1
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Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, D’Alessandro A, Freedman R. Developmental Windows for Effects of Choline and Folate on Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission During Human Gestation. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22453. [PMID: 38646069 PMCID: PMC11031125 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Choline and folate are critical nutrients for fetal brain development, but the timing of their influence during gestation has not been previously characterized. At different periods during gestation, choline stimulation of α7-nicotinic receptors facilitates conversion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors from excitatory to inhibitory and recruitment of GluR1-R2 receptors for faster excitatory responses to glutamate. The outcome of the fetal development of inhibition and excitation was assessed in 159 newborns by P50 cerebral auditory-evoked responses. Paired stimuli, S1, S2, were presented 500 msec apart. Higher P50 amplitude in response to S1 (P50S1microV) assesses excitation, and lower P50S2microV assesses inhibition in this paired-stimulus paradigm. Development of inhibition was related solely to maternal choline plasma concentration and folate supplementation at 16 weeks' gestation. Development of excitation was related only to maternal choline at 28 weeks. Higher maternal choline concentrations later in gestation did not compensate for earlier lower concentrations. At 4 years of age, increased behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5yrs were related to both newborn inhibition and excitation. Incomplete development of inhibition and excitation associated with lower choline and folate during relatively brief periods of gestation thus has enduring effects on child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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2
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Chen J, Brea RJ, Fracassi A, Cho CJ, Wong AM, Salvador-Castell M, Sinha SK, Budin I, Devaraj NK. Rapid Formation of Non-canonical Phospholipid Membranes by Chemoselective Amide-Forming Ligations with Hydroxylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311635. [PMID: 37919232 PMCID: PMC11179435 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in methods to generate synthetic lipid membranes as key constituents of artificial cells or to develop new tools for remodeling membranes in living cells. However, the biosynthesis of phospholipids involves elaborate enzymatic pathways that are challenging to reconstitute in vitro. An alternative approach is to use chemical reactions to non-enzymatically generate natural or non-canonical phospholipids de novo. Previous reports have shown that synthetic lipid membranes can be formed in situ using various ligation chemistries, but these methods lack biocompatibility and/or suffer from slow kinetics at physiological pH. Thus, it would be valuable to develop chemoselective strategies for synthesizing phospholipids from water-soluble precursors that are compatible with synthetic or living cells Here, we demonstrate that amide-forming ligations between lipid precursors bearing hydroxylamines and α-ketoacids (KAs) or potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) can be used to prepare non-canonical phospholipids at physiological pH conditions. The generated amide-linked phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble into cell-like micron-sized vesicles similar to natural phospholipid membranes. We show that lipid synthesis using KAT ligation proceeds extremely rapidly, and the high selectivity and biocompatibility of the approach facilitates the in situ synthesis of phospholipids and associated membranes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Biomimetic Membrane Chemistry (BioMemChem) Group, CICA-Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Rúa As Carballeiras, 15701, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christy J Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adrian M Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marta Salvador-Castell
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Mayer Hall Addition 4561, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sunil K Sinha
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Mayer Hall Addition 4561, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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3
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Georgoulis I, Bock C, Lannig G, Pörtner HO, Sokolova IM, Feidantsis K, Giantsis IA, Michaelidis B. Heat hardening enhances metabolite-driven thermoprotection in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1244314. [PMID: 37841313 PMCID: PMC10570847 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1244314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Temperature affects organisms' metabolism and ecological performance. Owing to climate change, sea warming constituting a severe source of environmental stress for marine organisms, since it increases at alarming rates. Rapid warming can exceed resilience of marine organisms leading to fitness loss and mortality. However, organisms can improve their thermal tolerance when briefly exposed to sublethal thermal stress (heat hardening), thus generating heat tolerant phenotypes. Methods: We investigated the "stress memory" effect caused by heat hardening on M. galloprovincialis metabolite profile of in order to identify the underlying biochemical mechanisms, which enhance mussels' thermal tolerance. Results: The heat hardening led to accumulation of amino acids (e.g., leucine, isoleucine and valine), including osmolytes and cytoprotective agents with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can contribute to thermal protection of the mussels. Moreover, proteolysis was inhibited and protein turnover regulated by the heat hardening. Heat stress alters the metabolic profile of heat stressed mussels, benefiting the heat-hardened individuals in increasing their heat tolerance compared to the non-heat-hardened ones. Discussion: These findings provide new insights in the metabolic mechanisms that may reinforce mussels' tolerance against thermal stress providing both natural protection and potential manipulative tools (e.g., in aquaculture) against the devastating climate change effects on marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Georgoulis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christian Bock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans O. Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Inna M. Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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Chin CF, Galam DL, Gao L, Tan BC, Wong BH, Chua GL, Loke RY, Lim YC, Wenk MR, Lim MS, Leow WQ, Goh GB, Torta F, Silver DL. Blood-derived lysophospholipid sustains hepatic phospholipids and fat storage necessary for hepatoprotection in overnutrition. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171267. [PMID: 37463052 PMCID: PMC10471173 DOI: 10.1172/jci171267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a high demand for phosphatidylcholine (PC), particularly in overnutrition, where reduced phospholipid levels have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether other pathways exist in addition to de novo PC synthesis that contribute to hepatic PC pools remains unknown. Here, we identified the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) transporter major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A (Mfsd2a) as critical for maintaining hepatic phospholipid pools. Hepatic Mfsd2a expression was induced in patients having NAFLD and in mice in response to dietary fat via glucocorticoid receptor action. Mfsd2a liver-specific deficiency in mice (L2aKO) led to a robust nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-like (NASH-like) phenotype within just 2 weeks of dietary fat challenge associated with reduced hepatic phospholipids containing linoleic acid. Reducing dietary choline intake in L2aKO mice exacerbated liver pathology and deficiency of liver phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Treating hepatocytes with LPCs containing oleate and linoleate, two abundant blood-derived LPCs, specifically induced lipid droplet biogenesis and contributed to phospholipid pools, while LPC containing the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) promoted lipid droplet formation and suppressed lipogenesis. This study revealed that PUFA-containing LPCs drive hepatic lipid droplet formation, suppress lipogenesis, and sustain hepatic phospholipid pools - processes that are critical for protecting the liver from excess dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen Fei Chin
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dwight L.A. Galam
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Liang Gao
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute and
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan C. Tan
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Bernice H. Wong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Geok-Lin Chua
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Randy Y.J. Loke
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yen Ching Lim
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute and
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miao-Shan Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wei-Qiang Leow
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, and
