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Liu X, Yang X, Ye L, Chan EWC, Chen S. Genetic Characterization of a Conjugative Plasmid That Encodes Azithromycin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0078822. [PMID: 35471094 PMCID: PMC9241616 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00788-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of azithromycin resistance have rarely been reported. In this study, an IncFIB/IncHI1B plasmid that confers resistance to azithromycin was recovered from a clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. This plasmid could be efficiently disseminated to Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens through conjugation. This plasmid was shown to carry three macrolide resistance genes: erm(B), a novel erm(42) gene, and mph(A). The functions of erm(42) were confirmed by direct cloning of this gene and determination of the MIC of azithromycin in strains of various bacterial species which have acquired this gene. Of particular concern is the potential transmission of azithromycin-resistance to extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella, which causes infections for which treatment options are extremely limited. Monitoring and preventing dissemination of this azithromycin resistance-encoding conjugative plasmid in Enterobacteriaceae is of utmost importance. IMPORTANCE In this study, we identified a conjugative plasmid carrying a novel azithromycin resistance gene, erm(42), from a clinical K. pneumoniae strain. Conjugation of this plasmid into Salmonella conjugants conferred resistance to azithromycin, which is considered a choice for treating Salmonella infections. Of particular concern is the dissemination of this type of azithromycin resistance-encoding conjugative plasmid to extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella. The study shows that further monitoring of the dissemination of this plasmid in clinical strains of Salmonella spp. is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Combined available nitrogen resources enhanced erythromycin production and preliminary exploration of metabolic flux analysis under nitrogen perturbations. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1747-1756. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Comprehensive Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Macrocyclic Natural Products Enabled by Their Total Syntheses. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10002-10031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Golkar T, Zieliński M, Berghuis AM. Look and Outlook on Enzyme-Mediated Macrolide Resistance. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1942. [PMID: 30177927 PMCID: PMC6109786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the early 1950s, macrolide antibiotics have been used in both agriculture and medicine. Specifically, macrolides such as erythromycin and azithromycin have found use as substitutes for β-lactam antibiotics in patients with penicillin allergies. Given the extensive use of this class of antibiotics it is no surprise that resistance has spread among pathogenic bacteria. In these bacteria different mechanisms of resistance have been observed. Frequently observed are alterations in the target of macrolides, i.e., the ribosome, as well as upregulation of efflux pumps. However, drug modification is also increasingly observed. Two classes of enzymes have been implicated in macrolide detoxification: macrolide phosphotransferases and macrolide esterases. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on what is known about macrolide resistance with an emphasis on the macrolide phosphotransferase and esterase enzymes. Furthermore, we explore how this information can assist in addressing resistance to macrolide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolou Golkar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Alvin A, Miller KI, Neilan BA. Exploring the potential of endophytes from medicinal plants as sources of antimycobacterial compounds. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:483-95. [PMID: 24582778 PMCID: PMC7126926 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural product drug discovery has regained interest due to low production costs, structural diversity, and multiple uses of active compounds to treat various diseases. Attention has been directed towards medicinal plants as these plants have been traditionally used for generations to treat symptoms of numerous diseases. It is established that plants harbour microorganisms, collectively known as endophytes. Exploring the as-yet untapped natural products from the endophytes increases the chances of finding novel compounds. The concept of natural products targeting microbial pathogens has been applied to isolate novel antimycobacterial compounds, and the rapid development of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has significantly increased the need for new treatments against this pathogen. It remains important to continuously screen for novel compounds from natural sources, particularly from rarely encountered microorganisms, such as the endophytes. This review focuses on bioprospecting for polyketides and small peptides exhibiting antituberculosis activity, although current treatments against tuberculosis are described. It is established that natural products from these structure classes are often biosynthesised by microorganisms. Therefore it is hypothesised that some bioactive polyketides and peptides originally isolated from plants are in fact produced by their endophytes. This is of interest for further endophyte natural product investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsus Alvin
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kristin I Miller
