membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD504 Drug Discovery Building, 70 President Street, MSC 140, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, United States of America
- Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
- Correspondence address: Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD504 Drug Discovery Building, 70 President Street, MSC 140, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America.
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18
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Sterer N, Jeffet U, Dadoun A, Greenstein RBN, Kohavi D. Zinc enhances the phototoxic effect of blue light against malodour-producing bacteria in an experimental oral biofilm. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1071-1075. [PMID: 24913560 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.075044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral malodour is thought to be caused mainly by the production of volatile sulfide compounds (VSCs) by anaerobic Gram-negative oral bacteria. Previous studies have shown that these bacteria are susceptible to blue light (400-500 nm wavelength). In the present study, we tested the effect of blue light in the presence of zinc, erythrosine B or both on malodour production in an experimental oral biofilm. Biofilms were exposed to a plasma-arc light source for 30, 60 and 120 s (equal to energy fluxes of 41, 82 and 164 J cm(-2), respectively) with or without the addition of zinc acetate, erythrosine B or both. After the light exposure, biofilm samples were examined for malodour production (by an odour judge) and VSC production (with a Halimeter), and VSC-producing bacteria were quantified using a microscopy-based sulfide assay (MSA) and in situ confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results showed that exposing experimental oral biofilm to both blue light and zinc reduced malodour production, which coincided with a reduction in VSC-producing bacteria in the biofilm. These results suggest that zinc enhances the phototoxicity of blue light against malodour-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Sterer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39796, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Uziel Jeffet
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39796, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Aurel Dadoun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39796, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Bar-Ness Greenstein
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39796, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Kohavi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39796, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Padman BS, Bach M, Ramm G. An improved procedure for subcellular spatial alignment during live-cell CLEM. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95967. [PMID: 24755651 PMCID: PMC3995996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) offers unique insights into the ultrastructure of dynamic cellular processes. A critical and technically challenging part of CLEM is the 3-dimensional relocation of the intracellular region of interest during sample processing. We have developed a simple CLEM procedure that uses toner particles from a laser printer as orientation marks. This facilitates easy tracking of a region of interest even by eye throughout the whole procedure. Combined with subcellular fluorescence markers for the plasma membrane and nucleus, the toner particles allow for precise subcellular spatial alignment of the optical and electron microscopy data sets. The toner-based reference grid is printed and transferred onto a polymer film using a standard office printer and laminator. We have also designed a polymer film holder that is compatible with most inverted microscopes, and have validated our strategy by following the ultrastructure of mitochondria that were selectively photo-irradiated during live-cell microscopy. In summary, our inexpensive and robust CLEM procedure simplifies optical imaging, without limiting the choice of optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Padman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Markus Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Czaja MJ, Ding WX, Donohue TM, Friedman SL, Kim JS, Komatsu M, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lin JD, Ou JHJ, Perlmutter DH, Randall G, Ray RB, Tsung A, Yin XM. Functions of autophagy in normal and diseased liver. Autophagy 2013; 9:1131-58. [PMID: 23774882 DOI: 10.4161/auto.25063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as a critical lysosomal pathway that maintains cell function and survival through the degradation of cellular components such as organelles and proteins. Investigations specifically employing the liver or hepatocytes as experimental models have contributed significantly to our current knowledge of autophagic regulation and function. The diverse cellular functions of autophagy, along with unique features of the liver and its principal cell type the hepatocyte, suggest that the liver is highly dependent on autophagy for both normal function and to prevent the development of disease states. However, instances have also been identified in which autophagy promotes pathological changes such as the development of hepatic fibrosis. Considerable evidence has accumulated that alterations in autophagy are an underlying mechanism of a number of common hepatic diseases including toxin-, drug- and ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury, fatty liver, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles that autophagy plays in normal hepatic physiology and pathophysiology with the intent of furthering the development of autophagy-based therapies for human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Czaja
- Department of Medicine; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
