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Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Escherichia coli: N-Terminal Modification, Expression, Isolation, Purification, and Reconstitution. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12010017. [PMID: 36810444 PMCID: PMC9944785 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play important roles in metabolising endogenous and xenobiotic substances. Characterisations of human CYP proteins have been advanced with the rapid development of molecular technology that allows heterologous expression of human CYPs. Among several hosts, bacteria systems such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been widely used thanks to their ease of use, high level of protein yields, and affordable maintenance costs. However, the levels of expression in E. coli reported in the literature sometimes differ significantly. This paper aims to review several contributing factors, including N-terminal modifications, co-expression with a chaperon, selections of vectors and E. coli strains, bacteria culture and protein expression conditions, bacteria membrane preparations, CYP protein solubilizations, CYP protein purifications, and reconstitution of CYP catalytic systems. The common factors that would most likely lead to high expression of CYPs were identified and summarised. Nevertheless, each factor may still require careful evaluation for individual CYP isoforms to achieve a maximal expression level and catalytic activity. Recombinant E. coli systems have been evidenced as a useful tool in obtaining the ideal level of human CYP proteins, which ultimately allows for subsequent characterisations of structures and functions.
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Hashida H, Kurawaka M, Tatehana H, Arita A, Sasaki N, Shimura F, Yamazaki Y. Application to Butterbur Products of a Suggested Daily Intake-Based Safety Evaluation of Individual Herbal Supplements with Cytochrome P450 Expression as a Major Index. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:206-219. [PMID: 37394426 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The present paper first proposes a method for ensuring the safety of commercial herbal supplements, termed the suggested daily intake-based safety evaluation (SDI-based safety evaluation). This new method was inspired as a backward analog of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) derivation from the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), the basis of food additive risk analysis; namely, rats are dosed with individual herbal supplement products at the SDI for human use multiplied by 100 (the usual uncertainty factor value) per body weight for 8 d. The primary endpoint is the sign of adverse effects on liver, especially gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. The proposed method was then applied to three butterbur (Petasites hybridus) products without pyrrolizidine alkaloids but lacking clear safety information. Results showed that two oily products markedly enhanced the mRNA expression of CYP2B (>10-fold) and moderately enhanced that of CYP3A1 (<4-fold) with liver enlargement. These products also caused the renal accumulation of alpha 2-microglobulin. One powdery product showed no significant effect on liver and kidney. The large difference in effects of products was due to the difference in chemical composition revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The oily and the powdery products required attention in terms of safety and effectiveness, respectively. Finally, the results from the SDI-based safety evaluation of butterbur and other herbal supplement products were grouped into four categories and cautionary notes were discussed. The SDI-based safety evaluation of their products by herbal supplement operators would contribute to safe and secure use by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hashida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Misaki Kurawaka
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Haruka Tatehana
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Anna Arita
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University
| | - Naho Sasaki
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University
| | - Fumio Shimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Yuko Yamazaki
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University
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Niwa T, Sasaki S, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka M. Effect of Human Cytochrome P450 2D6 Polymorphism on Progesterone Hydroxylation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:741-747. [PMID: 35838883 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Herein, hydroxylation activities at the 6β-position and 21-position of progesterone mediated by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and its variants and the effects of psychotropic drugs on these hydroxylation activities were compared to clarify whether CYP2D6 polymorphisms and psychotropic drugs impact neurosteroid levels in the brain. METHODS Progesterone was incubated with CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.2 (Arg296Cys, Ser486Thr), CYP2D6.10 (Pro34Ser, Ser486Thr), and CYP2D6.39 (Ser486Thr) in the absence or presence of typical psychotropic drugs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluphenazine, and milnacipran) and endogenous steroids (testosterone and cortisol). Then, 6β- and 21-hydroxyprogesterone levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Although the Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for progesterone 6β- and 21-hydroxylation reactions mediated by the different CYP2D6 variants were similar, the maximal velocity (Vmax) values of the reactions mediated by CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.2 were the highest, followed by those mediated by CYP2D6.39 and CYP2D6.10. Thus, the of progesterone 6β- and/or 21-hydroxylation reactions mediated by CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.2 showed the highest Vmax/Km values, followed by the reactions mediated by CYP2D6.39. All investigated compounds inhibited progesterone 21-hydroxylation mediated by CYP2D6 variants at high concentrations. Interestingly, at low concentrations, fluoxetine increased progesterone 21-hydroxylation mediated by CYP2D6.1, but not that mediated by CYP2D6.2 or CYP2D6.10. In addition, the Km value for CYP2D6.2 was elevated in the presence of fluoxetine, whereas the value for CYP2D6.1 was unaltered; however, Vmax values of both CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.2 were increased. Paroxetine competitively inhibited CYP2D6.1- and CYP2D6.2-mediated progesterone 21-hydroxylation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CYP2D6 polymorphism can affect the stimulation/inhibition of progesterone 21-hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan.
| | - Shoko Sasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
| | - Mayu Tanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8516, Japan
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Yogo Y, Yasuda K, Takita T, Yasukawa K, Iwai Y, Nishikawa M, Sugimoto H, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Metabolism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by Streptomyces griseolus CYP105A1 and its variants. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 45:100455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Quality Related Safety Evaluation of a South African Traditional Formulation (PHELA®) as Novel Anti-Biofilm Candidate. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041219. [PMID: 35209008 PMCID: PMC8877180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A South African traditional formulation, PHELA®, is consumed by the traditional people for severe chest problems with coughing, diarrhea, oral ulcers etc. The present study focused on establishing the anti-infective properties of a safe and standardized poly-herbal formulation through a series of criteria and specifications.