| | - George B.B. Goh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Medicine Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute and
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David L. Silver
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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5
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Kwarteng DO, Gangoda M, Kooijman EE. The effect of methylated phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives on the ionization properties of signaling phosphatidic acid. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:107005. [PMID: 36934676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and Phosphatidylcholine (PC) are the most abundant glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic membranes. The differences in the physicochemical properties of their headgroups have contrasting modulatory effects on their interaction with intracellular macromolecules. As such, their overall impact on membrane structure and function differs significantly. Enzymatic methylation of PE's amine headgroup produces two methylated derivatives namely monomethyl PE (MMPE) and dimethyl PE (DMPE) which have physicochemical properties that generally range between that of PE and PC. Additionally, their influence on membrane properties differs from both PE and PC. Although variations in headgroup methylation have been reported to affect signaling pathways, the direct influence that these differences exert on the ionization properties of signaling phospholipids have not been investigated. Here, we briefly review membrane function and structure that are mediated by the differences in headgroup methylation between PE, MMPE, DMPE and PC. In addition, using 31P MAS NMR, we investigate the effect of these four phospholipids on the ionization properties of the ubiquitous signaling anionic lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). Our results show that PA's ionization properties are differentially affected by changes in phospholipid headgroup methylation. This could have important implications for PA-protein binding and hence physiological functions in cells where signaling events lead to changes in abundance of methylated PE derivatives in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Owusu Kwarteng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Mahinda Gangoda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Edgar E Kooijman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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6
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Kwiatek JM, Gutierrez B, Izgu EC, Han GS, Carman GM. Phosphatidic acid mediates the Nem1-Spo7/Pah1 phosphatase cascade in yeast lipid synthesis. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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7
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Pascale RM, Simile MM, Calvisi DF, Feo CF, Feo F. S-Adenosylmethionine: From the Discovery of Its Inhibition of Tumorigenesis to Its Use as a Therapeutic Agent. Cells 2022; 11:409. [PMID: 35159219 PMCID: PMC8834208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of methionine cycle in steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma induce MAT1A decrease and MAT2A increase expressions with the consequent decrease of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). This causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). SAM administration antagonizes pathological conditions, including galactosamine, acetaminophen, and ethanol intoxications, characterized by decreased intracellular SAM. Positive therapeutic effects of SAM/vitamin E or SAM/ursodeoxycholic acid in animal models with NAFLD and intrahepatic cholestasis were not confirmed in humans. In in vitro experiments, SAM and betaine potentiate PegIFN-alpha-2a/2b plus ribavirin antiviral effects. SAM plus betaine improves early viral kinetics and increases interferon-stimulated gene expression in patients with viral hepatitis non-responders to pegIFNα/ribavirin. SAM prevents hepatic cirrhosis, induced by CCl4, inhibits experimental tumors growth and is proapoptotic for hepatocellular carcinoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. SAM plus Decitabine arrest cancer growth and potentiate doxorubicin effects on breast, head, and neck cancers. Furthermore, SAM enhances the antitumor effect of gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer cells, inhibits growth of human prostate cancer PC-3, colorectal cancer, and osteosarcoma LM-7 and MG-63 cell lines; increases genomic stability of SW480 cells. SAM reduces colorectal cancer progression and inhibits the proliferation of preneoplastic rat liver cells in vivo. The discrepancy between positive results of SAM treatment of experimental tumors and modest effects against human disease may depend on more advanced human disease stage at moment of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Pascale
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria M. Simile
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudio F. Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.F.C.); (F.F.)
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8
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Shim E, Park E. Choline intake and its dietary reference values in Korea and other countries: a review. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:S126-S133. [PMID: 35651834 PMCID: PMC9127521 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.s1.s126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Shim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Soongeui Women’s College, Seoul 04628, Korea
| | - Eunju Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam University, Changwon 51767, Korea
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9
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Glade MJ, Crook MA. Choline deficiency: Is it being recognized? Nutrition 2021; 94:111509. [PMID: 34862116 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin A Crook
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
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10
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Di Minno A, Orsini RC, Chiesa M, Cavalca V, Calcaterra I, Tripaldella M, Anesi A, Fiorelli S, Eligini S, Colombo GI, Tremoli E, Porro B, Di Minno MND. Treatment with PCSK9 Inhibitors in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Lowers Plasma Levels of Platelet-Activating Factor and Its Precursors: A Combined Metabolomic and Lipidomic Approach. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081073. [PMID: 34440277 PMCID: PMC8391636 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by extremely high levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and is caused by mutations of genes involved in LDL-C metabolism, including LDL receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB), or proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Accordingly, PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are effective in LDL-C reduction. However, no data are available on the pleiotropic effect of PCSK9i. To this end, we performed an untargeted metabolomics approach to gather a global view on changes in metabolic pathways in patients receiving treatment with PCSK9i. METHODS Twenty-five FH patients starting treatment with PCSK-9i were evaluated by an untargeted metabolomics approach at baseline (before PCSK9i treatment) and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS All the 25 FH subjects enrolled were on maximal tolerated lipid-lowering therapy prior to study entry. After a 12 week treatment with PCSK9i, we observed an expected significant reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels (from 201.0 ± 69.5 mg/dL to 103.0 ± 58.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001). The LDL-C target was achieved in 36% of patients. After peak validation and correction, after 12 weeks of PCSK9i treatment as compared to baseline, we observed increments in creatine (p-value = 0.041), indole (p-value = 0.045), and indoleacrylic acid (p-value= 0.045) concentrations. Conversely, significant decreases in choline (p-value = 0.045) and phosphatidylcholine (p-value < 0.01) together with a reduction in platelet activating factor (p-value = 0.041) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Taking advantage of untargeted metabolomics, we first provided evidence of concomitant reductions in inflammation and platelet activation metabolites in FH patients receiving a 12 week treatment with PCSK9i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Clara Orsini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.O.); (I.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Mattia Chiesa
- Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Electronics, Information and Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 38010 Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana Cavalca
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Ilenia Calcaterra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.O.); (I.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Tripaldella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (R.C.O.); (I.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach Research and Innovation Centre, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010 S. Michele all’ Adige, Italy;
| | - Susanna Fiorelli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Gualtiero I. Colombo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Benedetta Porro
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 38010 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (S.F.); (S.E.); (G.I.C.); (E.T.); (B.P.)
| | - Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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11
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Azarcoya-Barrera J, Field CJ, Goruk S, Makarowski A, Curtis JM, Pouliot Y, Jacobs RL, Richard C. Buttermilk: an important source of lipid soluble forms of choline that influences the immune system development in Sprague-Dawley rat offspring. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2807-2818. [PMID: 33416979 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of feeding buttermilk-derived choline metabolites on the immune system development in Sprague-Dawley rat pups. METHODS Sprague-Dawley dams were randomized to one of the three diets containing 1.7 g/kg choline: 1-Control (100% free choline (FC)), 2-Buttermilk (BM, 37% phosphatidylcholine (PC), 34% sphingomyelin (SM), 17% glycerophosphocholine (GPC), 7% FC, 5% phosphocholine), and 3-Placebo (PB, 50% PC, 25% FC, 25% GPC) until the end of the lactation period. At weaning, pups continued on the same diet as their mom. Cell phenotypes and cytokine production by mitogen-stimulated splenocytes isolated from 3- and 10-week-old pups were measured. RESULTS At 3 weeks, BM-pups had a higher proportion of cytotoxic T cells (CTL; CD3 + CD8 +) while both BM- and PB-pups had an increased proportion of cells expressing CD28 + , CD86 + and CD27 + (all p > 0.05). Following ConA stimulation, splenocytes from BM- and PB-pups produced more TNF-α and IFN-γ and after LPS stimulation produced more IL-10 and TNF-α (all p > 0.05). Starting at week 6 of age, BM-pups had a higher body weight. At 10 weeks, both the BM- and PB-pups had a higher proportion of CTL expressing CD27 + . After ConA stimulation, splenocytes from BM- and PB-pups produced more IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-6 and more IL-10 after LPS stimulation (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The proportion of lipid soluble forms of choline in the diet during lactation and weaning periods influence the immune system development in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Azarcoya-Barrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Alexander Makarowski
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Yves Pouliot
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, 4-002G Li Ka Shing, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Trimethylornithine Membrane Lipids: Discovered in Planctomycetes and Identified in Diverse Environments. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010049. [PMID: 33445571 PMCID: PMC7828035 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) are the building blocks of all cell membranes. There is a wide range of phosphorus-free IPL structures, including amino acid containing IPLs, that can be taxonomically specific. Trimethylornithine membrane lipids (TMOs) were discovered in northern wetland Planctomycete species that were isolated and described in the last decade. The trimethylated terminal nitrogen moiety of the ornithine amino acid in the TMO structure gives the lipid a charged polar head group, similar to certain phospholipids. Since their discovery, TMOs have been identified in various other recently described northern latitude Planctomycete species, and in diverse environments including tundra soil, a boreal eutrophic lake, meso-oligotrophic lakes, and hot springs. The majority of environments or enrichment cultures in which TMOs have been observed include predominately heterotrophic microbial communities involved in the degradation of recalcitrant material and/or low oxygen methanogenic conditions at primarily northern latitudes. Other ecosystems occupied with microbial communities that possess similar metabolic pathways, such as tropical peatlands or coastal salt marshes, may include TMO producing Planctomycetes as well, further allowing these lipids to potentially be used to understand microbial community responses to environmental change in a wide range of systems. The occurrence of TMOs in hot springs indicates that these unique lipids could have broad environmental distribution with different specialized functions. Opportunities also exist to investigate the application of TMOs in microbiome studies, including forensic necrobiomes. Further environmental and microbiome lipidomics research involving TMOs will help reveal the evolution, functions, and applications of these unique membrane lipids.
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Di Minno A, Anesi A, Chiesa M, Cirillo F, Colombo GI, Orsini RC, Capasso F, Morisco F, Fiorelli S, Eligini S, Cavalca V, Tremoli E, Porro B, Di Minno MND. Plasma phospholipid dysregulation in patients with cystathionine-β synthase deficiency. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2286-2295. [PMID: 32912785 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with cystathionine β-synthase deficiency (CBSD) exhibit high circulating levels of homocysteine and enhanced lipid peroxidation. We have characterized the plasma lipidome in CBSD patients and related lipid abnormalities with reactions underlying enhanced homocysteine levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry method, plasma lipids were determined with an untargeted lipidomics approach in 11 CBSD patients and 11 matched healthy subjects (CTRL). Compared to CTRL, CBSD patients had a higher medium and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) species (p < 0.02), and depletion of phosphatidylcholine (PC; p = 0.02) and of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; p = 0.003) species containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), suggesting impaired phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity. PEMT converts PE into PC using methyl group by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) thus converted in S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Whole blood SAM and SAH concentrations by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were 1.4-fold (p = 0.015) and 5.3-fold (p = 0.003) higher in CBSD patients than in CTRL. A positive correlation between SAM/SAH and PC/PE ratios (r = 0.520; p = 0.019) was found. CONCLUSIONS A novel biochemical abnormality in CBSD patients consisting in depletion of PC and LPC species containing DHA and accumulation of PUFA in PE and LPE species is revealed by this lipidomic approach. Changes in plasma SAM and SAH concentrations are associated with such phospholipid dysregulation. Given the key role of DHA in thrombosis prevention, depletion of PC species containing DHA in CBSD patients provides a new direction to understand the poor cardiovascular outcome of patients with homocystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Anesi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach Research and Innovation Centre, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, S. Michele all' Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Cirillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Roberta C Orsini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Capasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Morisco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matteo N D Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Booth LA, Smith TK. Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 240:111324. [PMID: 32961207 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular membranes of Trypanosoma cruzi, like all eukaryotes, contain varying amounts of phospholipids, sphingolipids, neutral lipids and sterols. A multitude of pathways exist for the de novo synthesis of these lipid families but Trypanosoma cruzi has also become adapted to scavenge some of these lipids from the host. Completion of the TriTryp genomes has led to the identification of many putative genes involved in lipid synthesis, revealing some interesting differences to higher eukaryotes. Although many enzymes involved in lipid synthesis have yet to be characterised, completed experiments have shown the indispensability of some lipid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the bioactive lipids of Trypanosoma cruzi and their effects on the host are becoming increasingly studied. Further studies on lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi will no doubt reveal some attractive targets for therapeutic intervention as well as reveal the interplay between parasite lipids, host response and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh-Ann Booth
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
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15
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Sênos Demarco R, Clémot M, Jones DL. The impact of ageing on lipid-mediated regulation of adult stem cell behavior and tissue homeostasis. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111278. [PMID: 32522455 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells sustain tissue homeostasis throughout life and provide an important reservoir of cells capable of tissue repair in response to stress and tissue damage. Age-related changes to stem cells and/or the specialized niches that house them have been shown to negatively impact stem cell maintenance and activity. In addition, metabolic inputs have surfaced as another crucial layer in the control of stem cell behavior (Chandel et al., 2016; Folmes and Terzic, 2016; Ito and Suda, 2014; Mana et al., 2017; Shyh-Chang and Ng, 2017). Here, we will present a brief review of how lipid metabolism influences adult stem cell behavior under homeostatic conditions and speculate on how changes in lipid metabolism may impact stem cell ageing. This review considers the future of lipid metabolism research in stem cells, with the long-term goal of identifying mechanisms that could be targeted to counter or slow the age-related decline in stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sênos Demarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marie Clémot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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16