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22
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Higuchi A, Shen PY, Zhao JK, Chen CW, Ling QD, Chen H, Wang HC, Bing JT, Hsu ST. Osteoblast Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid-Derived Stem Cells Irradiated with Visible Light. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2593-602. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Hsi-Chi City, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Shen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Kai Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Hsi-Chi City, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chow Wang
- Hungchi Women and Children's Hospital, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kim I, Lemasters JJ. Mitophagy selectively degrades individual damaged mitochondria after photoirradiation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1919-28. [PMID: 21126216 PMCID: PMC3078512 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria are proposed to be removed by autophagy. However, selective degradation of damaged mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy) has yet to be experimentally verified. In this study, we investigated the cellular fate of individual mitochondria damaged by photoirradiation in hepatocytes isolated from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein fused to microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, a marker of forming and newly formed autophagosomes. Photoirradiation with 488-nm light induced mitochondrial depolarization (release of tetramethylrhodamine methylester [TMRM]) in a dose-dependent fashion. At lower doses of light, mitochondria depolarized transiently with re-polarization within 3 min. With greater light, mitochondrial depolarization became irreversible. Irreversible, but not reversible, photodamage induced autophagosome formation after 32±5 min. Photodamage-induced mitophagy was independent of TMRM, as photodamage also induced mitophagy in the absence of TMRM. Photoirradiation with 543-nm light did not induce mitophagy. As revealed by uptake of LysoTracker Red, mitochondria weakly acidified after photodamage before a much stronger acidification after autophagosome formation. Photodamage-induced mitophagy was not blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition with 3-methyladenine (10 mM) or wortmannin (100 nM). In conclusion, individual damaged mitochondria become selectively degraded by mitophagy, but photodamage-induced mitophagic sequestration occurs independently of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, the classical upstream signaling pathway of nutrient deprivation-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insil Kim
- Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Ling QD, Ho LY, Ko YA, Chang Y, Higuchi A. Visible Light-Regulated Gene Expression and Neurite Outgrowth of Nerve Cells. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.10we204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Ho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
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Ojaimi C, Kinugawa S, Recchia FA, Hintze TH. Oxidant-NO dependent gene regulation in dogs with type I diabetes: impact on cardiac function and metabolism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:43. [PMID: 20735837 PMCID: PMC2936363 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular mortality in type I diabetes (DM) have not been defined completely. We have shown in conscious dogs with DM that: 1) baseline coronary blood flow (CBF) was significantly decreased, 2) endothelium-dependent (ACh) coronary vasodilation was impaired, and 3) reflex cholinergic NO-dependent coronary vasodilation was selectively depressed. The most likely mechanism responsible for the depressed reflex cholinergic NO-dependent coronary vasodilation was the decreased bioactivity of NO from the vascular endothelium. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in cardiac gene expression in a canine model of alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes. Methods Mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented and the dogs were divided into two groups: one normal and the other diabetic. In the diabetic group, the dogs were injected with alloxan monohydrate (40-60 mg/kg iv) over 1 min. The global changes in cardiac gene expression in dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes were studied using Affymetrix Canine Array. Cardiac RNA was extracted from the control and DM (n = 4). Results The array data revealed that 797 genes were differentially expressed (P < 0.01; fold change of at least ±2). 150 genes were expressed at significantly greater levels in diabetic dogs and 647 were significantly reduced. There was no change in eNOS mRNA. There was up regulation of some components of the NADPH oxidase subunits (gp91 by 2.2 fold, P < 0.03), and down-regulation of SOD1 (3 fold, P < 0.001) and decrease (4 - 40 fold) in a large number of genes encoding mitochondrial enzymes. In addition, there was down-regulation of Ca2+ cycling genes (ryanodine receptor; SERCA2 Calcium ATPase), structural proteins (actin alpha). Of particular interests are genes involved in glutathione metabolism (glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase), which were markedly down regulated. Conclusion our findings suggest that type I diabetes might have a direct effect on the heart by impairing NO bioavailability through oxidative stress and perhaps lipid peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ojaimi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Bonstein T, Mikulski LM, Bush MA, Bush PJ. Photoactivated disinfection of Streptococcus intermedius through dentin disc at clinically relevant intervals: an in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:771-7. [PMID: 20705280 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this