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Ajito K, Miura T, Furuuchi T, Tamura A. Sixteen-Membered Macrolides: Chemical Modifications and Future Applications. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-13-785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
| | - Tetsu Saito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
| | - Susumu Mitsuhashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
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Efficacy of clarithromycin against experimentally induced pneumonia caused by clarithromycin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:757-62. [PMID: 19949056 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00524-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarithromycin is a 14-member lactone ring macrolide with potent activity against Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains. We evaluated the in vivo efficacy of clarithromycin at 40 mg/day and 100 mg/day for 3 days in the treatment of a murine model of pneumonia using a macrolide-resistant H. influenzae strain, which was also ampicillin resistant. The MIC of clarithromycin was 64 microg/ml. The viable bacterial counts in infected tissues after treatment with 100 mg clarithromycin/kg of body weight were lower than the counts obtained in control and 40-mg/kg clarithromycin-treated mice. The concentrations of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from mice treated at both concentrations were lower than in the control group. Pathologically, following infection, clarithromycin-treated mice, particularly at a dose of 100 mg/kg, showed lower numbers of neutrophils in alveolar walls, and inflammatory changes had apparently improved, whereas large aggregates of inflammatory cells were observed within the alveoli of control mice. In addition, we demonstrated that clarithromycin has bacteriological effects against intracellular bacteria at levels below the MIC. Our results indicate that clarithromycin may be useful in vivo for macrolide-resistant H. influenzae, and this phenomenon may be related to the good penetration of clarithromycin into bronchoepithelial cells. We also believe that conventional drug susceptibility tests may not reflect the in vivo effects of clarithromycin.
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Imamura Y, Higashiyama Y, Tomono K, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Ohno H, Miyazaki Y, Hirakata Y, Mizuta Y, Kadota JI, Iglewski BH, Kohno S. Azithromycin exhibits bactericidal effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa through interaction with the outer membrane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1377-80. [PMID: 15793115 PMCID: PMC1068619 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.4.1377-1380.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We studied the susceptibility to azithromycin in P. aeruginosa PAO1 using a killing assay. PAO1 cells at the exponential growth phase were resistant to azithromycin. In contrast, PAO1 cells at the stationary growth phase were sensitive to azithromycin. The divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ inhibited this activity, suggesting that the action of azithromycin is mediated by interaction with the outer membranes of the cells, since the divalent cations exist between adjacent lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and stabilize the outer membrane. The divalent cation chelator EDTA behaved in a manner resembling that of azithromycin; EDTA killed more PAO1 in the stationary growth phase than in the exponential growth phase. A 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine assay showed that azithromycin interacted with the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and increased its permeability while Mg2+ and Ca2+ antagonized this action. Our results indicate that azithromycin directly interacts with the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by displacement of divalent cations from their binding sites on LPS. This action explains, at least in part, the effectiveness of sub-MICs of macrolide antibiotics in pseudomonal chronic airway infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Imamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Oh TG, Kwon AR, Choi EC. Induction of ermAMR from a clinical strain of Enterococcus faecalis by 16-membered-ring macrolide antibiotics. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:5788-91. [PMID: 9791136 PMCID: PMC107645 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.21.5788-5791.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned the MLSB resistance determinant by PCR from a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis 373, which is induced more strongly by a 16-membered-ring macrolide, tylosin, than by erythromycin. To elucidate the molecular basis of resistance of E. faecalis 373, we analyzed the cloned gene, designated ermAMR, by site-directed mutagenesis and reporter gene assay. Our results showed that an arginine-to-cysteine change in the seventh codon of the putative leader peptide endowed tylosin with resistance inducibility and that TAAA duplication enabled the control region to express the downstream methylase gene at a drastically increased level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weisblum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706, USA
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12
