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Sharma P, Kale S, Phugare S, Pendharkar S, Shinde P, Mandhan A, Goel SK, Gairola S. Molecular size distribution in pentavalent (A, C, Y, W, X) meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine by HPSEC-UV-MALS-RI method- a conceivable stability indicating parameter. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1236:124048. [PMID: 38430603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Molecular size distribution (MSD) of polysaccharides serves as a key parameter that directly correlates to the immunogenicity of vaccine. MSD at meningococcal polysaccharide (A, C, Y and W) or conjugate bulk level is well established under detailed pharmacopeial and WHO guidelines. We report here, a newly developed method for determination of molecular size distribution of pentavalent Meningococcal conjugate vaccine comprising of A, C, Y, W and X (MenFive). Although serogroup specific molecular size could not be estimated here; lot to lot consistency monitoring, molecular aggregates distribution in final lot, are key takeaways of this method. Determination of MSD in pentavalent fill finished product was quite challenging. Various columns/detectors combination, buffers, physico-chemical conditions (temperature, 2-8 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C; flow rate, 0.3 mL to 0.8 mL), liquid/lyophilized formulations, were explored. Polymer-based packed columns were explored for estimation for MSD by aqueous size exclusion chromatography, using combinations of- Shodex OHPAK SB 807 HQ, Shodex OHPAK SB 806 HQ, G6000 PWXL, coupled with guard Shodex OHPAK SB-G-6B. MenFive showed heterogenous distribution of molecules ranging from 200 to 19000 kDa, indicating its complex nature. However, 1000-8000 kDa was dominant range, comprising of ≥ 50 % distribution of molecules, in both liquid as well as lyophilized formulations, with average molecular weight around 6000-6500 kDa. The molar mass distribution after slicing would provide an insight to the conformation of molecules through its presentation as HMW, LMW, aggregates and subsequently, the presence of dominant population of molecules of a particular molecular weight and its total contribution in the sample.
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Hoving D, Marques AHC, Huisman W, Nosoh BA, de Kroon AC, van Hengel ORJ, Wu BR, Steenbergen RAM, van Helden PM, Urban BC, Dhar N, Ferreira DM, Kwatra G, Hokke CH, Jochems SP. Combinatorial multimer staining and spectral flow cytometry facilitate quantification and characterization of polysaccharide-specific B cell immunity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1095. [PMID: 37898698 PMCID: PMC10613281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are important vaccine immunogens. However, the study of polysaccharide-specific immune responses has been hindered by technical restrictions. Here, we developed and validated a high-throughput method to analyse antigen-specific B cells using combinatorial staining with fluorescently-labelled capsular polysaccharide multimers. Concurrent staining of 25 cellular markers further enables the in-depth characterization of polysaccharide-specific cells. We used this assay to simultaneously analyse 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae or 5 Streptococcus agalactiae serotype-specific B cell populations. The phenotype of polysaccharide-specific B cells was associated with serotype specificity, vaccination history and donor population. For example, we observed a link between non-class switched (IgM+) memory B cells and vaccine-inefficient S. pneumoniae serotypes 1 and 3. Moreover, B cells had increased activation in donors from South Africa, which has high-incidence of S. agalactiae invasive disease, compared to Dutch donors. This assay allows for the characterization of heterogeneity in B cell immunity that may underlie immunization efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hoving
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandre H C Marques
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley Huisman
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beckley A Nosoh
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicia C de Kroon
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar R J van Hengel
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bing-Ru Wu
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne A M Steenbergen
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Britta C Urban
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nisha Dhar
- Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Deng JZ, Jia X, Zong C, He J, Ha S, Zhuang P. Characterization of pneumococcal serotype 7F in vaccine conjugation. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:565-573. [PMID: 37402017 PMCID: PMC10638203 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly invasive bacterial pathogen that can cause a range of illnesses. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are the main virulence factors that causes invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Pneumococcal CPS serotype 7F along with a few other serotypes is more invasive and likely to cause IPD. Therefore, 7F is a target for pneumococcal vaccine development, and is included in the two recently approved multi-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines, i.e. VAXNEUVANCE and PREVNAR 20.To support process and development of our 15-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV15), chromatographic methods have been developed for 7F polysaccharide and conjugate characterization. A size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method with UV, light scattering and refractive index detections was employed for concentration, size and conformation analysis. A reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method was used for analysis of conjugate monosaccharide composition and degree of conjugation. The collective information obtained by these chromatographic analysis provided insights into the pneumococcal conjugate and conjugation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z Deng
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA, WP46-3305, 19486, USA.