present study we have tested the impact of porfimer sodium (Photofrin, AXCAN PHARMA Inc., Quebec, Canada) photoactivated disinfection (PD) on cells of Streptococcus intermedius in suspension. In order to provide basic data to support future clinical studies of PD in dentistry the study used exposure to Quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) dental curing light for clinically relevant time periods to activate Photofrin and measured its effectiveness under a variety of conditions including activation through dentin hard tissue. S. intermedius was grown in planktonic suspension for 48h. Nine groups were formed: three control groups (1-3) and six experimental groups (4-9). Groups 4-6 tested the use of Photofrin treatment combined with QTH light at various intervals of irradiation (5, 15 and 60s). Groups 7-9 were similar to groups 4-6 with the exception that irradiation commenced through a dentin disc. Following treatment, bacteria were plated. Colony counts were measured following 72h incubation at 37 degrees C. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA at a 95% confidence level. A significant reduction in S. intermedius colony counts was observed for all experimental groups and one control group. The reduction in numbers of colonies in the experimental groups varied from 79.28 to 99.40% with an average of 94.61%. Reduction in viable bacterial cells indicated a strong relationship between power density and irradiation interval. When curing light energy density was lower due to the irradiation through the 1mm dentin disc, prolonged irradiation interval enhanced bacterial kill. In conclusion, where direct irradiation is not possible for PD treatment, irradiation through dentin may still be done successfully within a clinically relevant interval.
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Boone WR, Higdon HL, Johnson JE. Quality Management Issues in the Assisted Reproduction Laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/205891581000100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) of 1988 describes requirements and guidelines for implementing a quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program for moderate and high complexity laboratories. These requirements and guidelines apply to Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) laboratories as well. The general topic of QC and QA as it pertains to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) is extensively reviewed. This review summarizes many of the QC and QA events that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in this biotechnological field. These events include control of the culture environment inside and outside of the incubator, as well as factors that affect culture media. This review also discusses, in considerable detail, the QC and the QA that pertain to equipment used within the laboratory and how to control for potential contaminants, which reside within the laboratory. This review provides evidence to indicate the need for laboratory personnel to monitor quality improvement issues on a continuous basis. Personnel must be willing to change as improvements in technology occur in order to meet the ever-evolving demands of a more difficult patient population. Suggestions for meeting these demands are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Boone
- Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Greenville, South Carolina Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - H. Lee Higdon
- Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Greenville, South Carolina Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Jane E. Johnson
- Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Greenville, South Carolina Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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28
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Eliades T. Polymerization Lamps and Photocuring in Orthodontics. Semin Orthod 2010. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Blay J, Price RB. Cellular inhibition produced by dental curing lights is a heating artifact. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 93:367-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Taoufik K, Mavrogonatou E, Eliades T, Papagiannoulis L, Eliades G, Kletsas D. Effect of blue light on the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts. Dent Mater 2008; 24:895-900. [PMID: 18164382 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have reported that blue light, under conditions similar to those used for orthodontic bonding, influences several aspects of cellular physiology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the exposure to blue light curing sources, i.e. halogen, light emitting diode (LED) and plasma arc irradiation, on the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts. METHODS Primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to halogen, LED and plasma arc irradiation for 240, 180 and 120 s, respectively. The effect of blue light on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation was estimated by tritiated thymidine incorporation and direct cell counting, respectively. The possible involvement of an oxidative stress on the effect of blue light irradiation was studied by using N-acetyl-cysteine. Finally the formation of DNA double-strand breaks after irradiation was studied by immunofluorescence with an antibody against histone H2A.x phosphorylated in Ser139. RESULTS Blue light showed no immediate effect on the regulation of DNA synthesis. However, exposure of cells to these light sources inhibits cell proliferation measured one week after irradiation. This phenomenon is not attributed to the formation of DNA double strand breaks and cannot be annulled by N-acetyl-cysteine. SIGNIFICANCE The results presented here indicate a mild inhibition of gingival fibroblasts' proliferation after exposure to blue light and necessitate further study to clarify the exact mechanism underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taoufik
