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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Neuropeptide Y interaction with dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways: interlinked neurocircuits modulating hedonic eating behaviours. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110449. [PMID: 34592387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Independent from homeostatic needs, the consumption of foods originating from hyperpalatable diets is defined as hedonic eating. Hedonic eating can be observed in many forms of eating phenotypes, such as compulsive eating and stress-eating, heightening the risk of obesity development. For instance, stress can trigger the consumption of palatable foods as a type of coping strategy, which can become compulsive, particularly when developed as a habit. Although eating for pleasure is observed in multiple maladaptive eating behaviours, the current understanding of the neurobiology underlying hedonic eating remains deficient. Intriguingly, the combined orexigenic, anxiolytic and reward-seeking properties of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ignited great interest and has positioned NPY as one of the core neuromodulators operating hedonic eating behaviours. While extensive literature exists exploring the homeostatic orexigenic and anxiolytic properties of NPY, the rewarding effects of NPY continue to be investigated. As deduced from a series of behavioural and molecular-based studies, NPY appears to motivate the consumption and enhancement of food-rewards. As a possible mechanism, NPY may modulate reward-associated monoaminergic pathways, such as the dopaminergic and serotoninergic neural networks, to modulate hedonic eating behaviours. Furthermore, potential direct and indirect NPYergic neurocircuitries connecting classical homeostatic and hedonic neuropathways may also exist involving the anti-reward centre the lateral habenula. Therefore, this review investigates the participation of NPY in orchestrating hedonic eating behaviours through the modulation of monoaminergic pathways.
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Recinella L, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Gesmundo I, Granata R, Cai R, Sha W, Schally AV, Brunetti L, Leone S. Growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonistic analog MIA-690 stimulates food intake in mice. Peptides 2021; 142:170582. [PMID: 34051291 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its metabolic and endocrine effects, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) was found to modulate feeding behavior in mammals. However, the role of recently synthetized GHRH antagonist MIA-690 and MR-409, a GHRH agonist, on feeding regulation remains to be evaluated. We investigated the effects of chronic subcutaneous administration of MIA-690 and MR-409 on feeding behavior and energy metabolism, in mice. Compared to vehicle, MIA-690 increased food intake and body weight, while MR-409 had no effect. Both analogs did not modify locomotor activity, as well as subcutaneous, visceral and brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass. A significant increase of hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) gene expression and norepinephrine (NE) levels, along with a reduction of serotonin (5-HT) levels were found after MIA-690 treatment. MIA-690 was also found able to decrease gene expression of leptin in visceral adipose tissue. By contrast, MR-409 had no effect on the investigated markers. Concluding, chronic peripheral administration of MIA-690 could play an orexigenic role, paralleled by an increase in body weight. The stimulation of feeding could be mediated, albeit partially, by elevation of AgRP gene expression and NE levels and decreased 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus, along with reduced leptin gene expression, in the visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, 10126, Italy.
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Medical/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL33136 and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Wei Sha
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Medical/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL33136 and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Medical/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL33136 and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
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Jiang J, Qi L, Lv Z, Wei Q, Shi F. Dietary stevioside supplementation increases feed intake by altering the hypothalamic transcriptome profile and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2156-2167. [PMID: 32981085 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevioside (STE) is a widely used sweetener. Despite the fact that chickens are insensitive to sweetness, dietary STE supplementation could increase the feed intake of broiler chickens. Stevioside might regulate the feeding behavior through functional mechanisms other than its high-potency sweetness. The present study was aimed to elucidate the potential sweetness-independent mechanism of an STE-induced orexigenic effect using the broiler chicken and considering the hypothalamic transcriptome profile and gut microbiome. RESULTS The analysis of RNA-Seq identified 398 differently expressed genes (160 up-regulated and 238 down-regulated) in the hypothalamus of the STE-supplemented group compared with the control group. Cluster analysis revealed several appetite-related genes were differentially expressed, including NPY, NPY5R, TSHB, NMU, TPH2, and DDC. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing data also indicated that dietary STE supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales, Bacilli, Lactobacillus, and Lactobacillaceae. Meanwhile, the proportion of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridia, and Clostridiales was decreased after dietary supplementation with STE. CONCLUSION Dietary STE supplementation promoted feed intake through the regulation of the hypothalamic neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and the alteration of intestinal microbiota composition. This study provides valuable information about the sweetness-independent mechanism of the STE-induced orexigenic effect using the broiler chicken (which is insensitive to sweetness) as the animal model. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingle Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat Hypo-E22 cells and Isolated Hypothalamus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010071. [PMID: 31941059 PMCID: PMC7022242 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) are non-psychotropic terpenophenols isolated from Cannabis sativa, which, besides their anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects, are able to inhibit, the first, and to stimulate, the second, the appetite although there are no studies elucidating their role in the hypothalamic appetite-regulating network. Consequently, the aim of the present research is to investigate the role of CBD and CBG in regulating hypothalamic neuromodulators. Comparative evaluations between oxidative stress and food intake-modulating mediators were also performed. METHODS Rat hypothalamic Hypo-E22 cells and isolated tissues were exposed to either CBD or CBG, and the gene expressions of neuropeptide (NP)Y, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and fatty acid amide hydrolase were assessed. In parallel, the influence of CBD on the synthesis and release of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) was evaluated. The 3-hydroxykinurenine/kinurenic acid (3-HK/KA) ratio was also determined. RESULTS Both CBD and CBG inhibited NPY and POMC gene expression and decreased the 3-HK/KA ratio in the hypothalamus. The same compounds also reduced hypothalamic NE synthesis and DA release, whereas the sole CBD inhibited 5-HT synthesis. CONCLUSION The CBD modulates hypothalamic neuromodulators consistently with its anorexigenic role, whereas the CBG effect on the same mediators suggests alternative mechanisms, possibly involving peripheral pathways.
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6
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Orlando G, Leone S, Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Mollica A, Stefanucci A, Macedonio G, Dimmito MP, Leporini L, Menghini L, Brunetti L, Recinella L. Effects of Kisspeptin-10 on Hypothalamic Neuropeptides and Neurotransmitters Involved in Appetite Control. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123071. [PMID: 30477219 PMCID: PMC6321454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its role as key regulator in gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion, reproductive function, and puberty onset, kisspeptin has been proposed to act as a bridge between energy homeostasis and reproduction. In the present study, to characterize the role of hypothalamic kisspeptin as metabolic regulator, we evaluated the effects of kisspeptin-10 on neuropeptide Y (NPY) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression and the extracellular dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine, 5-HT), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIIA) concentrations in rat hypothalamic (Hypo-E22) cells. Our study showed that kisspeptin-10 in the concentration range 1 nM–10 μM was well tolerated by the Hypo-E22 cell line. Moreover, kisspeptin-10 (100 nM–10 μM) concentration independently increased the gene expression of NPY while BDNF was inhibited only at the concentration of 10 μM. Finally, kisspeptin-10 decreased 5-HT and DA, leaving unaffected NE levels. The inhibitory effect on DA and 5-HT is consistent with the increased peptide-induced DOPAC/DA and 5-HIIA/5-HT ratios. In conclusion, our current findings suggesting the increased NPY together with decreased BDNF and 5-HT activity following kisspeptin-10 would be consistent with a possible orexigenic effect induced by the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Lidia Leporini
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Breaking Away: The Role of Homeostatic Drive in Perpetuating Depression. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29705846 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7828-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We propose that the complexity of regulatory interactions modulating brain neurochemistry and behavior is such that multiple stable responses may be supported, and that some of these alternate regulatory programs may play a role in perpetuating persistent psychological dysfunction. To explore this, we constructed a model network representing major neurotransmission and behavioral mechanisms reported in literature as discrete logic circuits. Connectivity and information flow through this biobehavioral circuitry supported two distinct and stable regulatory programs. One such program perpetuated a depressive state with a characteristic neurochemical signature including low serotonin. Further analysis suggested that small irregularities in glutamate levels may render this pathology more directly accessible. Computer simulations mimicking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy in the presence of everyday stressors predicted recidivism rates similar to those reported clinically and highlighted the potentially significant benefit of concurrent behavioral stress management therapy.