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Niwa T, Arima J, Michihiro Y. Role of amino acids at positions 34, 296, and 486 of cytochrome P450 2D6 in the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of psychotropic agents on dopamine formation from p-tyramine. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1229-1235. [PMID: 34605737 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1989520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of psychotropic agents such as fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, milnacipran, and fluphenazine on dopamine formation from p-tyramine catalysed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6.2 (Arg296Cys;Ser486Thr), CYP2D6.10 (Pro34Ser;Ser486Thr), and CYP2D6.39 (Ser486Thr) were compared with the effects on dopamine formation from p-tyramine by CYP2D6.1. Michaelis constants (Km) and maximal velocity (kcat) values for dopamine formation and inhibition constants (Ki) of the psychotropic agents were determined.For CYP2D6.39, the kcat values for fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, and milnacipran, but not for paroxetine and fluphenazine, gradually increased with increasing concentrations, indicating activation of the catalysed reaction.Fluphenazine competitively inhibited dopamine formation catalysed by all variants, with a higher Ki value for CYP2D6.10. Among the three compounds that have a trifluoromethyl group in their chemical structure, only fluvoxamine and fluoxetine, as well as milnacipran that does not have this group, decreased Km values and/or increased kcat values for dopamine formation, suggesting that the group may not be essential for the activation.These findings indicate that substitution of amino acids at positions 34 and 486 can affect the affinity (Km) and enzymatic activity (kcat), respectively, for milnacipran and that the effect of substitution of arginine to cysteine at the 296th position on the activation would be effector dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Juri Arima
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
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Tokunaga A, Miyamoto H, Fumoto S, Nishida K. Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on Hepatic Clearance of Drugs in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1324-1330. [PMID: 32879206 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of some hepatically cleared drugs have been reported to fluctuate in patients with renal impairment, but the definitive factors have not been clarified. We compared the pharmacokinetics of some drugs with different hepatic elimination processes in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model, to optimize their administration during kidney injury. We chose indocyanine green (ICG), midazolam (MDZ), and acetaminophen (APAP) as reference drugs to determine changes in hepatic clearance pathways in presence of CKD. Drugs were intravenously administered via the jugular vein to the CKD model rats, previously established by adenine administration, and then, blood, bile, and urine samples were collected. The plasma concentration of ICG, which is eliminated into the bile without biotransformation, increased; and its total body clearance (CLtot) significantly decreased in the CKD group compared to the control group. Moreover, the plasma concentrations of MDZ and APAP, metabolized in the liver by CYP3A and Ugt1a6 enzymes, respectively, were higher in the CKD group than in the control group. The biliary clearances of APAP and its derivative APAP-glucuronide increased in the CKD group, whereas their renal clearances were markedly decreased with respect to those in the control group. Altogether, plasma concentrations of some hepatically eliminated drugs increased in the CKD rat model, but depending on their pharmacokinetic characteristics. This study provides useful information for optimizing the administration of some hepatically cleared drugs in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tokunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Hirotaka Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Shintaro Fumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Koyo Nishida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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Niwa T, Toyota M, Kawasaki H, Ishii R, Sasaki S. Comparison of the Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Steroid Hormones and α-Naphthoflavone on Steroid Hormone Hydroxylation Catalyzed by Human Cytochrome P450 3A Subfamilies. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:579-584. [PMID: 33790108 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory and stimulatory effects of steroid hormones and related compounds on the hydroxylation activity at the 6β-position of two steroid hormones, progesterone and testosterone, by CYP3A4, polymorphically expressed CYP3A5, and fetal CYP3A7 were compared to clarify the catalytic properties of the predominant forms of the human CYP3A subfamily. Hydroxylation activities of progesterone and testosterone by CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 were estimated using HPLC. The Michaelis constants (Km) for progesterone 6β-hydroxylation by CYP3A5 were markedly decreased in the presence of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and α-naphthoflavone (ANF), whereas progesterone and DHEA competitively inhibited testosterone 6β-hydroxylation mediated by CYP3A4, and progesterone competitively inhibited CYP3A5-mediated activity, which was weaker than that for CYP3A4. ANF noncompetitively inhibited testosterone 6β-hydroxylation mediated by both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Progesterone and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation mediated by CYP3A7 was inhibited or unaffected by DHEA, pregnenolone, and ANF. These results suggested that DHEA and ANF stimulated progesterone 6β-hydroxylation by CYP3A5 but not by CYP3A4 and CYP3A7; however, progesterone, DHEA, and ANF inhibited testosterone 6β-hydroxylation mediated by all CYP3A subfamily members. The inhibitory/stimulatory pattern of steroid-steroid interactions is different among CYP3A subfamily members and CYP3A5 is the most sensitive in terms of activation among the CYP3A subfamily members investigated.
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An XX, Yu Y, Li GF, Yu G. Abundance and Associated Variations of Cytochrome P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Liver of East Asian Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 46:225-233. [PMID: 33368014 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are one of the main sources of variability in drug metabolic clearance. Information on their abundance levels is therefore crucial to optimize scaling factors for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to predict metabolic clearance. OBJECTIVE This study aims to quantify the abundance data of hepatic drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes in East Asian subjects reported from various sources in the literature using meta-analysis. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis on the abundance of drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes in the liver of East Asian adults. Eligible reports were identified based on predefined criteria-(1) individual liver microsomal samples, and (2) absolute protein abundance data from normal tissues of East Asian adult subjects. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS Among the 11 CYP isoforms analyzed in East Asian subjects, CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 had the highest protein levels. In particular, the number of studies and the liver sample used to quantify the abundance of CYP3A4 were the largest. Of the isoforms involved, CYP2J2 and CYP2B6 had the lowest abundance level, i.e., <5 pmol/ mg of microsomal protein. For enzymes with abundance values available in both Chinese and Japanese subjects (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5), the abundance level of each CYP isoform appeared to be higher in Chinese than in Japanese subjects. The most distinct difference was observed in CYP3A5 abundance. CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis shows that the abundance levels of CYP enzymes appear to vary greatly among different East Asian individuals who have similar ethnic backgrounds and food habits. The pooled data of CYP abundance can be used as preliminary reference values along with the associated variations for the projections of pharmacokinetics through physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao An
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yichao Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Guo-Fu Li
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guo Yu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Subei People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.
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10
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Comparison of steroid hormone hydroxylation mediated by cytochrome P450 3A subfamilies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 682:108283. [PMID: 32001245 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylation activity at the 6β-position of steroid hormones (testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol) by human cytochromes P450 (CYP) 3A4, polymorphic CYP3A5, and fetal CYP3A7 were compared to understand the catalytic properties of the major forms of human CYP3A subfamily. Testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol 6β-hydroxylation activities of recombinant CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 were determined by liquid chromatography. Michaelis constants (Km) for CYP3A7-mediated 6β-hydroxylation of testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol were similar to those of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The maximal velocity (kcat) and kcat/Km values for CYP3A4 were the highest, followed by CYP3A5 and those for CYP3A7 were the lowest among three CYP3A subfamily members. A decrease in Km values for progesterone 6β-hydroxylation by CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in the presence of testosterone was observed, and the kcat values for CYP3A5 gradually increased with increasing testosterone. This indicated that testosterone stimulated progesterone 6β-hydroxylation by all three CYP3A subfamily members. However, progesterone inhibited testosterone 6β-hydroxylation mediated by CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. In conclusion, the kcat values, rather than Km values, for 6β-hydroxylation of three steroid hormones mediated by CYP3A7 were different from those for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. In addition, the inhibitory/stimulatory pattern of steroid-steroid interactions would be different among CYP3A subfamily members.