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Greece
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WATAHA JC, LEWIS JB, LOCKWOOD PE, NODA M, MESSER RL, HSU S. Response of THP-1 monocytes to blue light from dental curing lights. J Oral Rehabil 2008; 35:105-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Higuchi A, Watanabe T, Noguchi Y, Chang Y, Chen WY, Matsuoka Y. Visible light regulates neurite outgrowth of nerve cells. Cytotechnology 2007; 54:181-8. [PMID: 19003010 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells on collagen-coated glass plates under light emitting diode (LED) irradiation at several wavelengths (i.e., 455, 470, 525, 600, 630, 880 and 945 nm) was investigated. No neurite outgrowth was observed during cultivation under irradiation from the lamp of an inverted light microscope through filters (yielding mixed light at ca. 525 nm and more than 800 nm), whereas neurite outgrowth was observed during cultivation in the dark. When these cells were irradiated with monochromatic LED light, neurite outgrowth was slightly, but not completely, suppressed at 455, 525, 600, 630, 880 and 945 nm, as was observed in the case of mixed light. Long connected neuronal outgrowths (e.g., 3 mm length) were observed with LED light at 470 nm and 1.8 mW/cm(2) intensity. No such outgrowths were observed at other LED light wavelengths (i.e., 455, 525, 600, 630, 880 and 945 nm). Irradiation at 470 nm may have caused specific responses to transductional signals in these cells that led to the connection of neuronal outgrowths between cells. Not only suppressed neurite outgrowth but also long connected neurite outgrowths were observed when PC12 cells were cultured under several different wavelengths of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan,
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Ottosen LDM, Hindkjaer J, Ingerslev J. Light exposure of the ovum and preimplantation embryo during ART procedures. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007; 24:99-103. [PMID: 17216346 PMCID: PMC3454986 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-006-9081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to visible light (400-700 nm wavelengths) is an unnatural stress factor to preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro. This study investigated the spectral composition and intensity of light during IVF procedures, and calculated radiation doses reaching the embryo during handling and manipulation. The study shows that normal IVF procedure may result in stressing radiation doses, unless filters are applied. This is at present not sufficiently recognised. No Danish IVF clinics use filters to protect embryos against visible light. 95% of the radiation was from microscopes. Ambient light, in contrast, was not a significant contributor to light stress and the use of dark laboratories is not justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars D M Ottosen
- The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby Sygehus, Brendstrupgaardsvej 8200 Arhus N, Denmark.
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Lukivskaya O, Patsenker E, Buko VU. Protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on liver mitochondrial function in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes: link with oxidative stress. Life Sci 2007; 80:2397-402. [PMID: 17512017 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress and evaluated their relationships in the livers of rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single alloxan injection (150 mg kg(-1) b.w., i.p.). UDCA (40 mg kg(-1) b.w., i.g., 30 days) was administered from the 5th day after the alloxan treatment. Mitochondrial functions were evaluated by oxygen consumption with Clark oxygen electrode using succinate, pyruvate+malate or palmitoyl carnitine as substrates and by determination of succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase activities. Liver mitochondria were used to measure chemiluminiscence enhanced by luminol and lucigenin, reduced liver glutathione and the end-products of lipid peroxidation. The activities of both NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase as well as the respiratory control (RC) value with all the substrates and the ADP/O ratio with pyruvate+malate and succinate as substrates were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. UDCA developed the beneficial effect on the mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation parameters in alloxan-treated rats, whereas the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were increased insignificantly after the administration of UDCA. The contents of polar carbonyls and MDA as well as the chemiluminescence with luminol were elevated in liver mitochondria of diabetic rats. The treatment with UDCA normalized all the above parameters measured except the MDA content. UDCA administration prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in rats treated with alloxan and this process is closely connected with inhibition of oxidative stress by this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Lukivskaya
- Department of Experimental Hepatology, Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, BLK-50, Grodno, Belarus