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He YH, Li L, Liang XF, He S, Zhao L, Zhang YP. Inhibitory neurotransmitter serotonin and excitatory neurotransmitter dopamine both decrease food intake in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:175-183. [PMID: 28929258 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aminergic neurotransmitters play important roles in the regulation of food intake. However, their effects on feeding in fish have been less explored and still unclear. In the present study, the effects of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) on food intake were evaluated through intraventricular (ICV) administration in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) and the mRNA expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti gene-related protein (AgRP), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were detected. At 1 h post-injection, 5-HT significantly decreased food intake in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of NPY and AgRP were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the mRNA expression of POMC was significantly increased (p < 0.05), suggesting the involvement of NPY, AgRP, and POMC in inhibitory action of 5-HT on food intake in Chinese perch. DA significantly decreased (p < 0.05) food intake and AgRP mRNA expression at 1 h post-injection, indicating the inhibitory effect of DA on food intake might be mediated through AgRP. This might shed new light on the regulation of food intake in Chinese perch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Luo Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
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9
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Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Chen PN, Chen JR, Kuo DY. Knockdown of the transcript of ERK in the brain modulates hypothalamic neuropeptide-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:726-739. [PMID: 29215157 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Amphetamine is a releaser of dopamine stored in synaptic terminals, which can suppress appetite by changing the expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus. This study explored whether ERKs are involved in appetite control mediated by cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), NPY and POMC in amphetamine-treated rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were given amphetamine for 4 days, and changes in feeding behaviour and expression levels of phosphorylated-ERK (pERK), pCREB, NPY and melanocortin MC3 receptors were examined and compared. KEY RESULTS Following amphetamine treatment, food intake, body weight and NPY expression decreased, whereas the expression of pERK, pCREB, MC3 receptors and pCREB/DNA binding activity increased. In amphetamine-treated rats, both cerebral ERK knockdown and pretreatment with a peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist decreased NPY but increased pERK, pCREB and MC3 receptor expression. Moreover, the immunofluorescence of hypothalamic pERK increased following amphetamine treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that ERK/CREB signalling participates in the effects mediated by dopamine receptor/NPY/POMC on appetite control in rats treated with amphetamine. These findings advance the knowledge on the involvement of ERK/CREB signalling in the reciprocal regulation by NPY and POMC of appetite after amphetamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Rung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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10
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Tory Toole J, Rice MA, Cargill J, Craddock TJA, Nierenberg B, Klimas NG, Fletcher MA, Morris M, Zysman J, Broderick G. Increasing Resilience to Traumatic Stress: Understanding the Protective Role of Well-Being. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1781:87-100. [PMID: 29705844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7828-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain maintains homeostasis in part through a network of feedback and feed-forward mechanisms, where neurochemicals and immune markers act as mediators. Using a previously constructed model of biobehavioral feedback, we found that in addition to healthy equilibrium another stable regulatory program supported chronic depression and anxiety. Exploring mechanisms that might underlie the contributions of subjective well-being to improved therapeutic outcomes in depression, we iteratively screened 288 candidate feedback patterns linking well-being to molecular signaling networks for those that maintained the original homeostatic regimes. Simulating stressful trigger events on each candidate network while maintaining high levels of subjective well-being isolated a specific feedback network where well-being was promoted by dopamine and acetylcholine, and itself promoted norepinephrine while inhibiting cortisol expression. This biobehavioral feedback mechanism was especially effective in reproducing well-being's clinically documented ability to promote resilience and protect against onset of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tory Toole
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Rice
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Cargill
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Travis J A Craddock
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Barry Nierenberg
- College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mary Ann Fletcher
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joel Zysman
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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11
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Recinella L, Leone S, Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Shohreh R, Di Nisio C, Vacca M, Orlando G, Salvatori R, Brunetti L. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone gene targeted ablation on ghrelin-induced feeding. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 37:40-46. [PMID: 29121520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of growth hormone (GH) signaling has been associated with increased feeding and adiposity. The gastric hormone ghrelin, in addition to its GH-secretagogue effects, stimulates food intake after both central and peripheral administration. In the present study we further investigated the feeding regulatory role of the ghrelin-GH axis in a mouse model of isolated GH deficiency due to targeted ablation of the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene [GHRH knockout (GHRHKO)]. We evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular ghrelin administration on feeding behavior, related hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, and serum ghrelin levels in mice homozygous for GHRHKO allele (-/-) and heterozygous (+/-) control animals. Vehicle-treated GHRHKO mice showed increased food intake compared to heterozygotes, associated with increased circulating ghrelin levels. Moreover, -/- mice showed elevated hypothalamic levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP) mRNAs and norepinephrine (NE) and decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA levels. Ghrelin treatment significantly augmented food intake in both genotypes, but the relative increase compared to vehicle-treated animals was higher in -/- than +/- mice. In the hypothalamus, ghrelin increased AgRP and decreased CRH gene expression only in heterozygous mice, while it induced a significant reduction in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in -/- mice. Ghrelin treatment also decreased hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine (DA) levels in both genotypes. Additionally, we observed increased DA metabolism induced by ghrelin in both genotypes. In conclusion, dysregulation of the ghrelin-GHRH-GH axis in GHRHKO mice could lead to increased feeding secondary to elevated circulating levels of ghrelin, and the obesogenic phenotype is likely mediated by elevated NPY and AgRP, and decreased CRH gene expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Rugia Shohreh
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Nisio
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Vacca
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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12
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Yu CH, Chu SC, Chen PN, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Participation of ghrelin signalling in the reciprocal regulation of hypothalamic NPY/POMC-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Appetite 2017; 113:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Russo C, Russo A, Gulino R, Pellitteri R, Stanzani S. Effects of different musical frequencies on NPY and Ghrelin secretion in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mollica A, Pelliccia S, Famiglini V, Stefanucci A, Macedonio G, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Brunetti L, Ferrante C, Pieretti S, Novellino E, Benyhe S, Zador F, Erdei A, Szucs E, Samavati R, Dvrorasko S, Tomboly C, Ragno R, Patsilinakos A, Silvestri R. Exploring the first Rimonabant analog-opioid peptide hybrid compound, as bivalent ligand for CB1 and opioid receptors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:444-451. [PMID: 28097916 PMCID: PMC6009935 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1260565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid (CB) and opioid systems are both involved in analgesia, food intake, mood and behavior. Due to the co-localization of µ-opioid (MOR) and CB1 receptors in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and their ability to form heterodimers, bivalent ligands targeting to both these systems may be good candidates to investigate the existence of possible cross-talking or synergistic effects, also at sub-effective doses. In this work, we selected from a small series of new Rimonabant analogs one CB1R reverse agonist to be conjugated to the opioid fragment Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH2. The bivalent compound (9) has been used for in vitro binding assays, for in vivo antinociception models and in vitro hypothalamic perfusion test, to evaluate the neurotransmitters release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mollica
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy
| | - Valeria Famiglini
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Giustino Orlando
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio" , Chieti , Italy
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- c Dipartimento del Farmaco , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- d Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Sandor Benyhe
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Ferenc Zador
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Edina Szucs
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Reza Samavati
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Szalbolch Dvrorasko
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Csaba Tomboly
- e Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Rino Ragno
- f Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy.,g Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l , Roma , Italy
| | - Alexandros Patsilinakos
- f Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy.,g Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l , Roma , Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy
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Role of oxidative stress in disrupting the function of negative glucocorticoid response element in daily amphetamine-treated rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:1-11. [PMID: 27235634 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH)-induced appetite suppression is associated with changes in hypothalamic reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, neuropeptides, and plasma glucocorticoid. This study explored whether ROS and glucocorticoid response element (GRE), which is the promoter site of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene, participated in neuropeptides-mediated appetite control. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days, and changes in food intake, plasma glucocorticoid and expression levels of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), CRH, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) were examined and compared. Results showed that food intake decreased and NPY gene down-regulated, while POMC, SOD, and CRH gene up-regulated during AMPH treatment. GR and GRE-DNA bindings were disrupted on Day 1 and Day 2 when glucocorticoid levels were still high. Pretreatment with GR inhibitor or ROS scavenger modulated mRNA levels in NPY, POMC, SOD and CRH in AMPH-treated rats. We suggest that disruptions of negative GRE (nGRE) on Day 1 and Day 2 are associated with an increase in oxidative stress during the regulation of NPY/POMC-mediated appetite control in AMPH-treated rats. These results advance the understanding of molecular mechanism in regulating AMPH-mediated appetite suppression.