| | - Xiujuan Jia
- Small Molecule Analytical Research & Development, Analytical Research & Development Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Chengli Zong
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA, WP46-3305, 19486, USA
| | - Jian He
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA, WP46-3305, 19486, USA
| | - Sha Ha
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA, WP46-3305, 19486, USA
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA, WP46-3305, 19486, USA
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4
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Saha-Shah A, Smith JP, Konietzko J, Costell E, McHugh PM, Lo-Mont JP, Ralbovsky NM, Obando L, Wang SC, Appiah-Amponsah E, Mangion I. Real-time in situ monitoring of CRM-197 and polysaccharide conjugation reaction by fluorescence spectroscopy. Bioanalysis 2023. [PMID: 37141441 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Process analytical technology (PAT) is increasingly being adopted within the pharmaceutical industry to build quality into a process. Development of PAT that provides real-time in situ analysis of critical quality attributes are highly desirable for rapid, improved process development. Conjugation of CRM-197 with pneumococcal polysaccharides to produce a desired pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a significantly intricate process that can tremendously benefit from real-time process monitoring. Methods: In this work, a fluorescence-based PAT methodology is described to elucidate CRM-197-polysacharide conjugation kinetics in real time. Results & conclusion: In this work, a fluorescence-based PAT methodology is described to elucidate CRM-197-polysacharide conjugation kinetics in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Saha-Shah
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Janelle Konietzko
- Vaccines Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Emily Costell
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
- Vaccines Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Patrick M McHugh
- Vaccines Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Justin P Lo-Mont
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Louis Obando
- MMD, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Vaccines Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Amponsah
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Tomás-Martínez S, Chen LM, Pabst M, Weissbrodt DG, van Loosdrecht MCM, Lin Y. Enrichment and application of extracellular nonulosonic acids containing polymers of Accumulibacter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:931-941. [PMID: 36484828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pseudaminic and legionaminic acids are a subgroup of nonulosonic acids (NulOs) unique to bacterial species. There is a lack of advances in the study of these NulOs due to their complex synthesis and production. Recently, it was seen that "Candidatus Accumulibacter" can produce Pse or Leg analogues as part of its extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In order to employ a "Ca. Accumulibacter" enrichment as production platform for bacterial sialic acids, it is necessary to determine which fractions of the EPS of "Ca. Accumulibacter" contain NulOs and how to enrich and/or isolate them. We extracted the EPS from granules enriched with "Ca. Accumulibcater" and used size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to separate them into different molecular weight (MW) fractions. This separation resulted in two high molecular weight (> 5500 kDa) fractions dominated by polysaccharides, with a NulO content up to 4 times higher than the extracted EPS. This suggests that NulOs in "Ca. Accumulibacter" are likely located in high molecular weight polysaccharides. Additionally, it was seen that the extracted EPS and the NulO-rich fractions can bind and neutralize histones. This opens the possibility of EPS and NulO-rich fractions as potential source for sepsis treatment drugs. KEY POINTS: • NulOs in "Ca. Accumulibacter" are likely located in high MW polysaccharides • SEC allows to obtain high MW polysaccharide-rich fractions enriched with NulOs • EPS and the NulOs-rich fractions are a potential source for sepsis treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Tomás-Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Le Min Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David G Weissbrodt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuemei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van Der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Wang Y, Xu F, Cheng J, Wu X, Xu J, Li C, Li W, Xie N, Wang Y, He L. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Paecilomyces hepiali. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228020. [PMID: 36432126 PMCID: PMC9696976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, which can be affected by different preparations, play a crucial role in the biological function of Paecilomyces hepiali (PHPS) as a health food. To explore high-valued polysaccharides and reduce the negative influence of human involvement, a green tailorable deep eutectic solvent (DES) was applied to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides (PHPS-D), followed by the evaluation of the structural properties and immunomodulation by comparison with the hot-water method (PHPS-W). The results indicated that the best system for PHPS-D was a type of carboxylic acid-based DES consisting of choline chloride and succinic acid in the molar ratio of 1:3, with a 30% water content. The optimal condition was as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 50 mL/g, extraction temperature of 85 °C, and extraction time of 1.7 h. The actual PHPS-D yield was 12.78 ± 0.17%, which was obviously higher than that of PHPS-W. The structural characteristics suggested that PHPS-D contained more uronic acid (22.34 ± 1.38%) and glucose (40.3 ± 0.5%), with a higher molecular weight (3.26 × 105 g/mol) and longer radius of gyration (78.2 ± 3.6 nm), as well as extended chain conformation, compared with PHPS-W, and these results were confirmed by AFM and SEM. Immunomodulatory assays suggested that PHPS-D showed better performance than PHPS-W regarding pinocytic activity and the secretion of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) by activating the corresponding mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells. This study showed that carboxylic acid-based DES could be a promising tailorable green system for acidic polysaccharide preparation and the valorization of P. hepiali in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Feijia Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Junwen Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xueqian Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunru Li
- Bioasia Life Science Institute, Zhejiang Bioasia Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pinghu 314200, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Bioasia Life Science Institute, Zhejiang Bioasia Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pinghu 314200, China
