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Affiliation(s)
- G Beaumont
- Medical Adviser, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England
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Gunaratna C, Kissinger PT. Investigation of stereoselective metabolism of amphetamine in rat liver microsomes by microdialysis and liquid chromatography with precolumn chiral derivatization. J Chromatogr A 1998; 828:95-103. [PMID: 9916299 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The utility of microdialysis as a quantitative sampling technique for in vitro drug metabolism studies was demonstrated by investigating the stereoselective metabolism of D-, L- and DL-amphetamine by the cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Microdialysates containing the isomers of amphetamine and its metabolite were derivatized with the fluorescent chiral derivatizing agent, (-)-fluorenylethyl chloroformate. The diastereoisomers were isocratically separated by liquid chromatography (LC) on a reversed-phase C18, 3-micron (100 x 3.2 mm) column. The intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was below 10%. Michaelis-Menten parameters, K(m) and Vmax were obtained for the formation of both D- and L-hydroxyamphetamine from D-, L- and DL-amphetamine in the concentration range of 10-350 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gunaratna
- Bioanalytical Systems Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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3
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Kumagai Y, Schmitz DA, Cho AK. Aromatic hydroxylation of methylenedioxybenzene (MDB) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by rabbit liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 1992; 22:395-403. [PMID: 1523860 DOI: 10.3109/00498259209046651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Metabolites formed during incubation of methylenedioxybenzene (MDB) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with rabbit liver microsomes were examined by h.p.l.c.-electrochemical detection and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. The trifluoroacetyl derivative of metabolite M-1, obtained from MDB, had a molecular ion at m/z 234 and was identified as 3,4-methylenedioxy-6-hydroxybenzene (sesamol) by comparison with authentic material. 3. The trifluoroacetyl derivative of metabolite M-2, obtained from MDMA, exhibited a molecular ion at m/z 401. Experiments with the deuterium substituted variants of MDMA indicated that the product was hydroxylated on the aromatic ring. 4. The formation of these hydroxylated metabolites required NADPH and was inhibited by carbon monoxide, indicating the possible participation of cytochrome P-450. Phenobarbital (PB) induction caused a marked enhancement of MDP hydroxylase activity whereas MDMA hydroxylation was not affected. 5. The aromatic hydroxylation of MDB and MDMA was also observed in a reconstituted system with cytochrome P-450 isozyme IIB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kumagai
- Department of Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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4
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Garattini S, Mennini T. Critical notes on the specificity of drugs in the study of metabolism and functions of brain monoamines. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1988; 29:259-80. [PMID: 3042665 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Garattini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Franey C, Aldhous M, Burton S, Checkley S, Arendt J. Acute treatment with desipramine stimulates melatonin and 6-sulphatoxy melatonin production in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22:73-9. [PMID: 3741729 PMCID: PMC1401089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute administration of the antidepressant drug desipramine (DMI) in man, increased evening melatonin secretion, which reached peak plasma levels 2-4 h earlier than after placebo administration. The increase at set time points 21.00 h-22.00 h was directly proportional to an individual's integrated night-time secretion of melatonin. We have shown that this stimulation was not an effect of DMI inhibition on the hepatic metabolism of melatonin to 6-sulphatoxy melatonin (aMT6s), indeed aMT6s is in itself a good index of the evening melatonin rise. The stimulation of early evening melatonin by DMI might be exploited as a simple pineal function test.
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Inoue T, Yasuda T, Suzuki S, Kishi T, Niwaguchi T. The metabolism of 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-furfurylamino)propane (furfenorex) in the rat in vivo and in vitro. Xenobiotica 1986; 16:109-21. [PMID: 3962333 DOI: 10.3109/00498258609043513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-furfurylamino)propane (furfenorex) was studied in the rat in vivo and in vitro. Nine metabolites with only traces of the unchanged drug were obtained from urine after oral administration of furfenorex to rats. The major metabolite was an acidic compound, isolated and identified as 1-phenyl-2-(N-methyl-N-gamma-valerolactonylamino)propane. Amphetamine, methamphetamine and their hydroxylated metabolites were excreted as minor metabolites. Metabolites excreted in two days after administration of the drug amounted to about 20% of dose. The acidic metabolite, a major metabolite in vivo, was not detected after incubation of furfenorex with rat-liver microsomes. The major metabolic routes of furfenorex in vitro were N-demethylation and N-defurfurylation which produced 1-phenyl-2-(N-furfurylamino)propane (furfurylamphetamine) and methamphetamine, respectively. The formation of furfurylamphetamine and methamphetamine were catalysed by rat-liver microsomes supplemented with NADPH and O2, and were inhibited by either SKF 525-A or CO. The formation of both metabolites were inhibited by 2-methyl-1,2-bis-(3-pyridyl)-1-propanone (metyrapone), but not by 7,8-benzoflavone. They were enhanced by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone, but not with 3-methylcholanthrene. These data suggested that N-demethylation and N-defurfurylation of furfenorex were mainly mediated by cytochrome P-450 but not cytochrome P-448.