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Stanley BG, Gillard ER. Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and the Regulation of Eating Behavior and Body Weight. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10769834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Glenn Stanley
- An Associate Professor in the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside
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Brunetti L, Di Nisio C, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Vacca M. The Regulation of Feeding: A Cross Talk between Peripheral and Central Signalling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:201-12. [PMID: 15888244 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding and energy expenditures are modulated by the interplay of hormones and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS), where the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in the transduction of peripheral afferents into satiety and feeding signals. Aminergic neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are historically considered to play a key role, but a number of peptides are involved in finely tuning feeding regulation. This review summarizes the current understanding of the CNS mechanisms of orexigenic peptides, such as neuropeptide Y, orexins, and ghrelin, as well as anorectic peptides, such as leptin, neurotensin (NT), cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, amylin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Méquinion M, Chauveau C, Viltart O. The use of animal models to decipher physiological and neurobiological alterations of anorexia nervosa patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 26042085 PMCID: PMC4436882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies were performed to decipher the mechanisms regulating feeding due to the worldwide obesity pandemy and its complications. The data obtained might be adapted to another disorder related to alteration of food intake, the restrictive anorexia nervosa. This multifactorial disease with a complex and unknown etiology is considered as an awful eating disorder since the chronic refusal to eat leads to severe, and sometimes, irreversible complications for the whole organism, until death. There is an urgent need to better understand the different aspects of the disease to develop novel approaches complementary to the usual psychological therapies. For this purpose, the use of pertinent animal models becomes a necessity. We present here the various rodent models described in the literature that might be used to dissect central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the adaptation to deficient energy supplies and/or the maintenance of physiological alterations on the long term. Data obtained from the spontaneous or engineered genetic models permit to better apprehend the implication of one signaling system (hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter) in the development of several symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa. As example, mutations in the ghrelin, serotonin, dopamine pathways lead to alterations that mimic the phenotype, but compensatory mechanisms often occur rendering necessary the use of more selective gene strategies. Until now, environmental animal models based on one or several inducing factors like diet restriction, stress, or physical activity mimicked more extensively central and peripheral alterations decribed in anorexia nervosa. They bring significant data on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and central circuit alterations. Animal models are described and criticized on the basis of the criteria of validity for anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA 4490, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Early stages of Parkinson diseases, University Lille 1, Lille, France
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Hsieh YS, Chen PN, Yu CH, Chen CH, Tsai TT, Kuo DY. Involvement of oxidative stress in the regulation of NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:131-41. [PMID: 25825358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) treatment can suppress appetite and increase oxidative stress in the brain. AMPH-induced appetite suppression is associated with the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus. The present study explored whether antioxidants, including glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GP), were involved in this NPY/CART-mediated appetite control. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days. Changes in food intake and expression levels of hypothalamic NPY, CART, GST, and GP were examined and compared. Results showed that, in AMPH-treated rats, (1) food intake and NPY expression decreased, while CART, GST, and GP expression increased; (2) NPY knockdown in the brain enhanced the decrease in NPY and the increases in CART, GST, and GP expression; and (3) central inhibition of reactive oxygen species production decreased GST and GP and modulated AMPH anorexia and the expression levels of NPY and CART. The present results suggest that oxidative stress in the brain participates in regulating NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in AMPH-treated rats. These results may advance the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of AMPH-evoked or NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
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20
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Lemieux AM, Li B, al'Absi M. Khat use and appetite: an overview and comparison of amphetamine, khat and cathinone. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:78-85. [PMID: 25435289 PMCID: PMC4281284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To understand the role of khat (Catha edulis) use on the aberrations in appetite and weight which are common comorbidities for khat and other amphetamine users. MATERIALS AND METHODS We provide a comprehensive overview and conceptual summary of the historical cultural use of khat as a natural stimulant and describe the similarities and differences between cathinone (the main psychoactive constituent of khat) and amphetamine highlighting the limited literature on the neurophysiology of appetite and subsequent weight effects of khat. RESULTS Animal and some human studies indicate that khat produces appetite suppression, although little is known about mechanisms of this effect. Both direct and indirect effects of khat stem from multiple factors including behavioral, chemical and neurophysiological effects on appetite and metabolism. Classic and newly identified appetite hormones have not been explored sufficiently in the study of appetite and khat use. Unique methodological challenges and opportunities are encountered when examining effects of khat and cathinone including khat-specific medical comorbidities, unique route of administration, differential patterns of behavioral effects relative to amphetamines and the nascent state of our understanding of the neurobiology of this drug. CONCLUSION A considerable amount of work remains in the study of the appetite effects of khat chewing and outline a program of research that could inform our understanding of this natural amphetamine׳s appetite effects and help prepare health care workers for the unique health effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrine M Lemieux
- University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Bingshuo Li
- University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, USA; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, USA.