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Koncz P, Szanda G, Rajki A, Spät A. Reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial NAD(P)H level in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Cell Calcium 2006; 40:347-57. [PMID: 16765442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The acute effects of ultraviolet light, the superoxide-generating xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and H(2)O(2) to on calcium signaling and mitochondrial pyridine nucleotide metabolism were investigated in rat glomerulosa cells. UV light induced the formation of superoxide, that, similar to exogenously applied superoxide and H(2)O(2), decreased the level of mitochondrial NAD(P)H. Free radical scavengers antagonized this effect of UV light. Extracellularly generated superoxide elicited Ca(2+) transients and inhibited angiotensin II-induced cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signaling. Low intensity UV light did not affect basal [Ca(2+)] and failed to influence Ca(2+) signaling induced by depolarization or store depletion. UV light of the same low power reduced both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) signals induced by angiotensin II. The lack of UV effect on inositol phosphate formation indicates that the inhibition of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signaling is due to reduced Ca(2+) release from InsP(3)-sensitive stores. Decreased mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake may be attributed to UV-induced perturbation of the perimitochondrial microdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Koncz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
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Omata Y, Lewis JB, Rotenberg S, Lockwood PE, Messer RLW, Noda M, Hsu SD, Sano H, Wataha JC. Intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species generated by blue light. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 77:470-7. [PMID: 16482554 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Blue light from dental photopolymerization devices has significant biological effects on cells. These effects may alter normal cell function of tissues exposed during placement of oral restorations, but recent data suggest that some light-induced effects may also be therapeutically useful, for example in the treatment of epithelial cancers. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to mediate blue light effects in cells, but the sources of ROS (intra- versus extracellular) and their respective roles in the cellular response to blue light are not known. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that intra- and extracellular sources of blue light-generated ROS synergize to depress mitochondrial function. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSC2) cells were exposed to blue light (380-500 nm; 5-60 J/cm(2)) from a dental photopolymerization source (quartz-tungsten-halogen, 550 mW/cm(2)). Light was applied in cell-culture media or balanced salt solutions with or without cells present. Intracellular ROS levels were estimated using the dihydrofluorescein diacetate (DFDA) assay; extracellular ROS levels were estimated using the leucocrystal violet assay. Cell response was estimated using the MTT mitochondrial activity assay. Blue light increased intracellular ROS equally in both NHEK and OSC2. Blue light also increased ROS levels in cell-free MEM or salt solutions, and riboflavin supplements increased ROS formation. Extracellularly applied ROS rapidly (50-400 muM, <1 min) increased intracellular ROS levels, which were higher and longer-lived in NHEK than OSC2. The type of cell-culture medium significantly affected the ability of blue light to suppress cellular mitochondrial activity; the greatest suppression was observed in DMEM-containing or NHEK media. Collectively, the data support our hypothesis that intra- and extracellularly generated ROS synergize to affect cellular mitochondrial suppression of tumor cells in response to blue light. However, the identity of blue light targets that mediate these changes remain unclear. These data support additional investigations into the risks of coincident exposure of tissues to blue light during material polymerization of restorative materials, and possible therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Omata
- Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Sengun A, Buyukbas S, Hakki SS. Cytotoxic effects of dental desensitizers on human gingival fibroblasts. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 78:131-7. [PMID: 16470823 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different desensitizers on the cell viability and morphology of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Human gingival tissues were obtained from individuals who have clinically, healthy periodontium. HGF were grown at 37 degrees C in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, supplemented with glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were treated with different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 microL/mL) of desensitizers (Gluma Desensitizer, Seal&Protect, and MicroPrime). After 24- and 48-h exposure to the desensitizer solutions, the viable cells were examined using a hemocytometer. To monitor HGF viability, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay was used and cell morphology was also observed at 48 h. Following exposure to concentrations of 0.1 microL/mL of test materials for 24 h, cell survival rates for Gluma Desensitizer (106%) and Micro Prime (62%) were not significantly different from the control, while it was significant for Seal&Protect (50%). Growing cells were significantly inhibited by all tested materials for 48 h (p < 0.05) in survival rates of 51, 47, and 31%, respectively. On the basis of the MTT assay, the cytotoxic effect of MicroPrime was more prominent, especially at high concentrations, than does Gluma Desensitizer and Seal&Protect. After exposure to Seal&Protect and MicroPrime, HGF became retracted, rounded in appearance and had loss of normal organization, leading to enlargement of intercellular space when compared with Gluma Desensitizer. As a conclusion, taking the limitations of an in vitro experiment into consideration, the cytotoxic effects were varied, depending on the chemical composition and exposure periods of the tested desensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sengun
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya 42075, Turkey.