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Law FC, So EM. Induction studies of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolism by rat and rabbit lungs. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1981; 69C:19-23. [PMID: 6113088 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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10
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Billings RE, Murphy PJ, McMahon RE, Ashmore J. Aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine with rat liver microsomes, perfused liver, and isolated hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:2525-9. [PMID: 215158 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Wright J, Cho AK, Gal J. The metabolism of amphetamine in vitro by rabbit liver preparations: a comparison of R(-) and S(+) enantiomers. Xenobiotica 1977; 7:257-66. [PMID: 899036 DOI: 10.3109/00498257709035784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Incubation of R(-), S(+) and RS(+/-) amphetamines with rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant indicated that R(-) was metabolized at a faster rate than S(+), but that racemic amphetamine was metabolized at the same rate as S(+) during one hour incubations. 2. N-Hydroxyamphetamine and 1-phenyl-2-propranol were the major compounds detected in both R(-) and S(+) amphetamine incubations. 3. Phenylacetone oxime was detected in significant quantities after 3 h incubations of R(-) amphetamine, but only in minor quantities from S(+). 4. A fall in the amount of N-hydroxyamphetamine present in R(-) amphetamine incubations after a 3 h period as compared to a 1 h incubation, paralleled by a rise in the amount of phenylacetone oxime during 3 h suggested that the oxime was derived as a secondary metabolics from N-hydroxyamphetamine. 5. R(-) and S(+) N-hydroxyamphetamines were both metabolized to phenylacetone oxime by rabbit liver 9000 g supernatant, but the R(-) enantiomer was converted at a faster rate than S(+).
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Cho AK, Hodshon BJ, Lindeke B, Jonsson J. The p-hydroxylation of amphetamine and phentermine by rat liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 1975; 5:531-8. [PMID: 242122 DOI: 10.3109/00498257509056123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The products of p-hydroxylation of amphetamine and phentermine by two different preparations of rat liver microsomes were identified and quantitatively determined. At low concentrations (muM) significant proportions of the substrates were metabolized to the p-hydroxy derivatives by an NADPH-dependent system. The enzyme system was inhibited by higher substrate concentrations (mM) and was not induced by either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. 2. The properties of this in vitro system are consistent with reports on in vivo studies of this reaction.
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Jonsson JA. Hydroxylation of amphetamine to parahydroxyamphetamine by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:3191-7. [PMID: 4441410 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Jori A, Caccia S. Distribution of amphetamine and its hydroxylated metabolites in various areas of the rat brain. J Pharm Pharmacol 1974; 26:746-8. [PMID: 4155759 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1974.tb09366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Gorrod J. The metabolism and excretion of ‘amphetamines’ in man. Biochem Pharmacol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rommelspacher H, Honecker H, Schulze G, Strauss SM. The hydroxylation of D-amphetamine by liver microsomes of the male rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:1065-71. [PMID: 4824906 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Magour S, Coper H, Fähndrich C. Effect of chronic intoxication with (+)-amphetamine on its concentration in liver and brain and on (14C) leucine incorporation into microsomal and cytoplasmic proteins of rat liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 1974; 26:105-8. [PMID: 4150824 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1974.tb09233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rats were treated with increasing concentrations of (+)-amphetamine sulphate in drinking water for 90 days. The ingested dose of amphetamine was found to increase from 16 mg kg−1 on the first day up to 90 mg kg−1 on the 32nd day of treatment. The rats were maintained on the highest dose regime for a further 58 days without any deaths, which showed that tolerance to the overall toxicity of the drug developed. The concentrations of [3H]amphetamine in liver and brain of chronically treated rats were significantly higher than those of controls. Chronic treatment with amphetamine significantly reduced body and liver weight of rats, but did not influence the relative liver to body weight. A marked inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation into liver microsomal and cytoplasmic proteins was observed after 90 days of treatment with amphetamine. The relation between inhibition of microsomal protein synthesis and the increase of amphetamine concentrations in liver and brain is discussed.
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Bickel MH, Börner H. Uptake, subcellular distribution, and transfer processes of imipramine and its metabolites formed in rat liver perfusion systems. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1974; 284:339-52. [PMID: 4281060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00504703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sinsheimer JE, Dring LG, Williams RT. Species differences in the metabolism of norephedrine in man, rabbit and rat. Biochem J 1973; 136:763-71. [PMID: 4780698 PMCID: PMC1166013 DOI: 10.1042/bj1360763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
1. (+/-)-2-Amino-1-phenyl[1-(14)C]propan-1-ol ([(14)C]norephedrine) was administered orally to man, rat and rabbit and the metabolites excreted in the urine were identified and measured. Pronounced species differences in the metabolism of the drug were found. 2. Three male human subjects, receiving 25mg each of [(14)C]norephedrine hydrochloride, excreted over 90% of the (14)C in the first day. The main metabolite was the unchanged drug (86% of the dose) and minor metabolites were hippuric acid and 4-hydroxynorephedrine. 3. In rats given 12mg of the drug/kg almost 80% of the (14)C administered was excreted in the first day. The major metabolites in the urine were the unchanged drug (48% of the dose), 4-hydroxynorephedrine (28%) and trace amounts of side-chain degradation products. 4. Rabbits given 12mg of the drug/kg excreted 85-95% of the dose of (14)C in the urine in the first 24h after dosing. The major metabolites in the urine were conjugates of 1,2-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropane (31% of the dose) and of 1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-one (27%) and hippuric acid (20%). The unchanged drug was excreted in relatively small amounts (8%).