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21
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Ho YJ, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Both neuropeptide Y knockdown and Y1 receptor inhibition modulate CART-mediated appetite control. Horm Behav 2015; 67:38-47. [PMID: 25461972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH)-induced appetite suppression has been attributed to its inhibition of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether hypothalamic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-containing neurons and NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) were involved in the action of AMPH. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days, and changes in feeding behavior and expression levels of NPY, CART, and POMC were assessed and compared. The results showed that both feeding behavior and NPY expression decreased during AMPH treatment, with the biggest reduction occurring on Day 2. By contrast, the expression of CART and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), a member of the POMC neurotransmission, increased with the maximum response on Day 2, directly opposite to the NPY expression results. The intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY antisense or Y1R inhibitor both modulated AMPH-induced anorexia and the expression levels of MC3R and CART. The results suggest that in the hypothalamus both POMC- and CART-containing neurons participate in regulating NPY-mediated appetite control during AMPH treatment. These results may advance the knowledge of molecular mechanism of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Subhedar NK, Nakhate KT, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM. CART in the brain of vertebrates: circuits, functions and evolution. Peptides 2014; 54:108-30. [PMID: 24468550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) with its wide distribution in the brain of mammals has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Last two decades have witnessed a steady rise in the information on the genes that encode this neuropeptide and regulation of its transcription and translation. CART is highly enriched in the hypothalamic nuclei and its relevance to energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine control has been understood in great details. However, the occurrence of this peptide in a range of diverse circuitries for sensory, motor, vegetative, limbic and higher cortical areas has been confounding. Evidence that CART peptide may have role in addiction, pain, reward, learning and memory, cognition, sleep, reproduction and development, modulation of behavior and regulation of autonomic nervous system are accumulating, but an integration has been missing. A steady stream of papers has been pointing at the therapeutic potentials of CART. The current review is an attempt at piecing together the fragments of available information, and seeks meaning out of the CART elements in their anatomical niche. We try to put together the CART containing neuronal circuitries that have been conclusively demonstrated as well as those which have been proposed, but need confirmation. With a view to finding out the evolutionary antecedents, we visit the CART systems in sub-mammalian vertebrates and seek the answer why the system is shaped the way it is. We enquire into the conservation of the CART system and appreciate its functional diversity across the phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity Building, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manoj A Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
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Brunetti L, Chiavaroli A, Cocco A, Ferrante C, Ferrucci A, Luisi G, Orlando G, Pinnen F, Vacca M. Synthesis and neuromodulatory effects of TRH-related peptides: inhibitory activity on catecholamine release in vitro. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:823-35. [PMID: 24145076 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A detailed comprehension of central mechanisms underlying feeding behavior holds considerable promise for the treatment of alimentary disorders. METHODS In order to elucidate the tight interrelationships occurring at the hypothalamic neuronal endings between aminergic neurotransmitters and co-localized appetite modulators, we initially studied the effects of two anorexigenic peptides structurally related to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 1), namely cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP, 2) and pGlu-His-Gly-OH (3), on [(3)H]-norepinephrine and [(3)H]-dopamine release from perfused rat hypothalamic synaptosomes. Furthermore, a number of TRH and CHP analogues were synthesized and tested for their ability to influence neurotransmitter release in the selected neuronal model. RESULTS Peptide 3 showed only a slight inhibitory activity on norepinephrine release, whereas no effect was observed for compound 2. TRH analogue 8, metabolically stabilized by the replacement of pyroglutamate with the pyrohomocysteic acid (pHcs), was found to be inactive. Conversely, a significant inhibitory effect on dopamine and norepinephrine release was observed for the CHP-related diketopiperazines cyclo(Leu-Pro) (11) and cyclo(His-Gly) (14). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a potential role for cyclo-dipeptides 11 and 14 in the hypothalamic modulation of appetite suppressant circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Rao BN, Pal GK, Pravati P. Effect of subcutaneous injection of estradiol on feeding and drinking behaviors and body weight in basolateral amygdaloid lesioned rats. Ann Neurosci 2013; 20:139-44. [PMID: 25206037 PMCID: PMC4117138 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estradiol is known to inhibit food intake (FI), water intake (WI) and body weight (BW) across the species including women and it is most evident in rats. Ovariectomy in rats and menopause in women produce hyperphagia and obesity. Estradiol substitution in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and hormone replacement in women reverses these changes suggesting that lack of estradiol causes eating related disorders. However, the neurobiological target/s for estradiol mediating effects remains largely unknown. While lesions of basolateral amygdala (BLA) also produce hyperphagia, polydipsia and obesity in female rats suggesting BLA normally inhibits these behaviors. PURPOSE Since ovariectomy is a useful model to study postmenopausal obesity in women, we have investigated the role of BLA in ovariectomy induced ingestive behaviors. METHODS Ovariectomy and stereotaxic lesions in experimental group (n = 6) whereas sham operations in control group (n = 6) were carried out in female rats. Estradiol was injected subcutaneously (s.c) before and after lesions in experimental group and vehicle was injected in control group. RESULTS Data from the present study shows that there was an additional increase in FI, WI and BW in OVX animals following BLA lesions, but this additive effect was small compared to sham operated controls. Conversely, OVX rats with lesions have shown small but significant reductions in FI, WI, and lost less BW, following s.c injection of estradiol compared to rats with intact BLA. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ovariectomy and estradiol induced changes on ingestive behaviors and body weight are partly mediated via BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodepudi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Kancheepuram (Dist), Tamil Nadu
| | - Gopal K Pal
- Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, INDIA-605006
| | - Pal Pravati
- Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, INDIA-605006
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25
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Brunetti L, Ferrante C, Orlando G, Recinella L, Leone S, Chiavaroli A, Di Nisio C, Shohreh R, Manippa F, Ricciuti A, Mollica A, Vacca M. Orexigenic effects of endomorphin-2 (EM-2) related to decreased CRH gene expression and increased dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the hypothalamus. Peptides 2013; 48:83-8. [PMID: 23916912 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin-1 (EM-1) and endomorphin-2 (EM-2) are opioid peptides which are selective partial agonists of μ-opioid receptor. We studied the effects of EM-2 injected into the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus on feeding behavior and gene expression of orexigenic [agouti-related peptide (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin-A] and anorexigenic [cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)] peptides in male Wistar rats fed a standard laboratory diet. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of EM-2 on dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) steady state concentrations, in the hypothalamus. 64 rats (16 for each group of treatment) were injected into the ARC, at 9.00 am, with either vehicle or EM-2 (0.50-0.75 μmol/kg) or EM-2 (0.50 μmol/kg) plus β-funaltrexamine (0.20 μmol/kg). Food intake was recorded through 24h following injection, and hypothalamic DA, NE, 5-HT levels and neuropeptide gene expression were evaluated 24h after EM-2 administration. Compared to vehicle, EM-2 significantly increased food intake, throughout 24h post-injection. Furthermore, EM-2 treatment led to a significant increase of DA and NE concentrations and a decrease of CRH mRNA levels. On the other hand, β-funaltrexamine administration reverted both feeding stimulatory and neuromodulatory effects induced by EM-2. We can conclude that the orexigenic effect of μ-opioid receptor activation by EM-2 could be related to both inhibition of CRH and stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine levels, in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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26
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Brunetti L, Di Nisio C, Recinella L, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Leone S, Di Michele P, Shohreh R, Vacca M. Obestatin inhibits dopamine release in rat hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:142-7. [PMID: 20553917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of the gastric peptide obestatin injected into the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus on the hypothalamic mRNA expression of peptides which play master roles as feeding behavior modulators. We have also evaluated the effects of obestatin on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin release from rat hypothalamic synaptosomes in vitro. After 4 daily intrahypothalamic injections of obestatin (1 nmol/kg), we recorded a significant reduction of daily caloric intake and body weight gain. Gene expressions of either anorexigenic (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, corticotropin releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin) or orexigenic (agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, orexin-A) peptide mRNAs in the hypothalamus, as evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR, were not different in respect to vehicle treated rats. Moreover, ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide gene expression in the hypothalamus was not affected by obestatin treatment. In hypothalamic synaptosomes perfused with obestatin (1-100 nM), we found a dose-dependent inhibition of depolarization-induced dopamine release, while norepinephrine and serotonin releases were not modified by obestatin treatment. When ghrelin (1 nM) and obestatin (1 nM) were co-perfused, we observed that ghrelin reversed obestatin-induced inhibition of dopamine release, and obestatin was able to block ghrelin-induced inhibition of serotonin release. We can conclude that obestatin plays an anorectic role in the hypothalamus which could be partially mediated by the acute inhibition of dopamine release, with the possible involvement of antagonism of the hypothalamic serotonin inhibitory effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, School of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University, via dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy