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Dietary-Induced Obesity, Hepatic Cytochrome P450, and Lidocaine Metabolism: Comparative Effects of High-Fat Diets in Mice and Rats and Reversibility of Effects With Normalization of Diet. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1199-1210. [PMID: 31733268 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a high-fat diet on mRNA and protein of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in rats and mice and its impact on lidocaine deethylation to its main active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), in rats were investigated. The effect of a change in diet from high-fat to standard diet was also evaluated. Plasma biochemistry, mRNA, protein expression for selected CYP, and the activity of lidocaine deethylation were determined. The high-fat diet curtailed the activity and the expression of the majority of CYPs (CYP1A2, CYP3A1, CYP2C11, CYP2C12, and CYP2D1), mRNA levels (Cyp1a2 and Cyp3a2), and MEGX maximal formation rate (Vmax). Mice showed complementary results in their protein expressions of cyp3a and 1a2. Switching the diet back to standard chow in rats for 4 weeks reverted the expression levels of mRNA and protein back to normal levels as well as the maximum formation rates of MEGX. Female and male rodents showed similar patterns in CYP expression and lidocaine metabolism in response to the diets, although MEGX formation was faster in male rats. In conclusion, diet-induced obesity caused general decreases in CYP isoforms not only in rats but also in mice. The effects were shown to be reversible in rats by normalizing the diet.
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Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL, Storbeck KH. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105439. [PMID: 31362062 PMCID: PMC6857441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology have allowed for the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitative profiling of steroid precursors, bioactive steroids and inactive metabolites, facilitating comprehensive characterization of the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. The quantification of steroid panels is therefore gaining favor over quantification of single marker metabolites in the clinical and research laboratories. However, although the biochemical pathways for the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones are now well defined, a gulf still exists between this knowledge and its application to the measured steroid profiles. In this review, we present an overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism by the liver and peripheral tissues, specifically highlighting the pathways linking and differentiating the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. A brief overview of the methodology used in steroid profiling is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Oguro A, Inoue T, Kudoh SN, Imaoka S. 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid produced by cytochrome P450s enhances neurite outgrowth of PC12 and rat hippocampal neuronal cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00428. [PMID: 30237892 PMCID: PMC6141511 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, are accumulated in brain and induce neuronal differentiation. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) by cytochrome P450s. In this study, we found that 14,15-EET and 20-HETE-enhanced NGF-induced rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell neurite outgrowth even at the concentration of 100 nmol L-1. LC-MS analysis revealed that 14,15-EET was effectively produced from arachidonic acid by rat CYP2C11, 2C13, and 2C23, and these P450s were expressed in PC12 cells. An inhibitor of these P450s, ketoconazole, inhibited neurite outgrowth, whereas inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase, which hydrolyzes EETs to their corresponding diols enhanced neurite outgrowth. To determine the mechanism of neurite formation enhancement by arachidonic acid metabolites, we focused on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels expressed in PC12 cells. The TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047, but not the TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine, inhibited the effects of 14,15-EET on neurite outgrowth of PC12. Furthermore, 14,15-EET increased the cytosolic calcium ion concentration and this increase was inhibited by HC067047. 14,15-EET also enhanced neurite outgrowth of primary cultured neuron from rat hippocampus. This study suggests that arachidonic acid metabolites produced by P450 contribute to neurite outgrowth through calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Oguro
- Department of Biomedical ChemistrySchool of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin UniversitySandaJapan
| | - Takumi Inoue
- Department of Human‐System InteractionSchool of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin UniversitySandaJapan
| | - Suguru N. Kudoh
- Department of Human‐System InteractionSchool of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin UniversitySandaJapan
| | - Susumu Imaoka
- Department of Biomedical ChemistrySchool of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin UniversitySandaJapan
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14
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Kato Y, Mukai Y, Rane A, Inotsume N, Toda T. The Inhibitory Effect of Telmisartan on the Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid by CYP2C9 and CYP2C8: An in Vitro Study. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1409-1415. [PMID: 28867723 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatorienoic acids (EETs) are generated from arachidonic acid (AA) by CYPs. EETs comprise four regioisomers (14,15-, 11,12-, 8,9-, and 5,6-EET). EETs show potent physiological effects, including vasodilation, anti-inflammation, myocardial preconditioning, and anti-platelet aggregation effects. We recently demonstrated that telmisartan, one of angiotensin II receptor blockers, inhibits AA metabolism by CYP enzymes, including CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2J2. We conducted studies of AA metabolism using recombinant CYP enzymes to estimate the inhibition constant and the type of inhibition by telmisartan of CYP2C9 and CYP2C8. The contribution ratio (CR) of each CYP enzyme was investigated using human liver microsomes. Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that telmisartan is a mixed inhibitor of both CYP2C9 and CYP2C8; telmisartan did not show a time-dependent inhibition toward these CYP enzymes. Based on the CRs, both CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 are the key enzymes in the metabolism of AA in the human liver. Uptake of telmisartan in the liver by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3 and the non-linear metabolism in gastrointestinal tract augment the potential of the drug to inhibit the CYP enzymes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kato
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Yuji Mukai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Nobuo Inotsume
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
| | - Takaki Toda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy
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Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N, Oshima Y, Kodama S, Miyata T, Dan T, Takatoku H, Kuribayashi H, Nakamura R, Saito Y. Points-to-consider documents: Scientific information on the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms during non-clinical studies and phase I clinical trials in the Japanese population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:141-149. [PMID: 29703433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy shows striking individual differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, involving drug efficacy and adverse reactions. Recent genetic research has revealed that genetic polymorphisms are important intrinsic factors for these inter-individual differences. This pharmacogenomic information could help develop safer and more effective precision pharmacotherapies and thus, regulatory guidance/guidelines were developed in this area, especially in the EU and US. The Project for the Promotion of Progressive Medicine, Medical Devices, and Regenerative Medicine by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, performed by Tohoku University, reported scientific information on the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms, mainly on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, during non-clinical studies and phase I clinical trials in Japanese subjects/patients. We anticipate that this paper will be helpful in drug development for the regulatory usage of pharmacogenomic information, most notably pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Kodama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo, Japan