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Capobianco JO, Goldman RC. Erythromycin and azithromycin transport into Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 19418 under conditions of depressed proton motive force (delta mu H). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1787-91. [PMID: 2178338 PMCID: PMC171926 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.9.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of collapsing the electrochemical proton gradient (delta mu H) on [3H]erythromycin and [14C]azithromycin transport in Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 19418 was studied. The proton gradient and membrane potential were determined from the distribution of [2-14C]dimethadione and rubidium-86, respectively. delta mu H was reduced from 124 to 3 mV in EDTA-valinomycin-treated cells at 22 degrees C with 150 mM KCl and 0.1 mM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. During the collapse of delta mu H, macrolide uptake increased. Erythromycin efflux studies strongly suggested that this increase was not due to an energy-dependent efflux pump but was likely due to increased outer membrane permeability. These data indicated that macrolide entry was not a delta mu H-driven active transport process but rather a passive diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Capobianco
- Anti-Infective Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064-3500
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Goldman RC, Fesik SW, Doran CC. Role of protonated and neutral forms of macrolides in binding to ribosomes from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:426-31. [PMID: 2159256 PMCID: PMC171609 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythromycin binds to a single site on the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and perturbs protein synthesis. However, erythromycin contains desosamine and thus exists in both protonated (greater than 96%) and neutral (less than 4%) forms at physiological pH because of the pKa of the dimethylamino group. We therefore examined the relative roles of both forms in binding to ribosomes isolated from two species each of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We developed a system to directly measure the forward (association) rate constant of formation of the macrolide-ribosome complex, and we have measured both the forward and reverse (dissociation) rate constants as a function of pH. Forward rate constants and binding affinity did not correlate with pH when the interaction of erythromycin with ribosomes from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was examined, demonstrating that the protonated form of this macrolide binds to ribosomes. Conversely, the neutral form of macrolide cannot be the sole binding species and appears to bind with the same kinetics as the protonated form. Forward rate constants were 3- to 4-fold greater at physiological pH, and binding affinity calculated from rate constants was 5- to 10-fold greater than previously estimated. Similar results were obtained with azithromycin, a novel 15-membered macrolide that contains an additional tertiary amine in the macrolide ring. Ribosome- and macrolide-specific kinetic parameters were demonstrated at neutral pH and may be related to the potency of the two macrolides against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Goldman
- Anti-Infective Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064-3500
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Barre J, Fournet MP, Zini R, Deforges L, Duval J, Tillement JP. In vitro [3H]-erythromycin binding to Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:1001-4. [PMID: 3954790 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of erythromycin binding to Staphylococcus aureus were determined by using kinetics and equilibrium binding experiments. Both methods yielded identical values of the dissociation constant, i.e. 0.1 muM. This value was in accord with that found with a bacterial extract of ribosomes which are the organelles where erythromycin exerts its action. This good agreement shows that the dissociation constant of erythromycin determined with intact bacteria is a good reflect of specific bacterial receptors of macrolides, i.e. ribosomes. In addition, mechanism of uptake of the antibiotic by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Passive diffusion process was shown to be mainly responsible for this phenomenon.
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Siegrist S, Moreau N, Le Goffic F. About the specificity of photoinduced affinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes by dihydrorosaramicin, a macrolide related to erythromycin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 153:131-5. [PMID: 3905404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivation of the [3H]dihydrorosaramicin chromophore at a wavelength above 300 nm allows the covalent attachment of the macrolide antibiotic to the bacterial ribosome. Bidimensional electrophoresis shows that the radioactivity is mainly associated with proteins L1, L5, L6, L15, L18, L19, S1, S3, S4, S5 and S9. When photoincorporation of the drug is conducted in the presence of puromycin as effector of [3H]dihydrorosaramicin-binding sites, a decrease in the labeling of most proteins is observed, except for L18 and L19, which are radiolabeled to a larger extent. These results allow us to speculate that L18 and L19 belong to the high-affinity binding site of rosaramicin antibiotic.
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Abstract
Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were exposed to several concentrations of erythromycin estolate (EE). Hepatotoxicity was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and morphometric analysis of representative populations of cells examined optically. Results of the two techniques provided parallel information: cells exposed to the higher concentrations of EE had significantly greater LDH release and higher percentages of morphologically damaged cells. Planimetric analysis of a second set of hepatocytes showed increasing swelling of cells with increasing concentration of EE. Severe cellular swelling preceded disintegration, as hepatocytes became progressively more damaged by EE.