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27
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Jung EY, Kang DH, Suh HJ, Chang UJ. Effects of yeast hydrolysate on neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) immunoreactivity in rats. Phytother Res 2009; 23:619-23. [PMID: 19107837 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the appetite regulation mechanism of low and high molecular weight yeast hydrolysate, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) expressions were analyzed in the brains on rats using immunohistochemical method; normal diet (control), 0.1 g/kg (BY-1) or 1.0 g/kg (BY-2) of yeast hydrolysate below 10 kDa, 0.1 g/kg (AY-1) or 1.0 g/kg (AY-2) of yeast hydrolysate of 10-30 kDa. Body weight gain was lower in the BY-2 (133.0 g) than in the control (150.1 g) (p < 0.05). Triacylglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels were lower in the BY-2 as compared to control, BY-1 and AY-2 (p < 0.05). NPY staining intensities at paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were lower in the BY groups (BY-1: 96.1, BY-2: 88.6) as compared to the control (105.6) and AY groups (AY-1: 110.5, AY-2: 114.1) (p < 0.05). NPY expression at lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was lower in the BY-2 (92.3) than in the control (98.9) (p < 0.05). The BY groups (BY-1: 143.9, BY-2: 154.6) had higher TPH staining intensities at dorsal raphe (DR) than the AY-2 (115.9) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that administering yeast hydrolysate of below 10 kDa to normal diet-fed rats reduced body weight gain and serum lipids by altering NPY and TPH expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Jeongneung-dong, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Brunetti L, Orlando G, Recinella L, Leone S, Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Lazzarin F, Vacca M. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) and exendin-4 stimulate serotonin release in rat hypothalamus. Peptides 2008; 29:1377-81. [PMID: 18502539 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) and exendin-4 are gastrointestinal hormones as well as neuropeptides involved in glucose homeostasis and feeding regulation, both peripherally and at the central nervous system (CNS), acting through the same GLP-1 receptor. Aminergic neurotransmitters play a role in the modulation of feeding in the hypothalamus and we have previously found that peripheral hormones and neuropeptides, which are known to modulate feeding in the central nervous system, are able to modify catecholamine and serotonin release in the hypothalamus. In the present paper we have evaluated the effects of GLP-1 and exendin-4 on dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin release from rat hypothalamic synaptosomes, in vitro. We found that glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide and exendin-4 did not modify either basal or depolarization-induced dopamine and norepinephrine release; on the other hand glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide and exendin-4 stimulated serotonin release, in a dose dependent manner. We can conclude that the central anorectic effects of GLP-1 agonists could be partially mediated by increased serotonin release in the hypothalamus, leaving the catecholamine release unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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29
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Cowan J, Devine C. Food, eating, and weight concerns of men in recovery from substance addiction. Appetite 2008; 50:33-42. [PMID: 17602790 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional eating patterns and excessive weight gains have been observed during recovery from drug and alcohol addictions. Yet, little is known about food choice behaviors among substance abusers and the role that food plays in their lives. The purpose of this study was to understand how men at different stages of recovery from substance addictions experienced food and eating, weight changes, and used food in recovery. A purposive, multi-ethnic sample of 25 urban men at different stages of recovery from drug and alcohol addictions participated in qualitative interviews. Data analysis based on the constant comparative method revealed three main themes: excess weight gain, meaningful use of food, and disordered eating and a struggle to eat healthy that differed by recovery stage (early, mid, and later recovery). Men in early recovery described dysfunctional eating practices such as mood and binge eating, the use of food as a substitute for drug use, and the use of food to satisfy cravings. Men in mid to later recovery expressed weight concerns and distress about efforts to lose weight. The findings also suggest that food deprivation in active addiction and interactions between stage of recovery and living environment may contribute to changes in food choice behaviors and to excess weight gains in recovery. These findings highlight behavioral interactions between food and substance abuse and opportunities for nutrition and weight interventions in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cowan
- 351A MVR Hall, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4401, USA.
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30
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Goldfield GS, Lorello C, Doucet E. Methylphenidate reduces energy intake and dietary fat intake in adults: a mechanism of reduced reinforcing value of food? Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:308-15. [PMID: 17684199 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine mediates the reinforcing value of food, and low concentrations of dopamine are related to increased feeding. Thus, administering a drug that increases dopamine may reduce energy intake, possibly by reducing food reinforcement. OBJECTIVES We tested whether short-acting methylphenidate (MPH), a drug that increases the availability of dopamine by blocking its reuptake, reduces energy intake and alters macronutrient preference and whether these effects are due to a mechanism of reduced hunger or food reinforcement. DESIGN Fourteen adults were given placebo or short-acting MPH (0.5 mg/kg) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover fashion. One hour after ingestion, hunger and the relative reinforcing value of snack food were measured, followed immediately by energy intake and macronutrient preference during a buffet-style lunch. RESULTS MPH reduced energy intake by 11% (P = 0.024) as well as intake of fat by 17% (P = 0.003) relative to placebo. Despite similar levels of prebuffet hunger, subjects taking MPH reduced their energy and fat intakes more than did those taking placebo, which suggests that hunger may not mediate the effects of MPH on energy intake. MPH showed a trend toward reducing the reinforcing value of high-fat food relative to placebo, but reduced food reinforcement was not significantly correlated with energy intake. CONCLUSION MPH reduced overall energy intake with a selective reduction in dietary fat. Findings are consistent with a reward deficiency model of obesity whereby low brain dopamine predicts overeating and obesity, and administering agents that increase dopamine results in reduced feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Goldfield
- Mental Health Research, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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31
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Kuo DY. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the attenuation of hyperphagia in streptozotocin diabetic rats treated with dopamine D1/D2 agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:640-7. [PMID: 16702993 PMCID: PMC1751870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Dopamine is an appetite suppressant, while neuropeptide Y (NPY), an appetite stimulant in the brain, is reported to be involved in anorectic action induced by a combined administration of D1/D2 agonists in normal rats. In diabetic rats, however, these factors have not been studied. 2. Rats (including normal, diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats) were given daily injections of saline or D1/D2 agonists for 6 days. Changes in food intake and hypothalamic NPY content of these rats were assessed and compared. 3. The D1/D2 agonist-induced anorectic responses were altered in diabetic rats compared to normal rats treated similarly. Both the anorectic response on the first day of dosing and the tolerant response on the subsequent days were attenuated. 4. This alteration was independent of the neuroendocrine disturbance on feeding behavior since the basic pattern of food intake during the time course of a 24-h day/night cycle was similar in normal and diabetic rats; the decrease of food intake following drug treatment was only shown at the initial interval of 0-6 h in both groups of rats. 5. However, this alteration coincided with changes in NPY content following D1/D2 coadministration. The replacement of insulin in diabetic rats could normalize both NPY content and D1/D2 agonist-induced anorexia. 6. It is demonstrated that the response of D1/D2 agonist-induced appetite suppression is attenuated in diabetic rats compared to normal rats and that elevated hypothalamic NPY content may contribute to this alteration.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/administration & dosage
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Appetite Depressants/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Dopamine Agonists/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use
- Drug Administration Routes
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Eating/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior/drug effects
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Hyperphagia/drug therapy
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Injections
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Neuropeptide Y/physiology
- Quinpirole/administration & dosage
- Quinpirole/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40201, ROC.