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The Disruption of Liver Metabolic Circadian Rhythms by a Cafeteria Diet Is Sex-Dependent in Fischer 344 Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041085. [PMID: 32295282 PMCID: PMC7230270 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are ~24 h fluctuations of different biological processes that are regulated by the circadian clock system. They exert a major influence on most of the metabolism, such as the hepatic metabolism. This rhythmicity can be disrupted by obesogenic diets, fact that is considered to be a risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, obesogenic diets do not affect both genders in the same manner. We hypothesized that the circadian rhythms disruption of the hepatic metabolism, caused by obesogenic diets, is gender-dependent. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were fed either a standard diet or a cafeteria diet and sacrificed at two different moments, at zeitgeber 3 and 15. Only female rats maintained the circadian variations of the hepatic metabolism under a cafeteria diet. Most of those metabolites were related with the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis, such as choline, betaine or phosphatidylcholine. Most of these metabolites were found to be increased at the beginning of the dark period. On the other hand, male animals did not show these time differences. These findings suggest that females might be more protected against the circadian disruption of the hepatic metabolism caused by a cafeteria diet through the increase of the VLDL synthesis at the beginning of the feeding time.
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Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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18
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Ding L, Zhang C, Liu Z, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Li S, Nie G, Tang H, Wang Y. Metabonomic Investigation of Biological Effects of a New Vessel Target Protein tTF-pHLIP in a Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:238-247. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laifeng Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Metabonomics and Systems Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Qingxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Metabonomics and Systems Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Suping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Metabonomics and Systems Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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19
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Pascale RM, Peitta G, Simile MM, Feo F. Alterations of Methionine Metabolism as Potential Targets for the Prevention and Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E296. [PMID: 31234428 PMCID: PMC6631235 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have analyzed the alterations of the methionine cycle associated with liver disease to clarify the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and improve the preventive and the therapeutic approaches to this tumor. Different alterations of the methionine cycle leading to a decrease of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) occur in hepatitis, liver steatosis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC. The reproduction of these changes in MAT1A-KO mice, prone to develop hepatitis and HCC, demonstrates the pathogenetic role of MAT1A gene under-regulation associated with up-regulation of the MAT2A gene (MAT1A:MAT2A switch), encoding the SAM synthesizing enzymes, methyladenosyltransferase I/III (MATI/III) and methyladenosyltransferase II (MATII), respectively. This leads to a rise of MATII, inhibited by the reaction product, with a consequent decrease of SAM synthesis. Attempts to increase the SAM pool by injecting exogenous SAM have beneficial effects in experimental alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis inhibition by SAM include: (1) antioxidative effects due to inhibition of nitric oxide (NO•) production, a rise in reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis, stabilization of the DNA repair protein Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APEX1); (2) inhibition of c-myc, H-ras, and K-ras expression, prevention of NF-kB activation, and induction of overexpression of the oncosuppressor PP2A gene; (3) an increase in expression of the ERK inhibitor DUSP1; (4) inhibition of PI3K/AKT expression and down-regulation of C/EBPα and UCA1 gene transcripts; (5) blocking LKB1/AMPK activation; (6) DNA and protein methylation. Different clinical trials have documented curative effects of SAM in alcoholic liver disease. Furthermore, SAM enhances the IFN-α antiviral activity and protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury during hepatectomy in HCC patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, although SAM prevents experimental tumors, it is not curative against already established experimental and human HCCs. The recent observation that the inhibition of MAT2A and MAT2B expression by miRNAs leads to a rise of endogenous SAM and strong inhibition of cancer cell growth could open new perspectives to the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Graziella Peitta
- Department of Clinical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Maria M Simile
- Department of Clinical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical, Surgery and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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20
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Papsdorf K, Brunet A. Linking Lipid Metabolism to Chromatin Regulation in Aging. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:97-116. [PMID: 30316636 PMCID: PMC6340780 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lifespan of an organism is strongly influenced by environmental factors (including diet) and by internal factors (notably reproductive status). Lipid metabolism is critical for adaptation to external conditions or reproduction. Interestingly, specific lipid profiles are associated with longevity, and increased uptake of certain lipids extends longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans and ameliorates disease phenotypes in humans. How lipids impact longevity, and how lipid metabolism is regulated during aging, is just beginning to be unraveled. This review describes recent advances in the regulation and role of lipids in longevity, focusing on the interaction between lipid metabolism and chromatin states in aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Papsdorf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Choline and choline-related nutrients in regular and preterm infant growth. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:931-945. [PMID: 30298207 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline is an essential nutrient, with increased requirements during development. It forms the headgroup of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions. Phosphatidylcholine is linked to cell signaling as a phosphocholine donor to synthesize sphingomyelin from ceramide, a trigger of apoptosis, and is the major carrier of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma. Acetylcholine is important for neurodevelopment and the placental storage form for fetal choline supply. Betaine, a choline metabolite, functions as osmolyte and methyl donor. Their concentrations are all tightly regulated in tissues. CLINCAL IMPACT During the fetal growth spurt at 24-34-week postmenstrual age, plasma choline is higher than beyond 34 weeks, and threefold higher than in pregnant women [45 (36-60) µmol/L vs. 14 (10-17) µmol/L]. The rapid decrease in plasma choline after premature birth suggests an untimely reduction in choline supply, as cellular uptake is proportional to plasma concentration. Supply via breast milk, with phosphocholine and α-glycerophosphocholine as its major choline components, does not prevent such postnatal decrease. Moreover, high amounts of liver PC are secreted via bile, causing rapid hepatic choline turnover via the enterohepatic cycle, and deficiency in case of pancreatic phospholipase A2 deficiency or intestinal resection. Choline deficiency causes hepatic damage and choline accretion at the expense of the lungs and other tissues. CONCLUSION Choline deficiency may contribute to the impaired lean body mass growth and pulmonary and neurocognitive development of preterm infants despite adequate macronutrient supply and weight gain. In this context, a reconsideration of current recommendations for choline supply to preterm infants is required.