| | - Liang He
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-87798225; Fax: +86-571-87798206
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7
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Deng JZ, Lin J, Chen M, Lancaster C, Zhuang P. Characterization of High Molecular Weight Pneumococcal Conjugate by SEC-MALS and AF4-MALS. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3769. [PMID: 36145915 PMCID: PMC9501040 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause serious pneumococcal diseases and other medical complications among patients. Polysaccharide-based vaccines have been successfully developed as prophylactic agents against such deadly bacterial infections. In the 1980s, PNEUMOVAX® 23 were introduced as the first pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV). Later, pneumococcal polysaccharides were conjugated to a carrier protein to improve immune responses. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) such as PREVNAR® and VAXNEUVANCE™ have been developed. Of the more than 90 pneumococcal bacteria serotypes, serotype 1 (ST-1) and serotype 4 (ST-4) are the two main types that cause invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) that could lead to morbidity and mortality. Development of a novel multi-valent PCV against these serotypes requires extensive biophysical and biochemical characterizations of each monovalent conjugate (MVC) in the vaccine. To understand and characterize these high molecular weight (Mw) polysaccharide protein conjugates, we employed the multi-angle light scattering (MALS) technique coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4). MALS analysis of MVCs from the two orthogonal separation mechanisms helps shed light on the heterogeneity in conformation and aggregation states of each conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Deng
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Jason Lin
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
| | | | - Catherine Lancaster
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Deng JZ, Lancaster C, Winters MA, Phillips KM, Zhuang P, Ha S. Multi-attribute characterization of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by Size-exclusion chromatography coupled with UV-MALS-RI detections. Vaccine 2022; 40:1464-1471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Structural, biosynthetic and serological cross-reactive elucidation of capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 28. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117323. [PMID: 33357884 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are the key virulent factors in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The previously unknown CPS structures of the pneumococcal serotype 28F and 28A were thoroughly characterized by NMR spectroscopy, chemical analysis and AF4-MALS-dRI. The following repeat unit structures were determined: -4)[α-l-Rhap-[4-P-2-Gro]]-(1-3)-α-d-Sug-[6-P-Cho]-(1-3)-β-l-Rhap-[2-OAc]-(1-4)-β-d-Glcp-(1-; 28F: Sug = Glcp, Mw: 540.5 kDa; 28A: Sug = GlcpNAc, Mw: 421.9 kDa; The correlation of CPS structures with biosynthesis showed that glycosyltransferase WciU in serotypes 28F and 28A had different sugar donor specificity toward α-d-Glcp and α-d-GlcNAcp, respectively. Furthermore, latex agglutination tests of de-OAc and de-PO4 CPS were conducted to understand cross-reactions between serogroup 28 with factor antiserum 23d. Interestingly, the de-OAc 28F and 28A CPS can still weakly react with factor antiserum 23d, while de-PO4 CPS did not react with factor antiserum 23d. This indicated that OAc group could affect the affinity and P-2-Gro was crucial for cross-reacting with factor antiserum 23d.
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Garrido R, Baró B, Soubal JP, Santana D. Quantitative assessment of C-polysaccharide in capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae by 31PNMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113670. [PMID: 33080557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae are key components of commercially available anti-pneumococcal vaccines; meanwhile C-polysaccharide is considered an impurity. World Health Organization recommends a strict control over the presence of this biomolecule due to the possibility of introducing an undesired response. An alternative way for assessing this impurity is focused on detect the phosphocholine residues by means of quantitative 1H-NMR. This could be tricky due to the amounts of this substituent may vary generating two C-polysaccharides forms. In this work we propose an improved quantitative NMR methodology based on 31P-NMR for the quantification of C-polysaccharide on capsular polysaccharide preparations. The technique also focuses on phosphocholine but, conversely to above-mentioned methods, allows to discriminate between phosphocholine linked in different positions. The methodology was run on samples of eleven vaccine serotypes, including seven with phosphate groups. From a rational acceptance criterion of 10 wt%, the method allows to quantified from 30 μg of the impurity in 3 mg of total polysaccharide (1 wt%) with a signal/noise ratio of 16:1. Repeatability and intermediate precision evaluation showed a relative standard deviation of 3.33 % and 8.34 % respectively. Additionally, the method provides information about structural identity of phosphate contained in capsular polysaccharides and C-polysaccharide species. This constitutes a new contribution from the NMR that highlights the power of these techniques for assessing imperative parameters in carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Structural elucidation, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of a novel heteropolysaccharide from cultured Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel.) Samson. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:270-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Emami P, Motevalian SP, Pepin E, Zydney AL. Purification of a conjugated polysaccharide vaccine using tangential flow diafiltration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:591-597. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Emami
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania
| | | | - Erin Pepin
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical SciencesPfizer IncAndover Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L. Zydney
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania
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Hennessey JP, Costantino P, Talaga P, Beurret M, Ravenscroft N, Alderson MR, Zablackis E, Prasad AK, Frasch C. Lessons Learned and Future Challenges in the Design and Manufacture of Glycoconjugate Vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Talaga
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France
| | - Michel Beurret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Zablackis
- Analytical Process Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, United States
| | - A. Krishna Prasad