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32
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Lee SW, Stanley BG. NMDA receptors mediate feeding elicited by neuropeptide Y in the lateral and perifornical hypothalamus. Brain Res 2005; 1063:1-8. [PMID: 16259968 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the lateral (LH) and perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) are believed to be involved in the stimulation of feeding behavior. To investigate the possibility that neurons with these receptors interact to stimulate eating, the NMDA receptor antagonists d-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5) or 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-CK) were injected into the LH or PFH of satiated rats 5 min prior to NPY in the same site and subsequent food intake was measured 1, 2, and 4 h postinjection. The injection of NPY (78 pmol/0.3 microl aCSF) in the PFH produced an average food intake of 9.7 g in 4 h, compared to the intake of 1.3 g after the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) vehicle. D-AP5 (1, 10, or 20 nmol/0.3 microl aCSF) pretreatment suppressed NPY-induced eating, with the 20 nmol dose of D-AP5 producing up to an 80% suppression of elicited food intake down to 1.9 g in 4 h. Similar effects were produced with the LH as the injection site. Illustrating the specificity of the NMDA receptor antagonist's suppression of NPY-elicited feeding, D-AP5 suppressed NMDA-elicited feeding but did not affect the eating response induced by kainic acid. Consistent with the effects of D-AP5, the NMDA receptor antagonist 7-CK (40 nmol/0.3 microl dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) suppressed feeding elicited by NPY in the LH by 78%. Collectively, the findings suggest that the feeding elicited by NPY is dependent upon the activation of the NMDA receptors in the LH and PFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Star W Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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33
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Brunetti L, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Vacca M. Peptide YY (3–36) inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 519:48-51. [PMID: 16095590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (1-36) and peptide YY (3-36) are gut-derived hormones which are involved in feeding control in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamic mechanisms of feeding have been shown to be modulated by aminergic neurotransmitters, which could mediate the anorectic or orexigenic effects of neuropeptides and hormones. We have investigated the role of peptide YY (1-36) and peptide YY (3-36) on dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin release from hypothalamic synaptosomes in vitro. We found that peptide YY (3-36) inhibited depolarization-induced dopamine and norepinephrine release, leaving unaffected serotonin release, while peptide YY (1-36) did not modify either basal or stimulated amine release. We can hypothesize that the effects of peptide YY (3-36) could be mediated by inhibited hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine release, which could partially account for the anorectic activity of the peptide. On the other hand, peptide YY (1-36), which has a feeding stimulatory role, does not affect aminergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, School of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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34
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Ramos EJB, Meguid MM, Campos ACL, Coelho JCU. Neuropeptide Y, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and monoamines in food intake regulation. Nutrition 2005; 21:269-79. [PMID: 15723758 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in severity and prevalence in the United States and represents a major public health issue. No effective pharmacologic treatment leading to sustained weight loss currently exists. The growing interest in the regulation of food intake stems from the current drug treatments for obesity, almost all of which interfere with the monoamine system. Our knowledge of potential interactions between the orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways is limited and fragmented, making the development of targeted drug therapy for obesity difficult. The present review of the interaction of neuropeptides and monoamines emphasizes the complexity of the central mechanisms that regulate feeding behavior. Two main systems are implicated in food intake regulation: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is a tridecapeptide cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin that acts to inhibit food intake. The predominant NPY orexigenic receptors are NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y5, and the two anorexigenic melanocortin receptors involved in hypothalamic food intake control are MC3-R and MC4-R. Both neuropeptides interact with monoamines in the hypothalamus to control physiologic states such as hunger, satiation, and satiety. Serotonin suppresses food intake and body weight, acting mainly through the serotonin 1B receptor. Dopamine regulates hunger and satiety by acting in specific hypothalamic areas, through the D1 and D2 receptors. Noradrenaline activation of alpha1- and beta2-adrenoceptors decreases food intake, and stimulation of the alpha2-adrenoceptor increases food intake. A better understanding of the detailed mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hyperphagia and hypophagia is needed to develop new therapeutic approaches to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J B Ramos
- Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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35
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Kuo DY. Involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in regulating the amphetamine-induced appetite suppression in streptozotocin diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 127:19-26. [PMID: 15680466 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Amphetamine (AMPH) is a well-known anorectic agent. In normal rats, AMPH-induced anorexia has been attributed to its inhibitory action on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), an appetite stimulant in the brain. In diabetic rats, however, if this anorectic response of AMPH might still be observed was uncertain. METHODS Rats (including normal, diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats) were given daily with saline or AMPH for 6 days. Changes in food intake, plasma glucose level (PGL) and NPY content of these rats were measured and compared. RESULTS The AMPH-induced anorectic response was altered in diabetic rats. Although the anorectic effects of AMPH on the first day of dosing were similar between diabetic and control rats, diabetic rats developed tolerance to this anorexia more rapidly than control rats. This alteration was independent of PGL since PGL levels were not changed following AMPH treatment and PGL normalization induced by phlorizin could not restore the level of AMPH anorexia. On the other hand, this alteration was dependent on the action of NPY because NPY contents were decreased following AMPH treatment and the replacement of insulin in diabetic rats could restore both NPY content and AMPH anorexia. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the elevated hypothalamic NPY content in diabetic rats was involved in modifying the anorectic response of AMPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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36
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Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Kuo DY. Amphetamine, an appetite suppressant, decreases neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamic paraventriculum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 127:169-76. [PMID: 15680483 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a well-known anorectic agent. The mechanism underlying the anorectic response of AMPH has been attributed to its inhibitory effect on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide in the brain. However, there is still lack of genomic or in situ immunohistochemical evidence to prove it. The present study was aimed to assess the molecular mechanism of AMPH anorexia by immunostaining of hypothalamic NPY protein in the area of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and by detecting the change of hypothalamic NPY mRNA level using RT-PCR. Results revealed that an AMPH treatment might reduce the expression of NPY at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Comparatively, a treatment of clomipramine, a serotonin transporter inhibitor, was unable to reduce NPY mRNA level, revealing the noninvolvement of hypothalamic NPY gene in serotonin anorexia. Our results provided genomic and in situ immunohistochemical evidence to confirm the mediation of hypothalamic NPY neurons in the anorectic action of AMPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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37
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Brunetti L, Orlando G, Recinella L, Michelotto B, Ferrante C, Vacca M. Resistin, but not adiponectin, inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 493:41-4. [PMID: 15189762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 03/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (Adipocyte Complement-Related Protein of 30 kDa, ACRP30) and resistin are adipocyte-derived polypeptide hormones playing a role in metabolic homeostasis. Their plasma levels are inversely (adiponectin) or directly (resistin) correlated to obesity and they have opposite effects on insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue hormones such as leptin have been shown to modulate neurotransmitters which control feeding in the hypothalamus. We have studied the effects of adiponectin and resistin on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin release from hypothalamic neuronal endings (synaptosomes) in vitro. We have found that adiponectin does not modify either basal or depolarization-induced amine release, while resistin inhibits the stimulated release of dopamine and norepinephrine, leaving unaffected serotonin release. We can conclude that, similarly to leptin, but differently from adiponectin, the adipose tissue hormone resistin could affect the central mechanisms of feeding by inhibiting catecholamine release in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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38
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Cannon CM, Abdallah L, Tecott LH, During MJ, Palmiter RD. Dysregulation of striatal dopamine signaling by amphetamine inhibits feeding by hungry mice. Neuron 2005; 44:509-20. [PMID: 15504330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) releases monoamines, transiently stimulates locomotion, and inhibits feeding. Using a genetic approach, we show that mice lacking dopamine (DA-deficient, or DD, mice) are resistant to the hypophagic effects of a moderate dose of AMPH (2 microg/g) but manifest normal AMPH-induced hypophagia after restoration of DA signaling in the caudate putamen by viral gene therapy. By contrast, AMPH-induced hypophagia in response to the same dose of AMPH is not blunted in mice lacking the ability to make norepinephrine and epinephrine (Dbh(-/-)), dopamine D(2) receptors (D2r(-/-)), dopamine D(1) receptors (D1r(-/-)), serotonin 2C receptors (Htr2c(-/Y)), neuropeptide Y (Npy(-/-)), and in mice with compromised melanocortin signaling (A(y)). We suggest that, at this moderate dose of AMPH, dysregulation of striatal DA is the primary cause of AMPH-induced hypophagia and that regulated striatal dopaminergic signaling may be necessary for normal feeding behaviors.