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Curgy JJ, Perasso R, Boissonneau E, Iftode F, Stelly N, Andre J. The mitoribosomes of a chloramphenicol-resistant cytoplasmic mutant of Tetrahymnea pyriformis differ from those of the wild strain. Curr Genet 1981; 4:121-30. [PMID: 24185957 DOI: 10.1007/bf00365690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous CAP-resistant mutant, STR1, has been isolated from the sensitive St-strain of Tetrahymena pyriformis (Curgy et al., Biologie Cellulaire 37, 51-60, 1980; Perasso et al., Biologie Cellulaire 37, 45-50, 1980). The goal of the present work is to disclose if the resistance character is due to a modification in the mitoribosomes and if the CAP-treatment induces changes in their abundance and in their physico-chemical properties.The results show that the resistance character of the mutant is due to a reduced affinity of its mitoribosomes for CAP. This difference can be explained by modifications of at least one protein which is probably coded for by the mitochondrial genome.The mitoribosomes from CAP-treated sensitive cells tend to dissociate into their subunits and the electrophoretic pattern of their proteins suggests that at least two mitoribosomal proteins are necessary to bound the two subunits together. These proteins are probably translated in mitochondria.Finally, the CAP-treatment induces a decrease of the abundance of mitoribosomes in the sensitive cells whereas it induced an increase in the resistant cells. The latter change can be regarded as a regulatory mechanism owing to which a loss of efficiency of the mitoribosomes is compensated by their enlarged abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Curgy
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire 4, Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 444, 91405, Orsay-Cedex, France
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Nierhaus KH, Wittmann HG. Ribosomal function and its inhibition by antibiotics in prokaryotes. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1980; 67:234-50. [PMID: 6901544 DOI: 10.1007/bf01054532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Most of the known antibiotics act at the level of protein biosynthesis probably due to the extraordinary complexity of the translation machinery which can be interfered with at many points. At first a survey is given of our present knowledge covering the structure and function of the prokaryotic ribosome. The most important antibiotics acting at the translational level are integrated into this network of data. The binding sites and the inhibition mechanisms of the drugs, together with the ribosomal components altered in resistant mutants are described. Finally, the points of interference with the translational machinery are indicated in an extended scheme of ribosomal functions.
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Teraoka H, Nierhaus KH. Proteins fro Escherichia coli ribosomes involved in the binding of erythromycin. J Mol Biol 1978; 126:185-93. [PMID: 368344 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Werner RG, Teraoka H, Nierhaus KH. Inhibition of protein synthesis by three erythromycin-derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:1147-56. [PMID: 361037 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chirigos MA, March RW. Reversal by syngeneic spleen cells of inhibitory effects of drugs and irradiation on Friend virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974; 6:489-96. [PMID: 5985277 PMCID: PMC444676 DOI: 10.1128/aac.6.4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissociation constants for binding to ribosomes from Escherichia coli and concentrations at which 50% inhibition of [14C]erythromycin binding to ribosomes occurred were determined for 45 erythromycin analogues. These values were correlated with their antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis. Compounds which bound to ribosomes best showed the greatest activities; those which were poorly bound to ribosomes showed little or no antibacterial activity. The ribosomal binding assays therefore reflected the general antibacterial potential of the erythromycin analogues.
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Abstract
Erythromycin binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes required K(+) and Mg(2+). Under optimal conditions, the dissociation constant for erythromycin binding to E. coli ribosomes was found to be 1.0 x 10(-8) M and 1.4 x 10(-8) M at 24 C and 5 C, respectively. One molecule of [(14)C]erythromycin was bound to each 70S ribosome at equilibrium. Binding of erythromycin to ribosomes was rapid and reversible. The specific rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions were 1.7 x 10(7) liters per mol per min and 0.15 per min, respectively.