- Pfizer Vaccines Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Carl Frasch
- Consultant, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25402, United States
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14
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Optimization of EPS Production and Characterization by a Halophilic Bacterium, Kocuria rosea ZJUQH from Chaka Salt Lake with Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050814. [PMID: 28509876 PMCID: PMC6153930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising awareness of microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) application in various fields, halophilic microorganisms which produce EPSs have received broad attention. A newly identified Kocuria rosea ZJUQH CCTCC M2016754 was determined to be a moderate halobacterium on account of its successful adaption to the environment containing 10% NaCl. The optimal combination of fermentation medium compositions on EPS production was studied. In this work, a fractional factorial design was adopted to investigate the significant factors that affected EPS production. The factors of KCl and MgSO4 were found to have a profound impact on EPS production. We utilized central composite design and response surface methodology to derive a statistical model for optimizing the submerged culture medium composition. Judging from these experimental results, the optimum culture medium for producing EPSs was composed of 0.50% casein hydrolysate, 1.00% sodium citrate, 0.30% yeast extract, 0.50% KCl, 0.50% peptone, and 5.80% MgSO4 (initial pH 7.0). The maximal EPS was 48.01 g/L, which is close to the predicted value (50.39 g/L). In the validation experiment, the highest concentration of 70.64 g/L EPSs was obtained after 120 h under the optimized culture medium in a 5-L bioreactor. EPS from this bacterium was also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT-IR). The findings in this study imply that Kocuria rosea ZJUQH has great potential to be exploited as a source of EPSs utilized in food, the pharmaceutical and agriculture industry, and in the biotreatment of hypersaline environments.
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Effects of solution conditions on characteristics and size exclusion chromatography of pneumococcal polysaccharides and conjugate vaccines. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:12-18. [PMID: 27516244 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular properties of bacterial polysaccharides and protein-polysaccharide conjugates play an important role in the efficiency and immunogenicity of the final vaccine product. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is commonly used to analyze and characterize biopolymers, including capsular polysaccharides. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of solution ionic strength and pH on the SEC retention of several capsular polysaccharides from S. pneumoniae bacteria in their native and conjugated forms. The retention time of the charged polysaccharides increased with increasing ionic strength and decreasing pH due to compaction of the polysaccharides associated with a reduction in the intramolecular electrostatic interactions. The calculated radius of gyration was in good agreement with model calculations based on the worm-like chain model accounting for the increase in chain stiffness and excluded volume of the charged polysaccharide at low ionic strength. These results provide important insights into the effects of solution ionic strength on physical properties and SEC behavior of capsular polysaccharides and their corresponding conjugates.
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Vinnitskiy DZ, Ustyuzhanina NE, Nifantiev NE. Natural bacterial and plant biomolecules bearing α-d-glucuronic acid residues. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Geissner A, Pereira CL, Leddermann M, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Deciphering Antigenic Determinants of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Capsular Polysaccharide using Synthetic Oligosaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:335-44. [PMID: 26674834 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. More than 90 S. pneumoniae serotypes are distinguished based on the structure of their primary targets to the human immune system, the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). The CPS of the prevalent serotype 4 (ST4) is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units and is included in existing pneumococcal vaccines. Still, the structural antigenic determinants that are essential for protective immunity, including the role of the rare and labile cyclic trans-(2,3) pyruvate ketal modification, remain largely unknown. Molecular insights will support the design of synthetic subunit oligosaccharide vaccines. Here, we identified the key antigenic determinants of ST4 CPS with the help of pyruvated and nonpyruvated synthetic repeating unit glycans. Glycan arrays revealed oligosaccharide antigens recognized by antibodies in the human reference serum. Selected depyruvated ST4 oligosaccharides were used to formulate neoglycoconjugates and immunologically evaluated in mice. These oligosaccharides were highly immunogenic, but the resulting antiglycan antibodies showed only limited binding to the natural CPS present on the bacterial surface. Glycan array and surface plasmon resonance analysis of murine polyclonal serum antibodies as well as monoclonal antibodies revealed that terminal sugars are important in directing the immune responses. The pyruvate modification on the oligosaccharide is needed for cross-reactivity with the native CPS. These findings are an important step toward the design of oligosaccharide-based vaccines against S. pneumoniae ST4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geissner
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Melanie Leddermann
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Hamidi A, Kreeftenberg H, V D Pol L, Ghimire S, V D Wielen LAM, Ottens M. Process development of a New Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine and the use of mathematical modeling to identify process optimization possibilities. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:568-80. [PMID: 26821825 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful public health interventions being a cost-effective tool in preventing deaths among young children. The earliest vaccines were developed following empirical methods, creating vaccines by trial and error. New process development tools, for example mathematical modeling, as well as new regulatory initiatives requiring better understanding of both the product and the process are being applied to well-characterized biopharmaceuticals (for example recombinant proteins). The vaccine industry is still running behind in comparison to these industries. A production process for a new Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, including related quality control (QC) tests, was developed and transferred to a number of emerging vaccine manufacturers. This contributed to a sustainable global supply of affordable Hib conjugate vaccines, as illustrated by the market launch of the first Hib vaccine based on this technology in 2007 and concomitant price reduction of Hib vaccines. This paper describes the development approach followed for this Hib conjugate vaccine as well as the mathematical modeling tool applied recently in order to indicate options for further improvements of the initial Hib process. The strategy followed during the process development of this Hib conjugate vaccine was a targeted and integrated approach based on prior knowledge and experience with similar products using multi-disciplinary expertise. Mathematical modeling was used to develop a predictive model for the initial Hib process (the 'baseline' model) as well as an 'optimized' model, by proposing a number of process changes which could lead to further reduction in price. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:568-580, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd Hamidi