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MESH Headings
- Amphetamine/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/deficiency
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eating/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior/drug effects
- Feeding and Eating Disorders/chemically induced
- Feeding and Eating Disorders/genetics
- Feeding and Eating Disorders/physiopathology
- Feeding and Eating Disorders/therapy
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Hunger/drug effects
- Hunger/physiology
- Levodopa/pharmacology
- Locomotion/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuropeptide Y/deficiency
- Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/deficiency
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/deficiency
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Time Factors
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/deficiency
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Matson Cannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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39
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Crowley WR, Ramoz G, Keefe KA, Torto R, Kalra SP, Hanson GR. Differential effects of methamphetamine on expression of neuropeptide Y mRNA in hypothalamus and on serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations in ad libitum-fed and schedule-fed rats. Neuroscience 2005; 132:167-73. [PMID: 15780475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known concerning the interaction of psychostimulants with hypothalamic neuropeptide systems or metabolic hormones implicated in regulation of energy balance. The present studies tested whether methamphetamine alters the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), two important orexigenic neuropeptides, or proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor for the anorexigenic peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, or the secretion of leptin, insulin and ghrelin, concomitant with inhibition of food intake. Female rats were either fed ad libitum (AL) or placed on a scheduled feeding (SF) regimen, with access to food limited to 4 h/day. Administration of (+/-)-methamphetamine (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) 2 h prior to food presentation significantly inhibited food intake in SF animals, but did not affect intake in AL animals. In a separate study, AL and SF animals were killed just prior to expected food presentation, and expression of NPY, AgRP and POMC mRNAs in hypothalamus was determined using in situ hybridisation; concentrations of leptin, insulin and ghrelin in serum were determined with radioimmunoassays. In saline-treated, SF controls, NPY and AgRP mRNA expression in arcuate nucleus and serum ghrelin were significantly elevated, and serum leptin and insulin were significantly reduced. Methamphetamine reversed the up-regulation of NPY mRNA expression observed in the SF condition, without affecting AgRP mRNA or the serum concentrations of metabolic hormones. However, in AL animals, NPY mRNA expression in arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei was significantly increased by methamphetamine, which also reduced serum leptin and insulin and increased serum ghrelin concentrations. These findings suggest that the inhibition of NPY expression in SF animals may be a mechanism underlying the anorexigenic effect of methamphetamine seen in this condition. The increase in NPY expression produced by methamphetamine in AL animals may be mediated by the ability of this drug to decrease secretion of leptin and insulin and increase secretion of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Crowley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, 30 South 2000 East, Room 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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40
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Hsieh YS, Hsu JD, Yang SF, Kuo DY. Immunohistochemical and genomic evidence for the involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in phenylpropranolamine-mediated appetite suppression. Peptides 2004; 25:2155-61. [PMID: 15572205 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 08/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is an appetite suppressant. The mechanism for the anorectic effect of PPA has been attributed to its action on the site of hypothalamic paraventriculum. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an appetite stimulant that is widely distributed in the site of hypothalamus. It is not clear whether hypothalamic NPY is involved in the anorectic action of PPA. This study was aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the involvement of NPY gene in the anorectic action of PPA. Results revealed that PPA treatment in rats could decrease both NPY content and mRNA level in the hypothalamus. In addition, the expression of NPY immunoreactivity following PPA treatment was decreased in areas of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus and periventricular area using immunohistochemical staining, suggesting an involvement of NPYergic pathway in the action of PPA anorexia. Our results provided immunohistochemical and genomic evidence to suggest that PPA might reduce feeding by altering NPY gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, ROC
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41
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Leddy JJ, Epstein LH, Jaroni JL, Roemmich JN, Paluch RA, Goldfield GS, Lerman C. Influence of methylphenidate on eating in obese men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 12:224-32. [PMID: 14981214 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rapid synaptic dopamine transport or reduced brain dopamine receptor signaling may influence energy intake. Methylphenidate, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases brain synaptic dopamine and produces anorexia, suggesting that it may reduce energy intake. We investigated the effects of two doses of short-acting methylphenidate on energy intake over one meal in obese adult males. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Nine obese males (>85th BMI percentile) ingested a placebo or a moderate dose (0.5 mg/kg) or a high dose (1.0 mg/kg) of methylphenidate in a within-subject double-blind acute laboratory study. One hour after ingestion, pizza consumption was measured in a naturalistic laboratory setting. RESULTS Participants reduced energy intake by 23% for the moderate dose vs. the placebo (p < 0.02), but there was no significant difference for the high dose vs. the moderate dose (p > 0.05). Participants consumed 34% fewer kilocalories after ingesting the lowest effective dose of methylphenidate compared with placebo (725.7 +/- 404.5 vs.1095 +/- 271.1 kcal, p < 0.01). Seven of nine subjects responded to the moderate dose. The increase in perceived drug effect above placebo was correlated with the reduction in energy intake for both the moderate (r = -0.85, p = 0.004) and the high (r = -0.75 p = 0.021) doses. Hunger scores were not different across drug doses or placebo before drug administration. DISCUSSION Methylphenidate reduced energy intake of a highly palatable food over one meal by one-third in obese adult males. Dopamine transport inhibition may be an effective component of a comprehensive treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Leddy
- Department of Orthopedics, Sports Medicine Institute, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The limited success of genetic studies of major depression has raised questions concerning the definition of genetically relevant phenotypes. This paper presents strategies to improve the phenotypic definition of major depression by proposing endophenotypes at two levels: First, dissecting the depressive phenotype into key components results in narrow definitions of putative psychopathological endophenotypes: mood bias toward negative emotions, impaired reward function, impaired learning and memory, neurovegetative signs, impaired diurnal variation, impaired executive cognitive function, psychomotor change, and increased stress sensitivity. A review of the recent literature on neurobiological and genetic findings associated with these components is given. Second, the most consistent heritable biological markers of major depression are proposed as biological endophenotypes for genetic studies: REM sleep abnormalities, functional and structural brain abnormalities, dysfunctions in serotonergic, catecholaminergic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and CRH systems, and intracellular signal transduction endophenotypes. The associations among the psychopathological and biological endophenotypes are discussed with respect to specificity, temporal stability, heritability, familiality, and clinical and biological plausibility. Finally, the case is made for the development of a new classification system in order to reduce the heterogeneity of depression representing a major impediment to elucidating the genetic and neurobiological basis of this common, severe, and often life-threatening illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hasler
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
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43
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Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Similarity Between Obesity and Drug Addiction as Assessed by Neurofunctional Imaging. J Addict Dis 2004; 23:39-53. [PMID: 15256343 DOI: 10.1300/j069v23n03_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overeating in obese individuals shares similarities with the loss of control and compulsive drug taking behavior observed in drug-addicted subjects. The mechanism of these behaviors is not well understood. Our prior studies with positron emission tomography (PET) in drug-addicted subjects documented reductions in striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors. In pathologically obese subjects, we found reductions in striatal DA D2 receptors similar to that in drug-addicted subjects. Moreover, DA D2 receptor levels were found to have an inverse relationship to the body mass index of the obese subjects. We postulated that decreased levels of DA D2 receptors predisposed subjects to search for reinforcers; in the case of drug-addicted subjects for the drug and in the case of the obese subjects for food as a means to temporarily compensate for a decreased sensitivity of DA D2 regulated reward circuits. Understanding the mechanism in food intake will help to suggest strategies for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene-Jack Wang
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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44