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Iwaki M, Niwa T, Nakamura Y, Kawase A, Komura H. Relative contribution of rat CYP isoforms responsible for stereoselective metabolism of carvedilol. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:59-63. [PMID: 29415952 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms responsible for carvedilol (CAR) oxidation in rats were evaluated in order to compare with that of reported human CYPs responsible for the metabolism of CAR enantiomers. The depletion of CAR enantiomers by recombinant CYPs and the effects of CYP-selective inhibitors on the depletion catalyzed by rat liver microsomes (RLM) was determined. Quinine (rat CYP2D inhibitor) markedly inhibited the metabolism of both R- and S-CAR by RLM. The metabolism of S-CAR was inhibited more than that of R-CAR by furafylline, (a CYP1A2 inhibitor, 53.5% vs 11.3%), α-naphthoflavone (a CYP1A2 inhibitor, 64.5% vs 33.6%), and ketoconazole (a CYP3A inhibitor, 87.1% vs 51.2%). Among the CYPs examined, CYP2D2 showed the highest metabolic activities against both the enantiomers. R-CAR was mainly metabolized by CYP2D2 and CYP3A2. CYP2C11 and CYP3A1, in addition to CYP2D2 and CYP3A2 showed higher metabolic activities against S-CAR than that against R-CAR. These results suggest that CYP2D2 predominantly catalyzed R-CAR metabolism, whereas CYP2D2 and CYP3A1/2 catalyzed S-CAR metabolism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Toshiro Niwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University.,School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Hiroshi Komura
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
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Cytochrome P450 4A11 inhibition assays based on characterization of lauric acid metabolites. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:205-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jamali B, Sheikholeslami B, Hosseinzadeh Ardakani Y, Lavasani H, Rouini MR. Evaluation of the Ecstasy influence on tramadol and its main metabolite plasma concentration in rats. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 32:137-145. [PMID: 28917081 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tramadol is prone to be abused alone, or in combination with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). It was reported that 95% of people with a history of substance abuse in the United States used tramadol in 2004. According to the WHO report in 2016, there was a growing number of tramadol abusers alone or in combination with psychoactive substances such as MDMA in particular in some Middle East countries. Higher concentrations of tramadol in plasma may lead to adverse drug reactions or lethal intoxication. In this study, the effect of MDMA on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol was examined in male rats. METHODS The effect of MDMA on Tmax, Cmax, area under the curve, elimination rate, and half-life of tramadol and its metabolites was examined. Two control and two treatment groups were designed. The treatment groups received MDMA 18 h before the administration of tramadol. Jugular vein blood samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detector to determine the concentrations of tramadol and its metabolites. Independent-sample t-test was used to define the differences between pharmacokinetic parameters of control and treatment groups. RESULTS When tramadol administered intraperitoneally, the absorption rate of this drug was reduced, and a lower Cmax (40%) with longer Tmax (eight-fold) was achieved. MDMA exerted greater inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) than on cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). The M2 metabolite ratio was reduced by half, and because of the inhibition of M2 production, the M1 plasma concentration slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS According to the obtained data, MDMA treatment affected the absorption, distribution and metabolism phases of tramadol. This treatment increased the concentration of tramadol if administered intravenously and can latent the absorption of tramadol in oral route. However, MDMA was introduced as CYP2D6 inhibitor; in this study, MDMA inhibited CYP3A4 isoenzymes as well. This finding is important for the compounds that are metabolized through CYP3A4. It can be proposed that in abusers of MDMA who only receive tramadol for medical or nonmedical purposes in short intervals, the dangers of the intravenous administration of tramadol should be considered, and if tramadol is administered orally, the desired effect may not be achieved at the routine dose.
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Effect of genetic polymorphism on the inhibition of dopamine formation from p -tyramine catalyzed by brain cytochrome P450 2D6. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 620:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Niwa T, Morimoto M, Hirai T, Hata T, Hayashi M, Imagawa Y. Effect of penicillin-based antibiotics, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin, on drug-metabolizing activities of human hepatic cytochromes P450. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:143-6. [PMID: 26763401 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effects of three kinds of penicillin-based antibiotics, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin, on drug-metabolizing activity of human hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) were investigated. Metabolic activities of P450s expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli at substrate concentrations around the Michaelis constant were compared in the presence or absence of the antibiotics. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin at 0.5 or 1 mM concentrations neither inhibited nor stimulated CYP2C9-mediated tolbutamide methylhydroxylation, CYP2D6-mediated dopamine formation from p-tyramine, or CYP3A4- or CYP3A5-mediated testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. However, amoxicillin and piperacillin inhibited CYP2C8-mediated aminopyrine N-demethylation at 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.83 and 1.14 mM, respectively. These results suggest that piperacillin might inhibit CYP2C8 clinically, although the interactions between these three penicillin-based antibiotics and other drugs that are metabolized by P450s investigated would not be clinically significant.
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Suzuki S, Sato Y, Umegaki K, Chiba T. Influence of High-fat and High-cholesterol Diet on Major CYP Activities in the Liver. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:1297-305. [PMID: 27592832 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 12 weeks induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and influenced major CYP subtype gene expression levels and activities in a mouse model. In the present study, we determined the effects of the HFHC diet on CYP expression levels and activities prior to the establishment of NASH. When male C57BL/6J mice were fed the HFHC or a normal chow diet (Control) ad libitum for 4 weeks, body weights were significantly lower, whereas liver weights and hepatic lipid contents were significantly higher in the HFHC group than in the Control group. Under these conditions, hepatic microsomal luciferin-H (human CYP2C9 substrate) hydroxylation activity was significantly lower in the HFHC group than in the Control group. In order to investigate drug efficacy in mice fed the HFHC diet, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was conducted with or without a pretreatment with tolbutamide (a CYP2C substrate) after 4 weeks of feeding. The plasma glucose-lowering effects of tolbutamide were attenuated in the HFHC group even though luciferin-H hydroxylation activity was suppressed in this group. The reason for this discrepancy was attributed to the mRNA expression levels of Cyp2c44 being lower and those of Cyp2c29 and Cyp2c66, which are involved in the metabolism of tolbutamide, being higher in the HFHC group than in the Control group. These results indicate that the expression of Cyp2c in the liver is influenced by the HFHC diet prior to the establishment of NASH and its regulation differed among the subtypes examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachina Suzuki
- Information Center, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
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22
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Hedrich WD, Hassan HE, Wang H. Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:413-425. [PMID: 27709010 PMCID: PMC5045548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrates that CYP2B6 plays a much larger role in human drug metabolism than was previously believed. The discovery of multiple important substrates of CYP2B6 as well as polymorphic differences has sparked increasing interest in the genetic and xenobiotic factors contributing to the expression and function of the enzyme. The expression of CYP2B6 is regulated primarily by the xenobiotic receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) in the liver. In addition to CYP2B6, these receptors also mediate the inductive expression of CYP3A4, and a number of important phase II enzymes and drug transporters. CYP2B6 has been demonstrated to play a role in the metabolism of 2%–10% of clinically used drugs including widely used antineoplastic agents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, anesthetics propofol and ketamine, synthetic opioids pethidine and methadone, and the antiretrovirals nevirapine and efavirenz, among others. Significant inter-individual variability in the expression and function of the human CYP2B6 gene exists and can result in altered clinical outcomes in patients receiving treatment with CYP2B6-substrate drugs. These variances arise from a number of sources including genetic polymorphism, and xenobiotic intervention. In this review, we will provide an overview of the key players in CYP2B6 expression and function and highlight recent advances made in assessing clinical ramifications of important CYP2B6-mediated drug–drug interactions.