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kreeftenberg
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo V D Pol
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Saroj Ghimire
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Ottens
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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19
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Wei CY, Li WQ, Shao SS, He L, Cheng J, Han S, Liu Y. Structure and chain conformation of a neutral intracellular heteropolysaccharide from mycelium of Paecilomyces cicadae. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:728-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Hadidi M, Buckley JJ, Zydney AL. Ultrafiltration behavior of bacterial polysaccharides used in vaccines. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Development and validation of high-performance size exclusion chromatography methods to determine molecular size parameters of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharides and conjugates. Anal Biochem 2014; 453:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Harding SE, Abdelhameed AS, Morris GA, Adams G, Laloux O, Cerny L, Bonnier B, Duvivier P, Conrath K, Lenfant C. Solution properties of capsular polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:237-42. [PMID: 24751036 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides from ten different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae have been studied with regards their hydrodynamic properties in solution, namely their sedimentation coefficient and molar mass distributions, solution conformations and flexibilities (persistence lengths Lp), important properties for the construction of polysaccharide and glycoconjugate vaccines. Sedimentation and molar mass distributions (obtained by sedimentation velocity and equilibrium analysis in the analytical ultracentrifuge supported by size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle light scattering measurements) were generally unimodal, with weight (mass) average molar masses ranging from 100×10(3) to 1300×10(3) g/mol. Estimates of chain flexibilities from three different procedures applied to intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation coefficient and molar mass data, showed that the polysaccharides from all the serotypes studied had semi-flexible structures in solution with persistence lengths in the range from ∼4 to 9 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ali Saber Abdelhameed
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gordon A Morris
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gary Adams
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham NG9 2RD, UK
| | - Olivier Laloux
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Louis Cerny
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Bonnier
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duvivier
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Karel Conrath
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Christophe Lenfant
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
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23
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Quantification of capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 in culture broth samples. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis is feared because of the rapid onset of severe disease from mild symptoms and, therefore, is an important target for vaccine research. Five serogroups, defined by the structures of their capsular polysaccharides, are responsible for the vast majority of disease. Protection against four of these five serogroups can be obtained with polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccines, in which fragments of the capsular polysaccharides attached to a carrier protein generate anticarbohydrate immune responses, whilst protection against group B disease requires protein immunogens, often presented in vesicles containing outer membrane proteins. Glycoconjugate vaccines are now an established technology, but outer-membrane protein vaccines are still under development and present significant challenges. This review discusses physicochemical approaches to the characterization and quality control of these vaccines, as well as highlighting the problems and differences in vaccine design required for protection against different serogroups of the same species of pathogen.
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25
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Polysaccharide microarrays with a CMOS based signal detection unit. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:1839-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Features of bacterial growth and polysaccharide production of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:37-43. [PMID: 19891609 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of several cultivation conditions on the kinetics of bacterial growth and polysaccharide production of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 was studied. The presence in the supernatant of serotype-specific CPS (capsular polysaccharide) during growth was followed by size-exclusion HPLC and, in parallel, confirmed by using a specific latex reagent. The agitation level did not affect the production behaviour, whereas pH maintenance above 6 strongly enhanced both growth and CPS production throughout the cultivation period in flasks. Production of high-molecular-mass polysaccharide was found to be maximal between 5 and 6 h of cultivation, at the end of the exponential phase. By laser light scattering, 90% of this purified CPS product showed a M(w) (molecular mass) range from 350 to 1500 kDa, with an average M(w) of 921 kDa. Extending the culture to 24 h gave rise to a clear shift of the M(w) distribution of the polysaccharide to values lower than 100 kDa. These findings may have strong implications for the large-scale manufacture of the polysaccharide and the associated conjugate vaccine.