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Davis MP, Dreicer R, Walsh D, Lagman R, LeGrand SB. Appetite and Cancer-Associated Anorexia: A Review. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1510-7. [PMID: 15084624 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite is governed by peripheral hormones and central neurotransmitters that act on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and nucleus tactus solitarius of the brainstem. Cancer anorexia appears to be the result of an imbalance between neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin signals favoring pro-opiomelanocortin. Many of the appetite stimulants redress this imbalance. Most of our understanding of appetite neurophysiology and tumor-associated anorexia is derived from animals and has not been verified in humans. There have been few clinical trials and very little translational research on anorexia despite its prevalence in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, FCCP, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, R35, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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45
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Meguid MM, Ramos EJB, Laviano A, Varma M, Sato T, Chen C, Qi Y, Das UN. Tumor anorexia: effects on neuropeptide Y and monoamines in paraventricular nucleus. Peptides 2004; 25:261-6. [PMID: 15063007 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraventricular (PVN) concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY), serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in anorectic tumor-bearing (TB) rats were measured before and after tumor resection. At onset of anorexia in TB versus non-tumor bearing (NTB) Controls 5-HT increased from 12.19+/-0.49 pg/microg to 14.89+/-0.81 pg/microg ( P<0.05 ) while DA and NPY decreased from 7.34+/-0.42 pg/microg to 4.97+/-0.56 pg/microg and 23.47+/-4.27 pg/microg to 13.64+/-1.44 pg/microg, respectively ( P<0.05 ). After tumor resection, these neuromediators normalized when compared to sham-operated NTB rats. NTB pair-fed Controls were also studied. We conclude that the increased 5-HT and the decreased DA and NPY concentrations in PVN are associated with cancer anorexia and that the NPY food stimulatory effect is linked to serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems in hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Meguid
- Neuroscience Program, Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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46
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Hettes SR, Gonzaga J, Heyming TW, Perez S, Wolfsohn S, Stanley BG. Dual roles in feeding for AMPA/kainate receptors: receptor activation or inactivation within distinct hypothalamic regions elicits feeding behavior. Brain Res 2003; 992:167-78. [PMID: 14625056 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), elicit intense feeding responses in satiated rats [Brain Res. 613 (1993) 88, Brain Res. 630 (1993) 41]. While attempting to clarify the role of the AMPA and kainate (KA) receptor subtypes in glutamatergic feeding systems, we discovered that lateral hypothalamic (LH) injection of high doses of the competitive AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, NBQX (10 and 30 nmol), elicited a pronounced feeding response. We questioned whether this effect was due to inactivation of AMPA or possibly KA receptors. To determine whether other AMPA/KA antagonists can also elicit feeding, we tested whether injection of CNQX, another AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, also stimulates eating and whether these feeding stimulatory effects were due to antagonists' actions in the LH or in other hypothalamic sites. Here we report that NBQX and CNQX elicit feeding in a dose dependent manner and are most effective when injected into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), or into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and, to a lesser extent, into the LH of satiated rats. In contrast, AMPA was most effective in stimulating feeding when injected into the LH, confirming previous reports. These data suggest that either activation or inactivation of AMPA/KA receptors in distinct but overlapping hypothalamic sites may be sufficient to induce feeding behavior, indicating a broadened role for glutamate in hypothalamic feeding mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Feeding Behavior/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/cytology
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/cytology
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Male
- Neural Pathways/cytology
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/cytology
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/drug effects
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, AMPA/agonists
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey R Hettes
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-Riverside,Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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47
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Brunetti L, Recinella L, Orlando G, Michelotto B, Di Nisio C, Vacca M. Effects of ghrelin and amylin on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin release in the hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 454:189-92. [PMID: 12421646 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin and amylin are gut-derived hormones that stimulate and inhibit food intake, respectively. Feeding is modulated by aminergic neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus. We have evaluated the effects of ghrelin and amylin on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin release from rat hypothalamic synaptosomes. We found that ghrelin did not modify dopamine or norepinephrine release, but inhibited serotonin release. On the other hand, amylin inhibited dopamine release, without affecting norepinephrine or serotonin. We conclude that the appetite-stimulating activity of ghrelin could be mediated by inhibited serotonin release, while the anorectic effects of amylin could involve inhibited release of dopamine in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, School of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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48
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Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. The role of dopamine in motivation for food in humans: implications for obesity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2002; 6:601-9. [PMID: 12387683 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.6.5.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem. The increasing number of obese individuals in the US adds urgency to the efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying pathological overeating. Imaging studies using positron emission tomography implicate the involvement of brain dopamine (DA) in normal and pathological food intake in humans. In normal body weight, fasting subjects, food presentation that could not be consumed was associated with increases in striatal extracellular DA, which provides evidence of an involvement of DA in non-hedonic motivational properties of food intake. In pathologically obese subjects, the authors showed reductions in striatal D2 receptor availability that were inversely associated with the weight of the subject. The involvement of the DA system in reward and reinforcement has led to the hypothesis that low brain DA activity in obese subjects predisposes them to excessive use of food. A better understanding of the role of the DA system in the motivation for food intake will help the development of better therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene-Jack Wang
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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49
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Kuo DY, Inui A, Cheng JT. Effect of amphetamine repeated treatment on the feeding behavior in neuropeptide Y-overexpressing mice. Neurosci Lett 2002; 329:359-61. [PMID: 12183048 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preset study examined the hypothesis that an increase of brain neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide, might decrease the action of amphetamine (AMPH), a well-known anorectic agent. Transgenic mice overexpressing the NPY gene were used to compare with the wild-type control. AMPH-induced anorexia is documented to mediate through the release of dopamine (DA), via an activation of D(1)- and D(2)-subtype receptors, to affect the hypothalamic NPY. Thus, co-administration of D(1)/D(2) agonists was also performed to mimic the action of AMPH. The mice of NPY-overexpressing (NPY-OX) and wild-type groups were administered with AMPH or a combination of D(1)/D(2) agonists repeatedly for 5 days. We found that repeated AMPH administration-induced anorexia in wild-type mice was longer (at the initial 3 days) than that in NPY-OX mice (only at the first day). Moreover, repeated co-administration of D(1)/D(2) agonists significantly exerted a continuous anorectic effect in wild-type mice, but exerted a significant effect only at the first day in NPY-OX mice. These results indicated that the anorectic effect of AMPH decayed faster in NPY-OX mice and suggested that NPY expression by the stimuli could counteract the anorectic effect of AMPH. Thus, NPY can be considered to play a functional role in the regulation of AMPH-induced anorexia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
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50
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Kuo DY, Cheng JT. Role of cerebral dopamine but not plasma insulin, leptin and glucocorticoid in the development of tolerance to the anorectic effect of amphetamine. Neurosci Res 2002; 44:63-9. [PMID: 12204294 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Repeated treatment with amphetamine (AMPH), an anorectic agent, induced a marked anorexia on day 1 followed by a gradual reversion of this anorexia to the normal level of feeding (tolerant anorexia). The mechanism for this tolerant anorexia remained unknown because it might be related with multiple parameters, such as the change of cerebral dopamine (DA) or the plasma levels of insulin, leptin and glucocorticoid. Results revealed that plasma insulin and leptin concentrations remained unchanged during repeated AMPH administration, revealing that these two factors are not involved. Also, glucocorticoids were not required for the development of tolerant anorexia, as this effect could not be prevented by adrenalectomy. However, AMPH-induced anorexia was decreased by the pretreatment of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, an inhibitor of central catecholamine synthesis, and was increased by the pretreatment of nomifensine, a blocker of DA transporter that increased extracellular DA content in brain, revealing that the change of DA content could modify the action of tolerant anorexia. It is suggested that the decrease of inhibitory action of DA in brain during repeated AMPH plays a functional role in the development of tolerance to the anorectic response of AMPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, ROC
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