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Davidson JN, Hanson MR, Bogorad L. An altered chloroplast ribosomal protein in ery-M1 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1974; 132:119-29. [PMID: 4421915 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tanaka K, Tamaki M, Osawa S, Kimura A, Takata R. Erythromycin resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 127:157-61. [PMID: 4203931 DOI: 10.1007/bf00333663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hyder SL, Streitfeld MM. Inducible and constitutive resistance to macrolide antibiotics and lincomycin in clinically isolated strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4:327-31. [PMID: 4586147 PMCID: PMC444551 DOI: 10.1128/aac.4.3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDIES ON ERYTHROMYCIN RESISTANCE IN STRAINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI INDICATED THAT THEY WERE COMPRISED OF TWO TYPES: (i) an inducible, resistant type (IR strains) was seen, which manifested immediate logarithmic growth in media containing high concentrations of the drug only after brief previous exposure (induction period) of the organisms to subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin, and (ii) a constitutive, resistant type (CR strains) which demonstrated, without prior drug exposure, continued logarithmic growth in media containing high concentrations of erythromycin. Subinhibitory concentrations of either chloramphenicol or puromycin, when added to IR strains prior to induction, interfered with their induction by erythromycin. Exposure of CR strains to chloramphenicol did not visibly affect the subsequent growth curve of these strains in media containing high concentrations of erythromycin. In IR strains, resistance to other macrolide antibiotics (oleandomycin, spiramycin, carbomycin, magnamycin) and to lincomycin also was inducible in nature. There was cross-inducibility between erythromycin, other macrolide antibiotics, and lincomycin. CR strains were constitutively resistant to these antibiotics.
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Chapter V Methods for Assessing Damage to Bacteria Induced by Chemical and Physical Agents. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Erythromycin binds specifically to the 52S subunit of the chloroplast ribosome of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. A number of erythromycin-resistant mutants whose ribosomes have lost their affinity for the antibiotic have been isolated, but the sedimentation properties of their ribosomes are indistinguishable from those of the wild-type strain. These mutants represent at least three genetic loci. Two of them show Mendelian inheritance, and one of them is inherited in a uniparental manner.
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Vogel Z, Vogel T, Zamir A, Elson D. Correlation between the peptidyl transferase activity of the 50 s ribosomal subunit and the ability of the subunit to interact with antibiotics. J Mol Biol 1971; 60:339-46. [PMID: 4938734 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Effects of macrolide antibiotics on the ribosomal peptidyl transferase in cell-free systems derived from Escherichia coli B and erythromycin-resistant muytant of Escherichia coli B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 240:109-21. [PMID: 4940152 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Saito T, Shimizu M, Mitsuhashi S. The problems of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Macrolide resistance in staphylococci. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 182:267-78. [PMID: 5285291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb30663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Yamagishi S, Nakajima Y, Inoue M, Oka Y. Decrease in accumulation of macrolide antibiotics as a mechanism of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:39-52. [PMID: 5313613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Vogel Z, Vogel T, Elson D, Zamir A. Ribosome activation and the binding of dihydrostreptomycin: effect of polynucleotides and temperature on activation. J Mol Biol 1970; 54:379-86. [PMID: 4099716 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Teraoka H. Reversal of the inhibitory action of chloramphenicol on the ribosomal peptidyl transfer reaction by erythromycin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 213:535-7. [PMID: 4927497 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Shimizu M, Saito T, Mitsuhashi S. Macrolide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Correlation between spiramycin-binding to ribosomes and inhibition of polypeptide synthesis in cell-free system. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1970; 14:215-9. [PMID: 5311073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1970.tb00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Teraoka H. A reversible change in the ability of Escherichia coli ribosomes to bind to erythromycin. J Mol Biol 1970; 48:511-5. [PMID: 4911814 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Otaka E, Teraoka H, Tamaki M, Tanaka K, Osawa S. Ribosomes from erythromycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli Q13. J Mol Biol 1970; 48:499-510. [PMID: 4911813 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mao JC, Putterman M, Wiegand RG. Biochemical basis for the selective toxicity of erythromycin. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:391-9. [PMID: 5507657 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Weisblum B, Demohn V. Erythromycin-inducible resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: survey of antibiotic classes involved. J Bacteriol 1969; 98:447-52. [PMID: 5784204 PMCID: PMC284837 DOI: 10.1128/jb.98.2.447-452.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain erythromycin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus remain sensitive to other macrolide antibiotics. If these strains are exposed to low levels of erythromycin, resistance to other antibiotics is induced. The antibiotics to which resistance is induced by erythromycin include: other macrolides as well as lincosaminide, streptogramin (group B) antibiotics but not chloramphenicol, amicetin, streptogramin (group A) antibiotics, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Hence erythromycin induces resistance exclusively towards inhibitors of 50S ribosomal subunit function and, thus far, only with respect to three of six known classes of inhibitors which act on this subunit. In the four strains tested, erythromycin did not induce resistance to pactamycin or bottromycin, to fusidic acid (which inhibits a function involving both subunits), or to other antibiotics which do not inhibit ribosomal function. Thus, by inducing resistance erythromycin could antagonize the action of other antibiotics, and a consistent pattern of antagonism was observed to each antibiotic class in all of the strains in which this could be tested, as well as to other antibiotic members of the same chemical class in each bacterial strain.