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Sterer N, Feuerstein O. Effect of visible light on malodour production by mixed oral microflora. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:1225-1229. [PMID: 16278438 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral malodour is considered to be caused by the proteolytic activity of anaerobic Gram-negative oral bacteria. In a previous study, it was shown that these bacteria were susceptible to blue light (wavelengths of 400-500 nm). In this study, the effect of blue light on malodour production by mixed oral microflora was tested in a salivary incubation assay. Whole saliva samples were exposed to a xenon light source for 30, 60, 120 and 240 s, equivalent to fluences of 34, 68, 137 and 274 J cm(-2), respectively. Malodour was scored by two judges. The levels of volatile sulfide compounds (VSC) were measured using a sulfide monitor (Halimeter), the microbial population was assessed using viable counts and microscopy, salivary protein degradation was followed by SDS-PAGE densitometry and VSC-producing bacteria were demonstrated using a differential agar. The results showed that the exposure of mixed salivary microflora to blue light caused a reduction in malodour production concomitant with a selective inhibitory effect on the population of Gram-negative oral bacteria. These results suggest that light exposure might have clinical applications for the treatment of oral malodour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Sterer
- The Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Osnat Feuerstein
- The Hebrew University - Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Shibuki K, Ono K, Hishida R, Kudoh M. Endogenous fluorescence imaging of somatosensory cortical activities after discrimination learning in rats. Neuroimage 2005; 30:735-44. [PMID: 16278085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic energy metabolism in the brain is reflected as changes in the green fluorescence of mitochondrial flavoproteins, and the activity-dependent changes in endogenous fluorescence are applicable for functional brain imaging. To understand the roles of cortical plasticity in discrimination learning, we used flavoprotein fluorescence imaging to visualize changes of neural activities in the rat primary somatosensory cortex (SI) after learning. Rats were trained to discriminate floor vibration at rewarded and unrewarded frequencies. After this discrimination learning was accomplished in 3-5 days, the rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg, i.p.), and neural responses were recorded in SI during flutter stimuli applied to the contralateral hindpaw. The fluorescence responses to the stimuli at unrewarded frequencies were selectively depressed in the trained rats, which had behaviorally neglected unrewarded stimuli. The depression of cortical responses was not observed in the rats trained with rewarded stimuli only. Therefore, the stimulus-specific depression in SI might explain a part of neural mechanisms underlying discrimination behavior. To reproduce the stimulus-specific depression of cortical responses in anesthetized rats, tetanic cortical stimulation was paired with flutter stimulation applied to the hindpaw. Selective depression of fluorescence responses or field potentials in SI was induced by the paired stimulation. Our findings suggest that some intracortical circuits in SI are specifically tuned to and modulated by unrewarded stimuli of a particular frequency while SI neurons are responsive to both of rewarded and unrewarded stimuli. The present results indicate the usefulness of flavoprotein fluorescence imaging for investigating somatosensory cortical plasticity after learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuei Shibuki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1 Asahi-machi, Niigata 951-8585, Japan.