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Cho AK, Hodshon BJ, Lindeke B, Miwa GT. Application of quantitative GC-mass spectrometry to study of pharmacokinetics of amphetamine and phentermine. J Pharm Sci 1973; 62:1491-4. [PMID: 4743099 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600620922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Dingell JV, Miller KW, Heath EC, Klausner HA. The intracellular localization of 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in liver and its effects on drug metabolism in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:949-58. [PMID: 4693827 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Caldwell J, Dring LG, Williams RT. Biliary excretion of amphetamine and methamphetamine in the rat. Biochem J 1972; 129:25-9. [PMID: 4646778 PMCID: PMC1174038 DOI: 10.1042/bj1290025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. (14)C-labelled amphetamine and methamphetamine were injected into rats cannulated at the bile duct under thiopentone anaesthesia and the output of their metabolites in urine and bile was determined. 2. With amphetamine, 69% of the (14)C was excreted in the urine and 16% in the bile in 24h. The main metabolite in bile was the glucuronide of 4-hydroxyamphetamine. The output of unchanged amphetamine was much greater in cannulated rats than in intact rats. 3. With methamphetamine, 54% of the (14)C appeared in the urine and 18% in the bile. The main metabolite in the bile was the glucuronide of 4-hydroxynorephedrine. The output of amphetamine, a metabolite of methamphetamine, was much greater in cannulated rats than in intact rats. 4. Evidence has been obtained for the enterohepatic circulation of certain amphetamine and methamphetamine metabolites in the rat. 5. Thiopentone anaesthesia appeared to inhibit the ring hydroxylation of amphetamine administered as such or formed as a metabolite of methamphetamine.
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Hucker HB, Stauffer SC, Rhodes RE. Metabolism of a pharmacologically active pyrrolidine derivative (prolintane) by lactam formation. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:430-1. [PMID: 5036566 DOI: 10.1007/bf02008322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gram LF, Overo KF. Drug interaction: inhibitory effect of neuroleptics on metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants in man. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1972; 1:463-5. [PMID: 5008054 PMCID: PMC1787494 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5798.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Total urinary excretion of radioactivity after oral or intravenous administration of a test dose of (14)C-imipramine was measured in eight patients. They were tested before, during, and after treatment with neuroleptics. Excretion diminished while the patients were being treated with perphenazine, haloperidol, or chlorpromazine, though not during flupenthixol treatment.Total urinary excretion of radioactivity and plasma levels of metabolites and unchanged drug were measured in five patients after a test dose of (14)C-nortriptyline. Each patient was tested before and again during perphenazine treatment. In all patients perphenazine treatment caused: (1) decrease of total urinary excretion, (2) decreased plasma level of metabolites, and (3) increased plasma level of unchanged nortriptyline.These results indicate that neuroleptics inhibit the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants in man.
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Louis-Ferdinand RT, Fuller GC, Lal H. Amphetamine inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism: evidence for a competitive mechanism. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1972; 5:387-93. [PMID: 5073822 DOI: 10.3109/15563657208991018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Shand DG, Oates JA. Metabolism of propranolol by rat liver microsomes and its inhibition by phenothiazine and tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:1720-3. [PMID: 5163100 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Borella LE, Herr F. Effect of ammonium chloride on the potentiation of amphetamine by psychotropic drugs in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:589-95. [PMID: 5150156 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Abstract
Ethanol, 1, 3, and 5 g/kg, depresses the hydroxylation of amphetamine by the rat in vivo. At 5 g/kg, ethanol does not affect the hydroxylation of acetanilide or biphenyl in vivo. Amphetamine hydroxylation is unaffected by phenobarbitone or benzo[a]pyrene pretreatment but is depressed by pretreatment with 2-diethylaminoethyl-2, 2-diphenyl-valerate (SKF 525-A), 2, 4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine (DPEA), and 2, 4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxy-NN-diethylethylamine (Lilly 18947).
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Strada SJ, Sanders-Bush E, Sulser F. p-Chloroamphetamine. Temporal relationship between psychomotor stimulation and metabolism of brain norepinephrine. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:2621-9. [PMID: 5478286 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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