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27
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Jin Z, Bohach GA, Shiloach J, Norris SE, Freedberg DI, Deobald C, Coxon B, Robbins JB, Schneerson R. Conjugates of group A and W135 capsular polysaccharides of neisseria meningitidis bound to recombinant Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1: preparation, physicochemical characterization, and immunological properties in mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7887-93. [PMID: 16299279 PMCID: PMC1307062 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.7887-7893.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis groups A (GAM) and W135 capsular polysaccharides (CPs) were bound to recombinant Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1 (rSEC). The CPs were activated with 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate and then bound to adipic acid dihydrazide derivatives of rSEC. Syntheses were conducted with native GAM CP (GAMP), W135 CP (W135P), and ultrasonicated or hydrazine-treated W135P at various concentrations of reactants, pHs, and ionic strengths. The conjugates were characterized by compositional and serologic analyses, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering detection, and immunogenicity in 5- to 6-week-old mice. Conjugates injected subcutaneously in phosphate-buffered saline elicited immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against their respective CPs and rSEC, whereas GAMP and W135P alone did not induce detectable CP antibodies. The O-acetyl content of W135P was low, and its removal had no adverse effect upon the conjugate's immunogenicity. Reduction of the molecular size of W135P by treatment with hydrazine improved the immunogenicity of W135P-rSEC. IgG anti-CP elicited by the conjugates showed complement-dependent bactericidal activity against their respective organisms, and IgG anti-rSEC neutralized the T-cell proliferative activity of native SEC. A bivalent formulation of GAMP-rSEC and W135P-rSEC elicited IgG anti-CP at comparable levels to those induced by the conjugates administered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jin
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Xu Q, Abeygunawardana C, Ng AS, Sturgess AW, Harmon BJ, Hennessey JP. Characterization and quantification of C-polysaccharide in Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide preparations. Anal Biochem 2005; 336:262-72. [PMID: 15620891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purified capsular polysaccharide preparations from Streptococcus pneumoniae that are used for vaccine production typically contain residual levels of C-polysaccharide (C-Ps). Residual C-Ps is typically found in one of two forms, either chemically linked to the capsular polysaccharide (bound) or present by itself (free). Two analytical methods have been developed and applied to determine the relative percentages of the two C-Ps forms present in various capsular polysaccharide preparations. Both methods differentiate the two forms of C-Ps according to the difference of their hydrodynamic sizes. One method is based on labeling C-Ps with a fluorescent tag and separating the two forms of C-Ps by high-performance size exclusion chromatography with on-line refractive index and fluorescence detection, and the other method is based on measuring self-diffusion rates of the two forms of C-Ps by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and quantifying each form with deconvolution. Both methods were evaluated for relative accuracy, precision, and ease of application, and they were found to provide comparable results for a large number of pneumococcal polysaccharide preparations. These analyses, combined with other quantitative NMR measurement of total C-Ps in the polysaccharide powder, provide a more refined means of evaluating the amount of each form of C-Ps in polysaccharide preparations targeted for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwei Xu
- Bioprocess and Bioanalytical Research, Merck & Co. Inc., P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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29
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MacNair JE, Desai T, Teyral J, Abeygunawardana C, Hennessey JP. Alignment of absolute and relative molecular size specifications for a polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PNEUMOVAX®23). Biologicals 2005; 33:49-58. [PMID: 15713556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach was developed to align release and end-expiry specifications for molecular size for the polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PNEUMOVAX 23). Each of the 23 polysaccharide components of the vaccine was separately subjected to ultrasonication to produce a series of preparations of decreasing weight-average molecular mass (Mw). These size-reduced polysaccharides were analysed as monovalent solutions by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detection to measure their Mw. These samples were also analysed by HPSEC with rate nephelometry (RN) detection to measure their relative molecular size (r-MS). The data from the two molecular size measurements established a correlation between Mw and r-MS. For each polysaccharide component of the vaccine, this correlation permits the direct alignment of the r-MS specification in the final formulated product with the Mw specification for the monovalent polysaccharide preparation. The alignment of specifications provides a high level of assurance that the quality control of the final vaccine product is consistent with that of the polysaccharide starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E MacNair
- Bioprocess and Bioanalytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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30