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Lockwood DB, Wataha JC, Lewis JB, Tseng WY, Messer RLW, Hsu SD. Blue light generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) differentially in tumor vs. normal epithelial cells. Dent Mater 2005; 21:683-8. [PMID: 15978279 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blue light of high intensity is commonly used in dentistry to activate polymerization of resin restorative materials. Other than its effects on the retina, the biological effects of blue light (380-500nm wavelengths) are poorly studied. Limited evidence suggests that blue light acts by forming intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that then affect critical cell functions. If the biological effects of blue light are redox-mediated, antioxidants might be used to mitigate unwanted side effects of blue light during clinical use, or blue light might be used therapeutically to modulate redox-sensitive cell signaling responses. METHODS Intracellular ROS were estimated using HFLUOR-DA (dihydrofluorescein diacetate), a vital fluorescein-based, redox-sensitive dye. ROS were measured in normal (NHEK) and oral squamous carcinoma (OSC2) epithelial cells, shown previously to respond differentially to blue light irradiation. Two-hour cumulative levels of ROS and approximate ROS lifetimes were measured after irradiation doses of 5-30 J/cm(2). The blue light-induced generation of ROS was further tested by the ability of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E to mitigate intracellular ROS levels. RESULTS Dose-dependent ROS levels were generated in both NHEK and OSC2 cells, but cumulative levels were higher and persisted longer in the OSC2 cells. Both vitamin E and NAC significantly reduced blue-light-induced levels of ROS, but were more effective in the OSC2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE The induction of intracellular ROS by blue light implies that redox effects may mediate cellular responses to blue light. This result suggests the opportunity to mitigate any effects of direct or coincident exposure during dental treatment via antioxidants, and the opportunity to exploit differences in redox processing among cells for possible treatment of epithelial cancer or wound healing.
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Papapostolou I, Patsoukis N, Georgiou CD. The fluorescence detection of superoxide radical using hydroethidine could be complicated by the presence of heme proteins. Anal Biochem 2004; 332:290-8. [PMID: 15325298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that hydroethidine (HE) used for the qualitative detection of superoxide anion can also be oxidized by heme proteins such as the mitochondrial cytochromes, hemoglobin, and myoglobin, forming spectrally nonhomogenous mixtures of HE-derived products of various oxidation states. All oxidation products show excitation/emission peaks (490-495/580-600 nm) near the excitation/emission peaks (475/570 nm) of the HE-superoxide oxidation product, and this may pose serious interference problems to the fluorescent detection of the superoxide radical. This paper discusses possible precautionary steps that should be taken to minimize the interfering problems in the HE-superoxide assay and suggests its use mainly for reactive oxygen species detection.
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JOU MEIJIE, JOU SHUOBIN, GUO MEIJIN, WU HONGYUEH, PENG TSUNGI. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Calcium Increase Induced by Visible Light in Astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1293.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jou MJ, Jou SB, Guo MJ, Wu HY, Peng TI. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and calcium increase induced by visible light in astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1011:45-56. [PMID: 15126282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-41088-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain photosensitive chromophores that can be activated or inhibited by light in the visible range. Rather than utilizing light energy, however, mitochondrial electron transport oxidation-reduction reaction and energy coupling could be stimulated or damaged by visible light. Our previous work demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in cultured astrocytes after visible laser irradiation. With confocal fluorescence microscopy, we found that ROS were generated mostly from mitochondria. This mitochondrial ROS (mROS) formation plays a critical role in photoirradiation-induced phototoxicity and apoptosis. In this study, we measured changes of mitochondrial calcium level ([Ca(2+)](m)) in cultured astrocytes (RBA-1 cell line) irradiated with blue light and examined the association between mROS formation and [Ca(2+)](m) level changes. Changes of intracellular ROS and [Ca(2+)](m) were visualized using fluorescent probes 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF), and rhod-2. After exposure to visible light irradiation, RBA-1 astrocytes showed a rapid increase in ROS accumulation particularly in the mitochondrial area. Increase in [Ca(2+)](m) was also induced by photoirradiation. The levels of increase in DCF fluorescence intensity varied among different astrocytes. Some of the cells generated much higher levels of ROS than others. For those cells that had high ROS levels, mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels were also high. In cells that had mild ROS levels, mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels were only slightly increased. The rate of increase in DCF fluorescence seemed to be close to the rate of rhod-2 fluorescence increase. There is a positive and close correlation between mitochondrial ROS levels and mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels in astrocytes irradiated by visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jie Jou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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44