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Kirschmann C, Davis BD. Phenotypic suppression in Escherichia coli by chloramphenicol and other reversible inhibitors of the ribosome. J Bacteriol 1969; 98:152-9. [PMID: 4891806 PMCID: PMC249917 DOI: 10.1128/jb.98.1.152-159.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics that interfere reversibly with various aspects of ribosomal function (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin) are shown to antagonize, at barely inhibitory concentrations, the inhibitory effect of low concentrations of streptomycin (SM) on the growth of Escherichia coli. Paradoxically, these compounds can also replace SM in supporting the growth of conditionally SM-dependent mutants. Chloramphenicol produced about as much phenotypic suppression as SM in SM-sensitive strains, but less than that attainable with high concentrations of SM in resistant strains. The antagonism to SM inhibition and the phenotypic suppression appear to be specific for those growth inhibitors that act on the ribosome. Since inhibitors of the 50S subunit of the ribosome (chloramphenicol, erythromycin) are as active as inhibitors of the 30S subunit, it is suggested that phenotypic suppression by borderline concentrations of ribosome inhibitors does not necessarily depend on an alteration of the recognition region of the ribosome. Alternatively, partial inhibition of the ribosomes might change the environment in a way that would influence the frequency of misreading. Phenotypic suppression by a low concentration of SM as well as by chloramphenicol was found to depend on the presence of a trace of the required growth factor.
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Saito T, Hashimoto H, Mitsuhashi S. Drug resistance of staphylococci. Foation of erythromycin-ribosome complex. Decrease in the formation of erythromycin-ribosome complex in erythromycin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1969; 13:119-21. [PMID: 5305691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1969.tb00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Teraoka H, Tanaka K, Tamaki M. The comparative study on the effects of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and lincomycin on polylysine synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 174:776-8. [PMID: 4887382 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Two Types of Binding of Erythromycin to Ribosomes from Antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Bacillus subtilis 168. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tanaka K, Teraoka H, Tamaki M, Otaka E, Osawa S. Erythromycin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli with altered ribosomal protein component. Science 1968; 162:576-8. [PMID: 4886608 DOI: 10.1126/science.162.3853.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Erythromycin combines with 50S ribosomal subunit of an erythromycin-sensitive Escherichia coli (strain Q13), while ribosomes from an erythromycin-resistant mutant from this strain have little affinity for the antibiotic. A protein component of the 50S subunit of the mutant strain is distinct from that of the parent Q13 strain.
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Gause GG, Grünberger D. Translational characteristics of ribosomes and coding properties of transfer RNA in the mutant of bacterium paracoli with the increased GC content of DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 166:538-46. [PMID: 5680608 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ahmed A. Altered ribosomes in spiramycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 166:218-28. [PMID: 4972350 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ahmed A. Mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis by spiramycin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 166:205-17. [PMID: 4972349 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wilhelm JM, Oleinick NL, Corcoran JW. The inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis by the rifamycin antibiotics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 166:268-71. [PMID: 4972352 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cerná J, Rychlík I. Cross resistance of Escherichia coli B ribosomes to inhibition of the puromycin reaction by erythromycin, spiramycin and chloramphenicol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 157:436-8. [PMID: 4870247 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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