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Choong VE, Park Y, Gao Y, Hsieh BR, Tang CW. Metal induced photoluminescence quenching of a phenylene vinylene oligomer and its recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981250107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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2
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Chia PJ, Sivaramakrishnan S, Zhou M, Png RQ, Chua LL, Friend RH, Ho PKH. Direct evidence for the role of the madelung potential in determining the work function of doped organic semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:096602. [PMID: 19392545 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.096602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The work function of a model degenerately doped organic semiconductor p-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonic acid) can be systematically tuned over an eV-wide range by exchanging excess matrix protons with spectator cations, without altering the organic semiconductor doping level or polaron density. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy reveals this to arise not from an interface dipole, but from a bulk effect due to a shift in the Madelung potential set up by the local counter- and spectator-ion structure at the polaron sites. Electrostatic modeling of this potential is in agreement with the observed shift in carrier energetics. The spectator cations also cause a systematic shift in electron-phonon coupling and carrier delocalization, as revealed by infrared and Raman phonon modes, and charge-modulated absorption, which can be related to disorder in this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perq-Jon Chia
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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Abstract
A most appealing feature of the development of (opto)electronic devices based on conjugated organic materials is the highly visible link between fundamental research and technological advances. Improved understanding of organic material properties can often instantly be implemented in novel device architectures, which results in rapid progress in the performance and functionality of devices. An essential ingredient for this success is the strong interdisciplinary nature of the field of organic electronics, which brings together experts in chemistry, physics, and engineering, thus softening or even removing traditional boundaries between the disciplines. Naturally, a thorough comprehension of all properties of organic insulators, semiconductors, and conductors is the goal of current efforts. Furthermore, interfaces between dissimilar materials-organic/organic and organic/inorganic-are inherent in organic electronic devices. It has been recognized that these interfaces are a key for device function and efficiency, and detailed investigations of interface physics and chemistry are at the focus of research. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of phenomena at interfaces with organic materials will improve the rational design of highly functional organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Fahlman M, Crispin A, Crispin X, Henze SKM, de Jong MP, Osikowicz W, Tengstedt C, Salaneck WR. Electronic structure of hybrid interfaces for polymer-based electronics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2007; 19:183202. [PMID: 21690980 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/18/183202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fundamentals of the energy level alignment at anode and cathode electrodes in organic electronics are described. We focus on two different models that treat weakly interacting organic/metal (and organic/organic) interfaces: the induced density of interfacial states model and the so-called integer charge transfer model. The two models are compared and evaluated, mainly using photoelectron spectroscopy data of the energy level alignment of conjugated polymers and molecules at various organic/metal and organic/organic interfaces. We show that two different alignment regimes are generally observed: (i) vacuum level alignment, which corresponds to the lack of vacuum level offsets (Schottky-Mott limit) and hence the lack of charge transfer across the interface, and (ii) Fermi level pinning where the resulting work function of an organic/metal and organic/organic bilayer is independent of the substrate work function and an interface dipole is formed due to charge transfer across the interface. We argue that the experimental results are best described by the integer charge transfer model which predicts the vacuum level alignment when the substrate work function is above the positive charge transfer level and below the negative charge transfer level of the conjugated material. The model further predicts Fermi level pinning to the positive (negative) charge transfer level when the substrate work function is below (above) the positive (negative) charge transfer level. The nature of the integer charge transfer levels depend on the materials system: for conjugated large molecules and polymers, the integer charge transfer states are polarons or bipolarons; for small molecules' highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals and for crystalline systems, the relevant levels are the valence and conduction band edges. Finally, limits and further improvements to the integer charge transfer model are discussed as well as the impact on device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fahlman
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Fahlman M, Salaneck WR, Moratti SC, Holmes AB, Brédas JL. A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Interaction between Aluminum and Electroluminescent Polymers: Cyano Derivatives of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Chemistry 2006; 3:286-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/1996] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Alemán C, Curcó D, Casanovas J. Reliability of the density functional approximation to describe the charge transfer and electrostatic complexes involved in the modeling of organic conducting polymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:026704. [PMID: 16196748 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.026704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Both the intermolecular interaction energies and the geometries for M... thiophene, M... pyrrole, M(n+)... thiophene, and M(n+)... pyrrole (with M = Li , Na, K, Ca, and Mg; and M(n+) = Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) have been estimated using four commonly used density functional theory (DFT) methods: B3LYP, B3PW91, PBE, and MPW1PW91. Results have been compared to those provided by HF, MP2, and MP4 conventional ab initio methods. The PBE and MPW1PW91 are the only DFT methods able to provide a reasonable description of the M...pi complexes. Regarding M(n+)...pi complexes, the four DFT methods have been proven to be adequate in the prediction of these electrostatically stabilized systems, even though they tend to overestimate the interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, E.T.S. d'Enginyers Industrials de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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A combined theoretical and experimental investigation about the influence of the dopant in the anionic electropolymerization of α-tetrathiophene. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Crispin A, Crispin X, Fahlman M, dos Santos DA, Cornil J, Johansson N, Bauer J, Weissörtel F, Salbeck J, Brédas JL, Salaneck WR. Influence of dopant on the electronic structure of spiro-oligophenyl-based disordered organic semiconductors. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1465408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Koch N, Ghijsen J, Johnson RL, Schwartz J, Pireaux JJ, Kahn A. Physisorption-like Interaction at the Interfaces Formed by Pentacene and Samarium. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0135813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Koch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - J. Ghijsen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - R. L. Johnson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - J. Schwartz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - J.-J. Pireaux
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - A. Kahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium, II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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11
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Greczynski G, Fahlman M, Salaneck WR, Johansson N, dos Santos DA, Dkhissi A, Brédas JL. Electronic structure of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) in the pristine and reduced state. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1430694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Greczynski G, Johansson N, Lögdlund M, Pettersson LAA, Salaneck WR, Horsburgh LE, Monkman AP, dos Santos DA, Brédas JL. Electronic structure of pristine and sodium doped poly(p-pyridine). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1343485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Xu B, Borca CN, Ducharme S, Sorokin AV, Dowben PA, Fridkin VM, Palto SP, Petukhova NN, Yudin SG. Aluminum doping of poly(vinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene) copolymer. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1334351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Greczynski G, Fahlman M, Salaneck WR. An experimental study of poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene) and its interfaces with Li, Al, and LiF. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.482056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Johansson N, Osada T, Stafström S, Salaneck WR, Parente V, dos Santos DA, Crispin X, Brédas JL. Electronic structure of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum thin films in the pristine and reduced states. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Miyamae T, Ueno N, Hasegawa S, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Seki K. Electronic structure of poly(1,10-phenanthroline-3,8-diyl) and its K-doped state studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Vaschetto ME, Springborg M. First-principle calculations of the electronic properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene), polyacetylene, and their derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(98)00313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kugler T, Lögdlund M, Salaneck WR. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Modeling Applied to Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces in Light-Emitting Devices. Acc Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ar980041o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kugler
- Department of Physics, IFM Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lögdlund
- Department of Physics, IFM Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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20
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Polzonetti G, Iucci G, Russo M, Paolucci G, Cocco D, Capellini G. Further insight in chromium growth on the surface of an organometallic polymer film. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Paasch G, Nguyen P, Fisher A. Potential dependence of polaron and bipolaron densities in conducting polymers: theoretical description beyond the Nernst equations. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(97)00295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Keil M, Rajagopal A, Yokoyama S, Sotobayashi H, Bradshaw AM, Kakimoto MA, Imai Y. The Preparation, Orientation and Electronic Structure of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) Monolayers on Silicon Surfaces. Z PHYS CHEM 1997. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1997.202.part_1_2.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Polzonetti G, Iucci G, Furlani C, Russo M, Furlani A, Infante G, Paolucci G, Brena B, Cocco D. A photoelectron spectroscopic study of the interface formation between chromium and a palladium-intercalated polymer film. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lögdlund M, Dannetun P, Fredriksson C, Salaneck WR, Brédas JL. Theoretical and experimental studies of the interaction between sodium and oligothiophenes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:16327-16333. [PMID: 9983470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.16327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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25
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Campbell IH, Hagler TW, Smith DL, Ferraris JP. Direct measurement of conjugated polymer electronic excitation energies using metal/polymer/metal structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:1900-1903. [PMID: 10060549 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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26
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Iucci G, Xing K, Lögdlund M, Fahlman M, Salaneck W. Polaron to bipolaron transition in a conjugated polymer. Rubidium-doped poly(p-phenylenevinylene). Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00921-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Miyamae T, Yoshimura D, Ishii H, Ouchi Y, Seki K, Miyazaki T, Koike T, Yamamoto T. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of poly(pyridine‐2,5‐diyl), poly(2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐diyl), and their K‐doped states. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Irle S, Lischka H. Anabinitioinvestigation of the charge‐transfer complexes of alkali atoms with oligo (α,α′) thiophenes and oligoparaphenylenes: A model calculation on polaronic and bipolaronic defect structures. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Miyamae T, Kamiya K, Hasegawa S, Seki K, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Alkaline-Metal Doped Polyacetylene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Fahlman M, Bröms P, dos Santos DA, Moratti SC, Johansson N, Xing K, Friend RH, Holmes AB, Brédas JL, Salaneck WR. Electronic structure of pristine and sodium‐doped cyano‐substituted poly(2,5‐dihexyloxy‐p‐phenylenevinylene): A combined experimental and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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