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Key Words
- 4-OH-CPA, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
- C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CHOP, cyclophosphamide–doxorubicin–vincristine–prednisone
- CITCO, (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime)
- COUP-TF, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor
- CPA, cyclophosphamide
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- CYP2B6
- Cyclophosphamide
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DEX, dexamethasone
- Drug–drug interaction
- E2, estradiol
- EFV, efavirenz
- ERE, estrogen responsive element
- Efavirenz
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- GRE, glucocorticoid responsive element
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- IFA, Ifosfamide
- MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- NNRTI, non-nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
- NR1/2, nuclear receptor binding site 1/2
- NVP, nevirapine
- PB, phenobarbital
- PBREM, phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module
- PCN, pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile
- PXR
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Polymorphism
- RIF, rifampin
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[3,5-dichloropyridyloxy]benzene
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongbing Wang
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Tel.: +1 410 706 1280; fax: +1 410 706 5017.
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Lin HL, Zhang H, Kenaan C, Hollenberg PF. Roles of Residues F206 and V367 in Human CYP2B6: Effects of Mutations on Androgen Hydroxylation, Mechanism-Based Inactivation, and Reversible Inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1771-1779. [PMID: 27538916 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of human CYP2B6 indicate that Phe206 and Val367 are in close proximity to the substrate binding site and suggest that both residues may play important roles in substrate metabolism and inhibitor binding. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of mutating these residues to Ala on the regiospecificity of CYP2B6 for the metabolism of testosterone and androstenedione. For testosterone metabolism, 16β-OH-testosterone formation by the F206A mutant was <5% of the wild type (WT), whereas the V367A mutant exhibited a doubling of 16α-OH-testosterone formation with a 50% decrease in 16β-OH-testosterone formation compared with the WT. Significant alterations in the regiospecificity for androstenedione metabolism were also observed. To investigate the roles of these two residues in the metabolic activation of mechanism-based inactivators, tert-butylphenylacetylene (BPA) and bergamottin (BG) were used to test the susceptibility to inactivation. Although the rates of inactivation of both mutants by BG were not significantly decreased compared with the WT, the efficiency of inactivation by BPA of both mutants was more than an order of magnitude lower. Our results demonstrate that Phe206 plays a crucial role in determining the specificity of CYP2B6 for the 16β-hydroxylation of testosterone and androstenedione and that it also plays an important role in BG binding and mechanism-based inactivation by BPA. In addition, Val367 dramatically enhances the catalytic activity of CYP2B6 toward androstenedione and plays an important role in mechanism-based inactivation by BPA. The results presented here show the important roles of Phe206 and Val367 in interactions of CYP2B6 with substrates and inactivators/inhibitors and are consistent with the crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-Lien Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cesar Kenaan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Grilo NM, Correia MJ, Sequeira C, Harjivan SG, Caixas U, Diogo LN, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Antunes AMM, Pereira SA. Efavirenz biotransformation as an up-stream event of mood changes in HIV-infected patients. Toxicol Lett 2016; 260:28-35. [PMID: 27543169 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Efavirenz is a drug of choice for adults and children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Notably, up to 35% of patients on efavirenz suffer from mood changes. This work aimed to investigate efavirenz biotransformation into 8-hydroxy-efavirenz as an up-stream event of mood changes and to evaluate the suitability of 8-hydroxy-efavirenz biomonitoring for the minimization of these manifestations. A case-control study with two age-matched groups of HIV-infected male patients was performed in a group without adverse central nervous system complaints (28 patients) and a group presenting mood changes (14 patients). The plasma concentration of non-conjugated 8-hydroxy-efavirenz was higher in patients with mood changes (p=0.020). An association between efavirenz and 8-hydroxy-efavirenz-glucuronide was found (Spearman r=0.414, p<0.010), only within therapeutic efavirenz concentrations. This correlation was not observed in patients with toxic (>4mg/L) plasma concentrations of the parent drug. We conclude that metabolism to 8-hydroxy-efavirenz is associated with efavirenz-related mood changes, which suggests that the concentration of this metabolite is a suitable parameter for therapeutic drug monitoring aimed at controlling these manifestations. Moreover, our data suggest that 8-hydroxy-efavirenz is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and that the peripheral detoxification of 8-hydroxy-efavirenz by glucuronidation may be inhibited by toxic efavirenz concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia M Grilo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M João Correia
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sequeira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Shrika G Harjivan
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Umbelina Caixas
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, EPE, 1150-199, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucília N Diogo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Tverdohleb T, Dinc B, Knezevic I, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. The role of cytochrome P450 pharmacogenomics in chronic non-cancer pain patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1303-1311. [PMID: 27388970 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1209482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacogenomics is the field that studies an individualized treatment approach for patients' medication regimen that can impact drug safety, productivity, and personalized health care. Pharmacogenomics characterizes the genetic differences in metabolic pathways which can affect a patient's individual responses to drug treatments. Areas covered: The various responses to pharmacological agents are mainly determined by the different types of genetic variants of the CYP450. CYP2D6 polymorphism is well known for its variation in the metabolism of drugs from many therapeutic arenas, including some analgesic drugs such as codeine, hydromorphone, oxycodone and tramadol. Allele combinations determine the phenotypic expression, characterized as either: extensive metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer, ultra-rapid metabolizer and poor metabolizer. Expert opinion: The Human Genome Project (HGP) revolutionized the future of medicine and the way health care providers approach individualized patient treatment, and chronic pain management is one of those areas. The key findings in the literature appear to be related to the CYP2D6 expression and its high polymorphism influencing the metabolism of opioid medications, and the impact of that on the patient's therapeutic outcome thus exemplifying the importance of genetic testing for CYP2D6 in the process of physician therapeutic decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tverdohleb
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Bora Dinc
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Ivana Knezevic
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Kenneth D Candido
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Surgery, College of Medicine , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Surgery, College of Medicine , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA
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26
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Niwa T, Hata T. The Effect of Genetic Polymorphism on the Inhibition of Azole Antifungal Agents Against CYP2C9-Mediated Metabolism. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1345-8. [PMID: 26886310 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 polymorphism on the inhibition of methylhydroxylation activity of tolbutamide, a typical CYP2C9 substrate, by triazole antifungal agents, fluconazole and voriconazole. Although the Michaelis constants (Km), maximal velocities (Vmax), and Vmax/Km values for CYP2C9.1 (wild type) and CYP2C9.2 (Arg144Cys) were similar and CYP2C9.3 (Ile359Leu) had a higher Km and a lower Vmax than CYP2C9.1 and CYP2C9.2, the inhibition constants of fluconazole and voriconazole against CYP2C9.2 were lower than that against CYP2C9.1 and CYP2C9.3. These results suggest that more careful administration of azole antifungals to patients with the CYP2C9*2 allele might be required because of the strong inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Hata