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Chang Sook Kim, Jung J. Inactivation of the respiratory chain in plant mitochondria by visible light: the primary target for photodamage and endogenous photosensitizing chromophores. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07144-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Salet C, Moreno G. Photodynamic action increases leakage of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Int J Radiat Biol 1995; 67:477-80. [PMID: 7738412 DOI: 10.1080/09553009514550551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver submitochondrial particles were treated with rose bengal or flavin mononucleotide and irradiated with visible or near UV light. In both cases, oxygen consumption is impaired after irradiation while O2-. production increases significantly. This suggests that exogenous or endogenous photosensitizers can induce more electron leakage in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Photobiological implications in dermatology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salet
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, INSERM U 201, CNRS URA 481, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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46
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Organisciak DT, Winkler BS. Retinal light damage: Practical and theoretical considerations. Prog Retin Eye Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1350-9462(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anderson RE, Kretzer FL, Rapp LM. Free radicals and ocular disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1994; 366:73-86. [PMID: 7771292 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1833-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ames, Shigenaga, and Hagen recently published a thorough review of the relationship between oxidants, antioxidants, and degenerative diseases of ageing. They point out that only 9% of Americans daily consume the two fruits and three vegetables recommended by the National Cancer Institute and the National Research Council/National Academy of Science. In addition to antioxidants, these foodstuffs contain many essential micronutrients. To date, specific recommendations for antioxidant supplementation have not been made by any governmental agency or professional association. A number of clinical, basic, and epidemiological studies have implicated free radical induced lipid peroxidation in various ocular disorders. It would seem prudent that those persons at greatest risk for these disorders take some precautions, which could include sunglasses that filter ultraviolet light; hats that shield the eyes from direct sunlight; and the ingestion of fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Anderson
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Iijima K, Shimoyama N, Shimoyama M, Mizuguchi T, Tamura K. Do low-power lasers change phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membrane? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LASER MEDICINE & SURGERY 1993; 11:191-5. [PMID: 10146386 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1993.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of the He-Ne laser (632.8 nm of wavelength, 8.5 mW in power, Senko Med. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) on the phase transition temperature of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membranes. Liposomal bilayers of DPPC (12.5 mM) were obtained with ultrasonification for 45 min at 40 degrees C and refrigerated for 2-3 days at 5 degrees C. The bilayers vesicle solution was divided into 3-ml working aliquots, which were assigned to three groups. The aliquots in Group 1 were used as controls without irradiation and the aliquots in Groups 2 and 3 were irradiated in 37 degrees C baths for 15 to 30 min, respectively. To determine phase transition temperature, optical density (%T; percent of permittance) of each aliquot was measured spectrophotomechanically at a wavelength of 440 nm while increasing its temperature at a rate of 0.5 degrees C every minute. Main phase transition temperatures in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 41.54 +/- 0.23 degrees C (n = 10), 41.50 +/- 0.27 degrees C (n = 10), and 41.30 +/- 0.36 degrees C (n = 10), respectively. No significant difference between the nonirradiation and irradiation groups was established. These results suggest that irradiations of low-power He-Ne lasers up to 30 min do not change important physical characteristics of artificial DPPC membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iijima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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Jung J, Kim YJ. INACTIVATION OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE ENZYMES AS A RESULT OF PHOTODYNAMIC SENSITIZATION BY MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jung J, Kim HJ, Cho M. ACTION SPECTRA FOR THE GENERATION OF SINGLET OXYGEN FROM MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES FROM SOYBEAN (Glycine max) HYPOCOTYLS. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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