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Pujar NS, Huang NF, Daniels CL, Dieter L, Gayton MG, Lee AL. Base hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in pneumococcal polysaccharides. Biopolymers 2004; 75:71-84. [PMID: 15307199 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the base hydrolysis of all phosphodiester bond-containing capsular polysaccharides of the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine is described here. Capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 6B, 10A, 17F, 19A, 19F, and 20 contain a phosphodiester bond that connects the repeating units in these polysaccharides (also referred to as backbone phosphodiester bonds), and polysaccharides from serotypes 11A, 15B, 18C, and 23F contain a phosphodiester bond that links a side chain to their repeating units. Molecular weight measurements of the polysaccharides, using high performance size exclusion chromatography with tandem multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection, was used to evaluate the kinetics of hydrolysis. The measurement of molecular weight provides a high degree of sensitivity in the case of small extents of reaction, thus allowing reliable measurements of the kinetics over short times. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for these polysaccharides were estimated using a simple model that accounts for the polydispersity of the starting sample. It was found that the relative order of backbone phosphodiester bond instability due to base hydrolysis was 19A > 10A > 19F > 6B > 17F, 20. Degradation of side-chain phosphodiester bonds was not observed, although the high degree of sensitivity in measurements is lost in this case, due to the low contribution of the side chains to the total polysaccharide molecular weight. In comparison with literature data on pneumococcal polysaccharide 6A, 19A was found to be the more labile, and hence appears to be the most labile pneumococcal polysaccharide studied to date. The rate of hydrolysis increased at higher pH and in the presence of divalent cation, but the extent was lower than expected based on similar data on RNA. Finally, the differences in the phosphodiester bond stabilities were analyzed by considering stereochemical factors in these polysaccharides. These results also provide a framework for evaluation of molecular integrity of phosphodiester-bond-containing polysaccharides in different solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narahari S Pujar
- WP17-301, P. O. Box 4, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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31
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Joyce JG, Abeygunawardana C, Xu Q, Cook JC, Hepler R, Przysiecki CT, Grimm KM, Roper K, Ip CCY, Cope L, Montgomery D, Chang M, Campie S, Brown M, McNeely TB, Zorman J, Maira-Litrán T, Pier GB, Keller PM, Jansen KU, Mark GE. Isolation, structural characterization, and immunological evaluation of a high-molecular-weight exopolysaccharide from Staphylococcus aureus. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:903-22. [PMID: 12681914 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of implanted medical devices by coagulase-negative staphylococci such as Staphylococcus epidermidis is mediated by the bacterial polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a polymer of beta-(1-->6)-linked glucosamine substituted with N-acetyl and O-succinyl constituents. The icaADBC locus containing the biosynthetic genes for production of PIA has been identified in both S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Whereas it is clear that PIA is a constituent that contributes to the virulence of S. epidermidis, it is less clear what role PIA plays in infection with S. aureus. Recently, identification of a novel polysaccharide antigen from S. aureus termed poly N-succinyl beta-(1-->6)-glucosamine (PNSG) has been reported. This polymer was composed of the same glycan backbone as PIA but was reported to contain a high proportion of N-succinylation rather than acetylation. We have isolated a glucosamine-containing exopolysaccharide from the constitutive over-producing MN8m strain of S. aureus in order to prepare polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. In this report we demonstrate that MN8m produced a high-molecular-weight (>300,000 Da) polymer of beta-(1-->6)-linked glucosamine containing 45-60% N-acetyl, and a small amount of O-succinyl (approx 10% mole ratio to monosaccharide units). By detailed NMR analyses of polysaccharide preparations, we show that the previous identification of N-succinyl was an analytical artifact. The exopolysaccharide we have isolated is active in in vitro hemagglutination assays and is immunogenic in mice when coupled to a protein carrier. We therefore conclude that S. aureus strain MN8m produces a polymer that is chemically and biologically closely related to the PIA produced by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Joyce
- Departments of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP16-107, P.O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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32
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Sun Y, Hwang YI, Nahm MH. Avidity, potency, and cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype 6B. Infect Immun 2001; 69:336-44. [PMID: 11119522 PMCID: PMC97888 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.1.336-344.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2000] [Accepted: 10/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PSs) are similar in structure, and a pneumococcal antibody often binds to all of the PSs with a similar structure. Yet, these cross-reactive antibodies may bind to the structurally related pneumococcal capsular PSs with an avidity too low to be effective. If memory B cells producing such weakly cross-reactive antibodies are elicited with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the memory cells for low-avidity antibodies could compromise the subsequent immune responses to the cross-reactive PS (original antigenic sin). To investigate these issues, we produced 14 hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the capsular PS of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B by immunizing BALB/c mice with antigens containing 6B PS and studied their epitope, avidity, in vitro opsonizing capacity, in vivo protective capacity, and "antigen binding titer" by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of 6A and 6B capsular PSs. Six MAbs bound to the non-cross-reactive 6B-specific epitope, and seven MAbs bound to the cross-reactive epitope present in both 6A and 6B PSs One MAb (Hyp6BM6) revealed a novel epitope. This epitope was found on 6A PS in solution, but not on 6A PS adsorbed onto the plastic surface of the ELISA plates. The avidity of the MAb for 6A or 6B PS ranged from 7.8 x 10(6) M(-1) to 4.1 x 10(11) M(-1). No MAbs were weakly cross-reactive, since none of the cross-reactive MAbs showed any tendency toward having