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
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27
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Isobe T, Ohta M, Kaneko Y, Kawai H. Species differences in metabolism of ripasudil (K-115) are attributed to aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:579-590. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1096981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Miyamoto H, Matsueda S, Moritsuka A, Shimokawa K, Hirata H, Nakashima M, Sasaki H, Fumoto S, Nishida K. Evaluation of hypothermia on the in vitro metabolism and binding and in vivo disposition of midazolam in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:481-9. [PMID: 26037413 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hypothermia on the in vivo pharmacokinetics of midazolam was evaluated, with a focus on altered metabolism in the liver and binding to serum proteins. Rat primary hepatocytes were incubated with midazolam (which is metabolized mainly by CYP3A2) at 37, 32 or 28 °C. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of midazolam were estimated using the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Km of CYP3A2 midazolam remained unchanged, but the Vmax decreased at 28 °C. In rats, whose temperature was maintained at 37, 32 or 28 °C by a heat lamp or ice pack, the plasma concentrations of midazolam were higher, whereas those in the brain and liver were unchanged at 28 °C. The tissue/plasma concentration ratios were, however, increased significantly. The unbound fraction of midazolam in serum at 28 °C was half that at 37 °C. These pharmacokinetic changes associated with hypothermic conditions were due to reductions in CYP3A2 activity and protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Matsueda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Akihiro Moritsuka
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimokawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Haruna Hirata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Mikiro Nakashima
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Koyo Nishida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Marty MS, Papineni S, Coady KK, Rasoulpour RJ, Pottenger LH, Eisenbrandt DL. Pronamide: Weight of evidence for potential estrogen, androgen or thyroid effects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:405-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Sasahara K, Shimokawa Y, Hirao Y, Koyama N, Kitano K, Shibata M, Umehara K. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Delamanid, a Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Drug, in Animals and Humans: Importance of Albumin Metabolism In Vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1267-76. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Ashino T, Hakukawa K, Itoh Y, Numazawa S. Inhibitory effect of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP1A activity in mouse liver microsomes. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 39:815-20. [PMID: 25374372 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids developed by chemical modification are believed to bind to cannabinoid receptors and cause neurological effects similar to cannabis; however, their effects on drug metabolizing enzymes are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of synthetic cannabinoids on cytochrome P450 1A activity. Naphthoylindole, a basic structure of the major synthetic cannabinoids, strongly inhibited CYP1A activity in a competitive manner; the apparent Ki value was 0.40 μM. The N-Alkylated derivatives of naphthoylindole, MAM-2201 and JWH-019, also inhibited CYP1A activity in a concentration-dependent manner; however, their inhibitory effects were weaker than naphthoylindole. An adamantylamidoindole derivative, STS-135, showed inhibition of CYP1A activity in a concentrationdependent manner, but the adamantoylindole derivatives, AB-001 and AM-1248, did not. A tetramethylcyclopropanoylindole derivative, UR-144, showed a weak inhibition of CYP1A activity at high concentrations. These results suggest that synthetic cannabinoids and their basic molecules are capable of inhibiting CYP1A enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ashino
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy
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32
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Niwa T, Murayama N, Imagawa Y, Yamazaki H. Regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones by human cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:89-110. [PMID: 25678418 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1011658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews in vitro metabolic activities [including Michaelis constants (Km), maximal velocities (Vmax) and Vmax/Km] and drug-steroid interactions [such as induction and cooperativity (activation)] of cytochromes P450 (P450 or CYP) in human tissues, including liver and adrenal gland, for 14 kinds of endogenous steroid compounds, including allopregnanolone, cholesterol, cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, estrone, pregnenolone, progesterone, testosterone and bile acids (cholic acid). First, we considered the drug-metabolizing P450s. 6β-Hydroxylation of many steroids, including cortisol, cortisone, progesterone and testosterone, was catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, respectively, are likely the major hepatic enzymes responsible for 2-/4-hydroxylation and 16α-hydroxylation of estradiol and estrone, steroids that can contribute to breast cancer risk. In contrast, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 predominantly metabolized estrone and estradiol to 2- and 4-catechol estrogens, which are endogenous ultimate carcinogens if formed in the breast. Some metabolic activities of CYP3A4, including dehydroepiandrosterone 7β-/16α-hydroxylation, estrone 2-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, were higher than those for polymorphically expressed CYP3A5. Next, we considered typical steroidogenic P450s. CYP17A1, CYP19A1 and CYP27A1 catalyzed steroid synthesis, including hydroxylation at 17α, 19 and 27 positions, respectively. However, it was difficult to predict which hepatic drug-metabolizing P450 or steroidogenic P450 will be mainly responsible for metabolizing each steroid hormone in vivo based on these results. Further research is required on the metabolism of steroid hormones by various P450s and on prediction of their relative contributions to in vivo metabolism. The findings collected here provide fundamental and useful information on the metabolism of steroid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University , Okayama , Japan and
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33
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Demethylation of neferine in human liver microsomes and formation of quinone methide metabolites mediated by CYP3A4 accentuates its cytotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 224:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Mammalian cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14044-57. [PMID: 25123135 PMCID: PMC4159838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to dioxin toxicity in humans and wildlife after bioaccumulation through the food chain from the environment. The authors examined human and rat cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolism of PCDDs and PCBs. A number of human CYP isoforms belonging to the CYP1 and CYP2 families showed remarkable activities toward low-chlorinated PCDDs. In particular, human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 showed high activities toward monoCDDs, diCDDs, and triCDDs but no detectable activity toward 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetraCDD). Large amino acids located at putative substrate-recognition sites and the F-G loop in rat CYP1A1 contributed to the successful metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD. Rat, but not human, CYP1A1 metabolized 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (CB126) to two hydroxylated metabolites. These metabolites are probably less toxic than is CB126, due to their higher solubility. Homology models of human and rat CYP1A1s and CB126 docking studies indicated that two amino acid differences in the CB126-binding cavity were important for CB126 metabolism. In this review, the importance of CYPs in the metabolism of dioxins and PCBs in mammals and the species-based differences between humans and rats are described. In addition, the authors reveal the molecular mechanism behind the binding modes of dioxins and PCBs in the heme pocket of CYPs.