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22
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Phospholipids and inositol phosphates linked to the epigenome. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:245-253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Akhberdi O, Zhang Q, Wang H, Li Y, Chen L, Wang D, Yu X, Wei D, Zhu X. Roles of phospholipid methyltransferases in pycnidia development, stress tolerance and secondary metabolism in the taxol-producing fungus Pestalotiopsis microspore. Microbiol Res 2018; 210:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Ye C, Sutter BM, Wang Y, Kuang Z, Tu BP. A Metabolic Function for Phospholipid and Histone Methylation. Mol Cell 2017; 66:180-193.e8. [PMID: 28366644 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the methyl donor for biological methylation modifications that regulate protein and nucleic acid functions. Here, we show that methylation of a phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), is a major consumer of SAM. The induction of phospholipid biosynthetic genes is accompanied by induction of the enzyme that hydrolyzes S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a product and inhibitor of methyltransferases. Beyond its function for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the methylation of PE facilitates the turnover of SAM for the synthesis of cysteine and glutathione through transsulfuration. Strikingly, cells that lack PE methylation accumulate SAM, which leads to hypermethylation of histones and the major phosphatase PP2A, dependency on cysteine, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Without PE methylation, particular sites on histones then become methyl sinks to enable the conversion of SAM to SAH. These findings reveal an unforeseen metabolic function for phospholipid and histone methylation intrinsic to the life of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunqi Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Benjamin M Sutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Zheng Kuang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA.
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25
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Heffernan C, Jain MR, Liu T, Kim H, Barretto K, Li H, Maurel P. Nectin-like 4 Complexes with Choline Transporter-like Protein-1 and Regulates Schwann Cell Choline Homeostasis and Lipid Biogenesis in Vitro. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4484-4498. [PMID: 28119456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-like 4 (NECL4, CADM4) is a Schwann cell-specific cell adhesion molecule that promotes axo-glial interactions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NECL4 is necessary for proper peripheral nerve myelination. However, the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by NECL4 and affect peripheral myelination currently remain unclear. We used an in vitro approach to begin identifying some of the mechanisms that could explain NECL4 function. Using mass spectrometry and Western blotting techniques, we have identified choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) as a putative complexing partner with NECL4. We show that intracellular choline levels are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells. The analysis of extracellular d9-choline uptake revealed a deficit in the amount of d9-choline found inside NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, suggestive of either reduced transport capabilities or increased metabolization of transported choline. An extensive lipidomic screen of choline derivatives showed that total phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (but not diacylglycerol or sphingomyelin) are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, particularly specific subspecies of phosphatidylcholine carrying very long polyunsaturated fatty acid chains. Finally, CTL1-deficient Schwann cells are significantly impaired in their ability to myelinate neurites in vitro To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bona fide cell adhesion molecule, NECL4, regulating choline homeostasis and lipid biogenesis. Phosphatidylcholines are major myelin phospholipids, and several phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol species are known to regulate key aspects of peripheral myelination. Furthermore, the biophysical properties imparted to plasma membranes are regulated by fatty acid chain profiles. Therefore, it will be important to translate these in vitro observations to in vivo studies of NECL4 and CTL1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Heffernan
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Mohit R Jain
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Tong Liu
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Hyosung Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Kevin Barretto
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Hong Li
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Patrice Maurel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
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26
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Choline-phospholipids inter-conversion is altered in elderly patients with prostate cancer. Biochimie 2016; 126:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Calzada E, Onguka O, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 321:29-88. [PMID: 26811286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells. The existence of four only partially redundant biochemical pathways that produce PE, highlights the importance of this essential phospholipid. The CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathways occur in different subcellular compartments and are the main sources of PE in cells. Mammalian development fails upon ablation of either pathway. Once made, PE has diverse cellular functions that include serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine and a substrate for important posttranslational modifications, influencing membrane topology, and promoting cell and organelle membrane fusion, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. The importance of PE metabolism in mammalian health has recently emerged following its association with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nonalcoholic liver disease, and the virulence of certain pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gao X, van der Veen JN, Hermansson M, Ordoñez M, Gomez-Muñoz A, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Decreased lipogenesis in white adipose tissue contributes to the resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vance DE. Phospholipid methylation in mammals: from biochemistry to physiological function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1477-87. [PMID: 24184426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine is made in the liver via the CDP-choline pathway and via the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine by 3 transmethylation reactions from AdoMet catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT). PEMT is a 22.3kDa integral transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-associated membranes. The only tissue with quantitatively significant PEMT activity is liver; however, low levels of PEMT in adipocytes have been implicated in lipid droplet formation. PEMT activity is regulated by the concentration of substrates (phosphatidylethanolamine and AdoMet) as well as the ratio of AdoMet to AdoHcy. Transcription of PEMT is enhanced by estrogen whereas the transcription factor Sp1 is a negative regulator of PEMT transcription. Studies with mice that lack PEMT have provided novel insights into the function of this enzyme. PEMT activity is required to maintain hepatic membrane integrity and for the formation of choline when dietary choline supply is limited. PEMT is required for normal secretion of very low-density lipoproteins. The lack of PEMT protects against diet-induced atherosclerosis in two mouse models. Most unexpectedly, mice that lack PEMT are protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, mice lacking PEMT have increased susceptibility to diet-induced fatty liver and steatohepatitis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Novel mono-, di-, and trimethylornithine membrane lipids in northern wetland planctomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6874-84. [PMID: 23995937 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02169-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern peatlands represent a significant global carbon store and commonly originate from Sphagnum moss-dominated wetlands. These ombrotrophic ecosystems are rain fed, resulting in nutrient-poor, acidic conditions. Members of the bacterial phylum Planctomycetes are highly abundant and appear to play an important role in the decomposition of Sphagnum-derived litter in these ecosystems. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRAM/MS) analysis of lipid extracts of four isolated planctomycetes from wetlands of European north Russia revealed novel ornithine membrane lipids (OLs) that are mono-, di-, and trimethylated at the ε-nitrogen position of the ornithine head group. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the isolated trimethylornithine lipid confirmed the structural identification. Similar fatty acid distributions between mono-, di-, and trimethylornithine lipids suggest that the three lipid classes are biosynthetically linked, as in the sequential methylation of the terminal nitrogen in phosphatidylethanolamine to produce phosphatidylcholine. The mono-, di-, and trimethylornithine lipids described here represent the first report of methylation of the ornithine head groups in biological membranes. Various bacteria are known to produce OLs under phosphorus limitation or fatty-acid-hydroxylated OLs under thermal or acid stress. The sequential methylation of OLs, leading to a charged choline-like moiety in the trimethylornithine lipid head group, may be an adaptation to provide membrane stability under acidic conditions without the use of scarce phosphate in nutrient-poor ombrotrophic wetlands.