less avidity to 6A PS (the cross-reactive PS) than to 6B PS. Avidity influenced the results of several antibody assays. When all of the hybridomas were examined, avidity strongly correlated with the titer of a unit amount of MAb to bind antigen-coated ELISA plates (r = 0.91) or to opsonize pneumococci in vitro (r = -0.85). Because both assay results are avidity dependent, the ELISA and the opsonization assay results were strongly correlated (r = 0.91), regardless of avidity. Avidity also correlated with the potency of a MAb to passively protect mice against pneumococcal infections. When only the immunoglobulin G hybridomas were examined, little increase in opsonizing capacity and in vivo protective potency was observed above 10(9) M(-1). Taken together, an ELISA measuring antigen binding titer may be an adequate measure of the protective immunity induced with pneumococcal vaccines, and the absence of a partially cross-reactive MAb suggests that antigenic sin may not be significant in responses to vaccines against the S. pneumoniae 6B serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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33
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Abeygunawardana C, Williams TC, Sumner JS, Hennessey JP. Development and validation of an NMR-based identity assay for bacterial polysaccharides. Anal Biochem 2000; 279:226-40. [PMID: 10706792 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method utilizing NMR spectroscopy has been developed to confirm the identity of bacterial polysaccharides used to formulate a polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The method is based on 600 MHz proton NMR spectra of individual serotype-specific polysaccharides. A portion of the anomeric region of each spectrum (5.89 to 4.64 ppm) is compared to spectra generated for designated reference samples for each polysaccharide of interest. The selected region offers a spectral window that is unique to a given polysaccharide and is sensitive to any structural alteration of the repeating units. The similarity of any two spectral profiles is evaluated using a correlation coefficient (rho), where rho >/= 0.95 between a sample and reference profile indicates a positive identification of the sample polysaccharide. This method has been shown to be extremely selective in its ability to discriminate between serotype-specific polysaccharides, some of which differ by no more than a single glycosidic linkage. Furthermore, the method is rapid and does not require extensive sample manipulations or pretreatments. The method was validated as a qualitative identity assay and will be incorporated into routine quality control testing of polysaccharide powders to be used in preparation of the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine PNEUMOVAX 23. The specificity and reproducibility of the NMR-based identity assay is superior to the currently used colorimetric assays and can be readily adapted for use with other bacterial polysaccharide preparations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abeygunawardana
- Bioprocess and Bioanalytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486, USA
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D'Ambra A, Baugher JE, Concannon PE, Pon RA, Michon F. Direct and indirect methods for molar-mass analysis of fragments of the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Anal Biochem 1997; 250:228-36. [PMID: 9245443 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two methods are described for direct molar-mass measurement of low-molar-mass fragments obtained by oxidative cleavage of the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Absolute molar masses were determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with detection by multiangle laser-light-scattering photometry (MALLS) and differential refractometry (RI). The end-group structure of the polysaccharide fragments allowed the direct measurement of average chain length by quantitative 1H NMR, from which molar masses were derived. Variation between the molar masses obtained by the two methods ranged from 5 to 7%. When molar masses estimated by indirect methods were compared to SEC-MALLS/RI data, significant deviations were observed. Analysis by SEC with secondary calibration with dextran standards gave molar masses that exceeded the SEC-MALLS/RI data by as much as 2.5-fold. Molar masses estimated by a combination of colorimetric assays varied from the SEC-MALLS/RI data by as much as 50%. These results demonstrated the applicability and superior accuracy of the direct methods of molar-mass determination of the polysaccharide fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D'Ambra
- Research Department, North American Vaccine, Inc., Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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35
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Abstract
In attempting to analyse complex carbohydrates by HPLC or capillary electrophoresis (CE) the chromatographer is faced with many challenges. The diversity of oligosaccharide structures described the date and their poor resolution on many chromatographic systems present a significant challenge to the chromatographer. In addition to this, the non-chromogenic nature of most carbohydrates greatly decreases the sensitivity of UV detection and refractive index is not an option for sensitive analysis. Over the last five years there have been significant advances in separation and detection methods for carbohydrates, and in this paper we will attempt to describe the most significant advances and highlight potential future developments. The detection of 200-300 fmol (2-3 x 10(-3) mol) of oligosaccharides can now be readily achieved using electrochemical detection or fluorescence detection (after labelling) with conventional HPLC columns and detectors. Miniaturized separation systems have greatly increased sensitivities with a CE-laser induced fluorescence instrument detecting as little as 100 yoctomoles (1 x 10(-22) mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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36
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Podzimek Š. Characterization of synthetic resins by gel permeation chromatography with a multi-angle laser light scattering detector. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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