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Achour B, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Expression of Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Their Intercorrelations: A Meta-Analysis. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Marty MS, O'Connor JC. Key learnings from the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) Tier 1 rodent uterotrophic and Hershberger assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:63-79. [PMID: 24515841 PMCID: PMC4309517 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, companies began screening compounds using the US Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). EDSP has two tiers: Tier 1 includes 11 assays to identify compounds with potential endocrine activity. This article describes two laboratories' experiences conducting Tier 1 uterotrophic and Hershberger assays. The uterotrophic assay detects estrogen receptor agonists through increases in uterine weight. The advantages of the uterotrophic rat models (immature vs. adult ovariectomized) and exposure routes are discussed. Across 29 studies, relative differences in uterine weights in the vehicle control group and 17α-ethynylestradiol–positive control group were reasonably reproducible. The Hershberger assay detects androgen receptor (AR) agonists, antagonists, and 5α-reductase inhibitors through changes in accessory sex tissue (AST) weights. Across 23 studies, AST weights were relatively reproducible for the vehicle groups (baseline), testosterone propionate (TP) groups (androgenic response), and flutamide + TP groups (antiandrogenic response). In one laboratory, one and four compounds were positive in the androgenic and antiandrogenic portions of the assay, respectively. Each compound was also positive for AR binding. In the other laboratory, three compounds showed potential antiandrogenic activity, but each compound was negative for AR binding and did not fit the profile for 5α-reductase inhibition. These compounds induced hepatic enzymes that enhanced testosterone metabolism/clearance, resulting in lower testosterone and decreased capacity to maintain AST weights. The Hershberger androgenic and antiandrogenic performance criteria were generally attainable. Overall, the uterotrophic and Hershberger assays were easily adopted and function as described for EDSP screening, although the mode of action for positive results may not be easily determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sue Marty
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
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37
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Justenhoven C, Pentimalli D, Rabstein S, Harth V, Lotz A, Pesch B, Brüning T, Dörk T, Schürmann P, Bogdanova N, Park-Simon TW, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Fasching PA, Beckmann MW, Häberle L, Ekici A, Hall P, Czene K, Liu J, Li J, Baisch C, Hamann U, Ko YD, Brauch H. CYP2B6*6 is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:426-30. [PMID: 23824676 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is involved in the metabolism of testosterone. Functional changes in this enzyme may influence endogenous hormone exposure, which has been associated with risk of breast cancer. To assess potential associations between two functional polymorphisms CYP2B6_516_G>T (rs3745274) and CYP2B6_785_A>G (rs2279343) and breast cancer risk, we established a specific matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay. The GENICA breast cancer case-control study showed associations between the variant genotypes CYP2B6_516_TT and CYP2B6_785_GG and breast cancer risk with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.34 (p = 0.001) and 1.31 (p = 0.002), respectively. A similar effect was observed for carriers of the CYP2B6_516_T allele in a validation study including four independent studies from Germany, Sweden and USA. In a pooled analysis of all five studies involving 4,638 breast cancer cases and 3,594 controls of European ancestry, carriers of the CYP2B6_516_G and the CYP2B6_785_G variant had an increased breast cancer risk with ORs of 1.10 (p = 0.027) and 1.10 (p = 0.031), respectively. We conclude that the genetic variants CYP2B6_516_G and CYP2B6_785_G (designated CYP2B6*6), which are known to decrease activity of the CYP2B6 enzyme, contribute to an increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Justenhoven
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Murakami Y, Shimizu Y, Ogasawara A, Ueshima S, Nakayama M, Kawata K, Kakuta H, Aiba T. Interspecies comparison of hepatic metabolism of six newly synthesized retinoid X receptor agonistic compounds possessing a 6-[N-ethyl-N-(alkoxyisopropylphenyl)amino]nicotinic acid skeleton in rat and human liver microsomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1065-71. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.807278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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39
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Geier M, Braun A, Emmerstorfer A, Pichler H, Glieder A. Production of human cytochrome P450 2D6 drug metabolites with recombinant microbes - a comparative study. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1346-58. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Michaud V, Bar-Magen T, Turgeon J, Flockhart D, Desta Z, Wainberg MA. The Dual Role of Pharmacogenetics in HIV Treatment: Mutations and Polymorphisms Regulating Antiretroviral Drug Resistance and Disposition. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:803-33. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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41
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Chng HT, Ho HK, Yap CW, Lam SH, Chan ECY. An investigation of the bioactivation potential and metabolism profile of Zebrafish versus human. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:974-86. [PMID: 22644267 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112447305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish model has been increasingly explored as an alternative model for toxicity screening of pharmaceutical drugs. However, little is understood about the bioactivation of drug to reactive metabolite and phase I and II metabolism of chemical in zebrafish as compared with human. The primary aim of our study was to establish the bioactivation potential of zebrafish using acetaminophen as a probe substrate. Our secondary aim was to perform metabolite profiling experiments on testosterone, a CYP3A probe substrate, in zebrafish and compare the metabolite profiles with that of human. The glutathione trapping assay of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine demonstrated that zebrafish generates the same reactive metabolite as humans from the bioactivation of acetaminophen. Zebrafish possesses functional CYP3A4/5-like and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase metabolic activities on testosterone. Differential testosterone metabolism was observed among the two species. In silico docking studies suggested that the zebrafish CYP3A65 was responsible for the bioactivation of acetaminophen and phase I hydroxylation of testosterone. Our findings reinforce the need to further characterize the drug metabolism phenotype of zebrafish before the model can fully achieve its potential as an alternative toxicity screening model in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Shamsipur M, Miran Beigi AA, Teymouri M, Poursaberi T, Mostafavi SM, Soleimani P, Chitsazian F, Tash SA. Biotransformation of methyl tert-butyl ether by human cytochrome P450 2A6. Biodegradation 2011; 23:311-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Kamada N, Yamada K, Odomi M, Mukai T, Nishibayashi T, Ogawara KI, Kimura T, Higaki K. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of cilostazol in rats. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:903-13. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.590242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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44