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Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler D, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Trimoniums as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 31:296S-341S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581812467378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts, including alkyl chain, alkanol, and polymer derivatives (trimoniums) are used in cosmetics mainly as surfactant-cleansing agents, hair-conditioning agents, and antistatic agents. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed the relevant animal and human data and noted gaps in the available safety data for some of the trimomiums. The available data on many of the trimoniums are sufficient, however, and similar structural activity relationships, functions in cosmetics, and cosmetic product usage supported extending these data to the entire group. These ingredients were determined to be safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating.
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Vance DE. Physiological roles of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:626-32. [PMID: 22877991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) catalyzes the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine (PC). This 22.3 kDa protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria associated membranes of liver. The supply of the substrates AdoMet and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the product AdoHcy, can regulate the activity of PEMT. Estrogen has been identified as a positive activator, and Sp1 as a negative regulator, of transcription of the PEMT gene. Targeted inactivation of the PEMT gene produced mice that had a mild phenotype when fed a chow diet. However, when Pemt(-/-) mice were fed a choline-deficient diet steatohepatitis and liver failure developed after 3 days. The steatohepatitis was due to a decreased ratio of PC to phosphatidylethanolamine that caused leakage from the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. Pemt(-/-) mice exhibited attenuated secretion of very low-density lipoproteins and homocysteine. Pemt(-/-) mice bred with mice that lacked the low-density lipoprotein receptor, or apolipoprotein E were protected from high fat/high cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, Pemt(-/-) mice were protected from high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance compared to wildtype mice. If the diet were supplemented with additional choline, the protection against obesity/insulin resistance in Pemt(-/-) mice was eliminated. Humans with a Val-to-Met substitution in PEMT at residue 175 may have increased susceptibility to nonalcoholic liver disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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ter Voert EGW, Heijmen L, van Laarhoven HWM, Heerschap A. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver tumors and metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:5133-49. [PMID: 22215937 PMCID: PMC3243879 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i47.5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide. The liver is also the second most common site for metastatic spread of cancer. To assist in the diagnosis of these liver lesions non-invasive advanced imaging techniques are desirable. Magnetic resonance (MR) is commonly used to identify anatomical lesions, but it is a very versatile technique and also can provide specific information on tumor pathophysiology and metabolism, in particular with the application of MR spectroscopy (MRS). This may include data on the type, grade and stage of tumors, and thus assist in further management of the disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the available literature on proton, phosphorus and carbon-13-MRS as performed on primary liver tumors and metastases, with human applications as the main perspective. Upcoming MRS approaches with potential applications to liver tumors are also included. Since knowledge of some technical background is indispensable to understand the results, a basic introduction of MRS and some technical issues of MRS as applied to tumors and metastases in the liver are described as well. In vivo MR spectroscopy of tumors in a metabolically active organ such as the liver has been demonstrated to provide important information on tumor metabolism, but it also is challenging as compared to applications on some other tissues, in particular in humans, mostly because of its abdominal location where movement may be a disturbing factor.