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Oguro A, Sakamoto K, Funae Y, Imaoka S. Overexpression of CYP3A4, but not of CYP2D6, promotes hypoxic response and cell growth of Hep3B cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:407-15. [PMID: 21566342 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) contribute to carcinogenesis by activating procarcinogens and also metabolize anti-cancer drugs. The activity and protein levels of P450s are important in cancer risk and in cancer therapy. In this study, we found that overexpression of CYP3A4 induced growth of a human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B. Overexpression of CYP2D6, by comparison, decreased cell growth. An inhibitor of CYP3A4, ketoconazole, significantly suppressed the growth of Hep3B cells overexpressing CYP3A4, but an inhibitor of CYP2D6, quinidine, did not restore Hep3B cell growth to baseline levels. Overexpression of CYP3A4 increased the production of reactive oxygen species, but this was not the cause of the CYP3A4-induced growth. Previously, we showed that CYP3A4 can produce epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) from arachidonic acid. The CYP3A4-enhanced cell growth was attenuated by a putative EET receptor antagonist, 14,15-EEZE. CYP3A4 promoted progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to the S phase. CYP3A4 also induced a hypoxic response of Hep3B cells, detected as enhanced erythropoietin gene expression (a typical hypoxic response). The cell growth promoted by CYP3A4 was inhibited by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. These results suggest that CYP3A4 plays an important role in tumor progression, independent of the activation of carcinogens and metabolism of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Oguro
- Research Center for Environmental Bioscience and Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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45
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DeKeyser JG, Laurenzana EM, Peterson EC, Chen T, Omiecinski CJ. Selective phthalate activation of naturally occurring human constitutive androstane receptor splice variants and the pregnane X receptor. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:381-91. [PMID: 21227907 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates and other endocrine-disruptive chemicals are manufactured in large quantities for use as plasticizers and other commercial applications, resulting in ubiquitous human exposure and thus, concern regarding their toxicity. Innate defense against small molecule exposures is controlled in large part by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The human CAR gene undergoes multiple alternative splicing events resulting in the CAR2 and CAR3 variant receptors. Recent studies from our laboratory show that CAR2 is potently and specifically activated by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). We hypothesized that alternative splicing is a mechanism for increasing CAR's functional diversity, broadening the human receptors' repertoire of response to environmental xenobiotics. In these studies, we examine the interaction of alternatively spliced CARs and PXR with a range of suspected endocrine disruptors, including phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and 4-N-nonylphenol (NP). Transactivation and two-hybrid studies in COS-1 cells revealed differential selectivity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals for the variant CAR and PXR. Ex vivo studies showed DEHP and di-isononyl phthalate potently induced CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes. Mutation analysis of CAR2, in silico modeling, and ligand docking studies suggested that the SPTV amino acid insertion of CAR2 creates a unique ligand-binding pocket. Alternative gene splicing results in variant CAR receptors that selectively recognize phthalates and BPA. The interaction of phthalates with CAR and PXR suggests a xenobiotic response that is complex and biologically redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G DeKeyser
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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46
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Koyama N, Yamazoe Y. Development of Two-dimensional Template System for the Prediction of CYP2B6-mediated Reaction Sites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:309-30. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Matsumoto K, Nemoto E, Hasegawa T, Akimoto M, Sugibayashi K. In Vitro Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 Isoforms Involved in the Metabolism of 6-Methoxy-2-napthylacetic Acid, an Active Metabolite of the Prodrug Nabumetone. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:734-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Eiichi Nemoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
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48
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Puccinelli E, Gervasi PG, La Marca M, Beffy P, Longo V. Expression and inducibility by phenobarbital of CYP2C33, CYP2C42, CYP2C49, CYP2B22, and CYP3As in porcine liver, kidney, small intestine, and nasal tissues. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:525-35. [PMID: 20509749 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.489125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the expression and inducibility of CYP2C33, CYP2C42, CYP2C49, CYP2B22, CYP3A22, CYP3A29, and CYP3A46 were investigated at activity and/or transcriptional level in liver, kidney, small intestine, respiratory, and olfactory nasal mucosa of control and phenobarbital (PB)-treated pigs. PB treatment resulted in an up-regulation of mRNA levels of all analyzed CYPs in liver, of CYP2C42 and CYP2C49 in kidney, of CYP2C42, CYP2C49, CYP2B22, and CYP3As in small intestine. In liver microsomes from PB-treated pigs, these transcriptional activations were accompanied by an increase of various marker activities of human CYP2B6, CYP3As, CYP2C9, CYP2C19. Among the extrahepatic tissues, a significant induction by PB was observed only in kidney for the marker activities of CYP2C9. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the PB administration in pigs induced at least in liver, in addition to CYP2B22 and CYP3As, the expression of CYP2C33, CYP2C42, and CYP2C49 at transcriptional and activity levels. Furthermore our findings showed that the catalytic activities of porcine CYP2Cs are different amongst those observed and with respect to the human counterparts. Thus, the use of pigs as a model for humans in studies using drugs as substrates and/or inducers of CYP2Cs should be considered carefully.
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Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Kamakura M, Ohta M, Sakaki T. Metabolism of Sesamin by Cytochrome P450 in Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2117-23. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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Involvement of pregnane X receptor in the regulation of CYP2B6 gene expression by oltipraz in human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:452-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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