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Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with its full complement of organelles, synthesizes membrane phospholipids by pathways that are generally common to those found in higher eukaryotes. Phospholipid synthesis in yeast is regulated in response to a variety of growth conditions (e.g., inositol supplementation, zinc depletion, and growth stage) by a coordination of genetic (e.g., transcriptional activation and repression) and biochemical (e.g., activity modulation and localization) mechanisms. Phosphatidate (PA), whose cellular levels are controlled by the activities of key phospholipid synthesis enzymes, plays a central role in the transcriptional regulation of phospholipid synthesis genes. In addition to the regulation of gene expression, phosphorylation of key phospholipid synthesis catalytic and regulatory proteins controls the metabolism of phospholipid precursors and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Carman
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Resseguie ME, da Costa KA, Galanko JA, Patel M, Davis IJ, Zeisel SH. Aberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1649-58. [PMID: 21059658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When dietary choline is restricted, most men and postmenopausal women develop multiorgan dysfunction marked by hepatic steatosis (choline deficiency syndrome (CDS)). However, a significant subset of premenopausal women is protected from CDS. Because hepatic PEMT (phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of choline and this gene is under estrogenic control, we hypothesized that there are SNPs in PEMT that disrupt the hormonal regulation of PEMT and thereby put women at risk for CDS. In this study, we performed transcript-specific gene expression analysis, which revealed that estrogen regulates PEMT in an isoform-specific fashion. Locus-wide SNP analysis identified a risk-associated haplotype that was selectively associated with loss of hormonal activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, analyzed by locus-wide microarray studies, comprehensively identified regions of estrogen receptor binding in PEMT. The polymorphism (rs12325817) most highly linked with the development of CDS (p < 0.00006) was located within 1 kb of the critical estrogen response element. The risk allele failed to bind either the estrogen receptor or the pioneer factor FOXA1. These data demonstrate that allele-specific ablation of estrogen receptor-DNA interaction in the PEMT locus prevents hormone-inducible PEMT expression, conferring risk of CDS in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Resseguie
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Gibellini F, Smith TK. The Kennedy pathway--De novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:414-28. [PMID: 20503434 DOI: 10.1002/iub.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glycerophospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) account for greater than 50% of the total phospholipid species in eukaryotic membranes and thus play major roles in the structure and function of those membranes. In most eukaryotic cells, PC and PE are synthesized by an aminoalcoholphosphotransferase reaction, which uses sn-1,2-diradylglycerol and either CDP-choline or CDP-ethanolamine, respectively. This is the last step in a biosynthetic pathway known as the Kennedy pathway, so named after Eugene Kennedy who elucidated it over 50 years ago. This review will cover various aspects of the Kennedy pathway including: each of the biosynthetic steps, the functions and roles of the phospholipid products PC and PE, and how the Kennedy pathway has the potential of being a chemotherapeutic target against cancer and various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gibellini
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
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The choC gene encoding a putative phospholipid methyltransferase is essential for growth and development in Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 2010; 56:283-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Acute toxicity assessment of choline by inhalation, intraperitoneal and oral routes in Balb/c mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:282-6. [PMID: 19460409 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that choline has potential to be used as a dietary supplement and a drug for immune inflammatory diseases like asthma and rhinitis. But there are apprehensions regarding adverse effects of choline when given orally in high doses. To address this knowledge gap, toxicity assessment of choline chloride was carried out by intranasal (i.n.), oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes in Balb/c mice for 28days. Body weight, food and water consumption of mice were recorded daily. Hematology and clinical chemistry were assessed to check hepatocellular functions and morphological alterations of the cells. Splenocyte counts were analysed for evaluating cellular immunity. Liver function test was performed by assaying different enzyme systems in serum such as, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Body weight, food and water consumption did not differ between mice treated with choline and the saline control group. Hematologic and biochemical variables were not affected with any increase in serum toxicity marker enzymes indicating normal liver functioning. Choline administration did not affect total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein levels as compared to their respective controls. Urea and blood urea nitrogen levels in choline treated mice were not different than controls. Creatinine level was, however, higher than control in i.p. treatment group, but other parameters were normal. In conclusion, the repeated consumption of choline chloride via i.n. and oral or i.p. routes did not cause toxicity in mice in the toxicological endpoints examined.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the role of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in plasma lipoprotein homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS While it was previously known that phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis was required for normal hepatic VLDL secretion, recent studies have shown that both phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic pathways (the cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine and the phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathways) are required. In addition, a requirement of acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 3, but not acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 1 or 4, for phosphatidylcholine synthesis and VLDL secretion is now documented. ABCA1 has been implicated in the transfer of phosphatidylcholine to apolipoproteinA-1 both during and after secretion of apolipoproteinA-1. Other studies have introduced the concept of reverse phosphatidylcholine transport in which both HDL and LDL supply phosphatidylcholine to the liver. An unexpected finding is that half of the phosphatidylcholine delivered to liver from lipoproteins is converted into triacylglycerol. SUMMARY The liver is both a donor of phosphatidylcholine during the assembly and secretion of lipoproteins as well as a recipient of phosphatidylcholine from plasma lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Li Z, Vance DE. Thematic Review Series: Glycerolipids. Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1187-94. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r700019-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Vance DE, Li Z, Jacobs RL. Hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, unexpected roles in animal biochemistry and physiology. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33237-41. [PMID: 17881348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r700028200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vance
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Resseguie M, Song J, Niculescu MD, da Costa KA, Randall TA, Zeisel SH. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes. FASEB J 2007; 21:2622-32. [PMID: 17456783 PMCID: PMC2430895 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8227com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient for humans, though some of the requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT). Premenopausal women are relatively resistant to choline deficiency compared with postmenopausal women and men. Studies in animals suggest that estrogen treatment can increase PEMT activity. In this study we investigated whether the PEMT gene is regulated by estrogen. PEMT transcription was increased in a dose-dependent manner when primary mouse and human hepatocytes were treated with 17-beta-estradiol for 24 h. This increased message was associated with an increase in protein expression and enzyme activity. In addition, we report a region that contains a perfect estrogen response element (ERE) approximately 7.5 kb from the transcription start site corresponding to transcript variants NM_007169 and NM-008819 of the human and murine PEMT genes, respectively, three imperfect EREs in evolutionarily conserved regions and multiple imperfect EREs in nonconserved regions in the putative promoter regions. We predict that both the mouse and human PEMT genes have three unique transcription start sites, which are indicative of either multiple promoters and/or alternative splicing. This study is the first to explore the underlying mechanism of why dietary requirements for choline vary with estrogen status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Resseguie
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiannan Song
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mihai D. Niculescu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kerry-Ann da Costa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas A. Randall
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence: Nutrition Research Institute, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599−7461 USA. E-mail:
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Furtado VCS, Braulio VB, Zucoloto S, Iglesias AC. Increase of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity in the small bowel brush-border membrane after massive intestinal distal resection in rats. APMIS 2007; 115:814-9. [PMID: 17614848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine plays an important role for the structure and function of the cell membrane, and its synthesis from phosphatidylethanolamine is catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT). This study investigates changes in PEMT activity in the intestinal brush border membrane after extensive distal enterectomy (60%) in 40 Wistar rats. Four groups, each of 10 rats, were killed immediately after surgery (day 0) and on the 7th, 14th and 28th day postoperatively. Samples from jejunum were collected for histomorphometry and PEMT activity was determined by measuring the incorporation of [(3)H]-methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-(methyl-(3)H)-methionine into phospholipids. Enterectomy induced 30%, 48% and 21% increases in the jejunum villus cell population, and 32%, 81%, and 32% in the crypt cell population at postoperative days 7, 14, and 28, respectively. PEMT activity increased 41% at day 14, suggesting functional differentiation, remaining at this level until day 28, when a reduction in the epithelial cell population was observed, thus indicating that adaptation was completed. The observed increase in PEMT-specific activity in the residual intestine suggests that extensive enterectomy stimulates the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by the PEMT-controlled pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Cristina Soares Furtado
- Division of Metabolism and Nutrition, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kulinski A, Vance JE. Lipid Homeostasis and Lipoprotein Secretion in Niemann-Pick C1-deficient Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1627-37. [PMID: 17107950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease is a fatal inherited disorder characterized by an accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in late endosomes/lysosomes. Although this disease is considered to be primarily a neurodegenerative disorder, many NPC patients suffer from liver disease. We have investigated alterations that occur in hepatic lipid homeostasis using primary hepatocytes isolated from NPC1-deficient mice. The cholesterol content of Npc1(-/-) hepatocytes was 5-fold higher than that of Npc1(+/+) hepatocytes; phospholipids and cholesteryl esters also accumulated. In contrast, the triacylglycerol content of Npc1(-/-) hepatocytes was 50% lower than of Npc1(+/+) hepatocytes. We hypothesized that the cholesterol sequestration induced by NPC1 deficiency might inhibit very low density lipoprotein secretion. However, this process was enhanced by NPC1 deficiency and the secreted particles were enriched in cholesteryl esters. We investigated the mechanisms responsible for these changes. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, cholesteryl esters, and cholesterol in hepatocytes was increased by NPC1 deficiency and the amount of the mature form of sterol response element-binding protein-1 was also increased. These observations indicate that the enhanced secretion of lipoproteins from NPC1-deficient hepatocytes is due, at least in part, to increased lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Kulinski
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Zeisel SH. The fetal origins of memory: the role of dietary choline in optimal brain development. J Pediatr 2006; 149:S131-6. [PMID: 17212955 PMCID: PMC2430654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal nutrition sets the stage for organ function in later life. In this review we discuss the fetal and neonatal origins of brain function. Numerous research observations point to the importance of choline for the developing fetus and neonate. This essential nutrient is involved in 1-carbon metabolism and is the precursor for many important compounds, including phospholipids, acetylcholine, and the methyl donor betaine. Dietary intake of choline by the pregnant mother and later by the infant directly affects brain development and results in permanent changes in brain function. In rodents, perinatal supplementation of choline enhances memory and learning functions, changes that endure across the lifespan. Conversely, choline deficiency during these sensitive periods results in memory and cognitive deficits that also persist. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that perinatal choline supplementation can reduce the behavioral effects of prenatal stress and the cognitive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in offspring. The likely mechanism for these effects of choline involves DNA methylation, altered gene expression, and associated changes in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The currently available animal data on choline and hippocampal development are compelling, but studies are needed to determine whether the same is true in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Zeisel
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Zeisel SH. People with fatty liver are more likely to have the PEMT rs7946 SNP, yet populations with the mutant allele do not have fatty liver. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-1005ufm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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da Costa KA, Kozyreva OG, Song J, Galanko JA, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH. Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. FASEB J 2006; 20:1336-44. [PMID: 16816108 PMCID: PMC1574369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5734com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Humans eating diets deficient in the essential nutrient choline can develop organ dysfunction. We hypothesized that common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in choline metabolism influence the dietary requirement of this nutrient. Fifty-seven humans were fed a low choline diet until they developed organ dysfunction or for up to 42 days. We tested DNA SNPs for allelic association with susceptibility to developing organ dysfunction associated with choline deficiency. We identified an SNP in the promoter region of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene (PEMT; -744 G-->C; rs12325817) for which 18 of 23 carriers of the C allele (78%) developed organ dysfunction when fed a low choline diet (odds ratio 25, P=0.002). The first of two SNPs in the coding region of the choline dehydrogenase gene (CHDH; +318 A-->C; rs9001) had a protective effect on susceptibility to choline deficiency, while a second CHDH variant (+432 G-->T; rs12676) was associated with increased susceptibility to choline deficiency. A SNP in the PEMT coding region (+5465 G-->A; rs7946) and a betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) SNP (+742 G-->A; rs3733890) were not associated with susceptibility to choline deficiency. Identification of common polymorphisms that affect dietary requirements for choline could enable us to identify individuals for whom we need to assure adequate dietary choline intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry-Ann da Costa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Olga G. Kozyreva
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Jiannan Song
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph A. Galanko
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leslie M. Fischer
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. E-mail:
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48
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Abstract
Phospholipid methylation is thought to modulate such vital cellular processes as calcium transport, receptor function, and membrane microviscosity. As these processes are fundamental to the function of muscle cells and are thought to be altered in disease states, we have characterized several features of phospholipid methylation reactions in skeletal muscle and have defined appropriate assay conditions. In rat leg muscle, methyltransferase activity was assayed radiometrically by measuring the incorporation of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine into membrane phospholipids, the methylated derivatives of which were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Contrary to previous investigations of whole muscle, phospholipid methyltransferase activity was clearly present in skeletal muscle membranes, being highly localized in sarcoplasmic reticulum and present to a lesser extent in sarcolemma. Both the reaction products and the reaction kinetics were consistent with sequential methylation of phospholipids by two methyltransferase enzymes. S-adenosylhomocysteine and its analogues were potent inhibitors of phospholipid methylation in sarcoplasmic reticulum. The predominant localization of phospholipid methyltransferase activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum suggests that its functional role in skeletal muscle may be in calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Kuncl
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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49
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Vance DE. Fundamental research is the basis for understanding and treatment of many human diseases. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5430-5. [PMID: 16806190 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous examples of how fundamental research has been required to understand and treat human disease. This article focuses on three human diseases of lipid metabolism in which advancements in understanding and treatment would not have been possible without basic research. Fabry disease is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by the lack of a specific enzyme in glycosphingolipid catabolism. Cardiovascular disease is a complex and multifactorial disease but as many as half of the cases can be attributed to abnormal levels of plasma cholesterol. The incidence of liver disease is increasing due to the current epidemic of obesity. It is only recently that curiosity-driven research has yielded valuable insight into the mechanism by which liver disease evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Vance
- Department of Biochemistry and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2S2.
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50
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Zhang J, Zhu H, Yang W, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Finnell RH. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene polymorphisms and risk of spina bifida. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:785-9. [PMID: 16523512 PMCID: PMC2970521 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Yang
- California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Berkeley, California
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Berkeley, California
| | - Edward J. Lammer
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Correspondence to: Dr. Richard H. Finnell, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030.
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