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Izumi T, Nakaya M, Onoe J. Kinetic study of photopolymerization and depolymerization in C60 films using in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for development of C60-based thermoelectric materials. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Liu Y, Li S, Jing Y, Xiao L, Zhou H. Research Progress in Degradation Mechanism of Organic Solar Cells. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Ramirez I, Privitera A, Karuthedath S, Jungbluth A, Benduhn J, Sperlich A, Spoltore D, Vandewal K, Laquai F, Riede M. The role of spin in the degradation of organic photovoltaics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:471. [PMID: 33473110 PMCID: PMC7817674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability is now a critical factor in the commercialization of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Both extrinsic stability to oxygen and water and intrinsic stability to light and heat in inert conditions must be achieved. Triplet states are known to be problematic in both cases, leading to singlet oxygen production or fullerene dimerization. The latter is thought to proceed from unquenched singlet excitons that have undergone intersystem crossing (ISC). Instead, we show that in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells the photo-degradation of C60 via photo-oligomerization occurs primarily via back-hole transfer (BHT) from a charge-transfer state to a C60 excited triplet state. We demonstrate this to be the principal pathway from a combination of steady-state optoelectronic measurements, time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance, and temperature-dependent transient absorption spectroscopy on model systems. BHT is a much more serious concern than ISC because it cannot be mitigated by improved exciton quenching, obtained for example by a finer BHJ morphology. As BHT is not specific to fullerenes, our results suggest that the role of electron and hole back transfer in the degradation of BHJs should also be carefully considered when designing stable OPV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ramirez
- Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alberto Privitera
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK
| | - Safakath Karuthedath
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900, Thuwai, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Jungbluth
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Strasse 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics 6, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Strasse 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900, Thuwai, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moritz Riede
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK.
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4
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X-ray diffraction and Raman study of pressure-assisted photopolymerization in the ferrocene-doped C60 crystals. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Shirdel-Havar M, Farghadan R. Thermal magnetoresistance and spin thermopower in C 60 dimers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:285302. [PMID: 32308207 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the spin-related thermoelectric properties in C60 dimer bridged between zigzag graphene nanoribbon electrodes using the tight-binding model, equilibrium Green's function method, and Landauer-Büttiker transport formalism. By applying a thermal gradient, our proposed device could generate a notable spin thermopower. Moreover, by switching the magnetization of the electrodes, different spin currents, and giant thermal magnetoresistance (MR) can be achieved. Interestingly, various types of C60 dimers also produce a thermal MR, which is sensitively modified by the gate voltages.
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6
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Vinit V, Ramachandran CN. Spin density transfer from guest to host in endohedral heterofullerene dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7605-7612. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endohedral heterofullerenes (B@C59B)2, (B@C59N)2, (N@C59B)2 and (B@C59N–N@C59B) are investigated using dispersion corrected density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Vinit
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee
- India
| | - C. N. Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee
- India
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7
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Lee K, Choi B, Plante IJL, Paley MV, Zhong X, Crowther AC, Owen JS, Zhu X, Roy X. Two-Dimensional Fullerene Assembly from an Exfoliated van der Waals Template. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6125-6129. [PMID: 29603561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are commonly prepared by exfoliating bulk layered van der Waals crystals. The creation of synthetic 2D materials from bottom-up methods is an important challenge as their structural flexibility will enable chemists to tune the materials properties. A 2D material was assembled using C60 as a polymerizable monomer. The C60 building blocks are first assembled into a layered solid using a molecular cluster as structure director. The resulting hierarchical crystal is used as a template to polymerize its C60 monolayers, which can be exfoliated down to 2D crystalline nanosheets. Derived from the parent template, the 2D structure is composed of a layer of inorganic cluster, sandwiched between two monolayers of polymerized C60 . The nanosheets can be transferred onto solid substrates and depolymerized by heating. Electronic absorption spectroscopy reveals an optical gap of 0.25 eV, narrower than that of the bulk parent crystalline solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Maria V Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xinjue Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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8
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Lee K, Choi B, Plante IJ, Paley MV, Zhong X, Crowther AC, Owen JS, Zhu X, Roy X. Two‐Dimensional Fullerene Assembly from an Exfoliated van der Waals Template. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | | | - Maria V. Paley
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Chemistry Barnard College New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xinjue Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | | | - Jonathan S. Owen
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
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9
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Raman study of the photopolymer formation in the {Pt(dbdtc) 2 }·C 60 fullerene complex and the decomposition kinetics of the photo-oligomers. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Vinit, Sujith K, Ramachandran C. Spin–Spin Coupling in Nitrogen Atom Encapsulated C60, C59N, and Their Respective Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6990-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - K.S. Sujith
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - C.N. Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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11
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Meletov K, Arvanitidis J, Christofilos D, Kourouklis G, Davydov V. Raman study of the temperature-induced decomposition of the fullerene dimers C120. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Anselmo AS, Dzwilewski A, Svensson K, Moons E. Photodegradation of the electronic structure of PCBM and C60 films in air. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Balch AL, Winkler K. Two-Component Polymeric Materials of Fullerenes and the Transition Metal Complexes: A Bridge between Metal–Organic Frameworks and Conducting Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3812-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan L. Balch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Krzysztof Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Scholz S, Kondakov D, Lüssem B, Leo K. Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8449-503. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400704v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scholz
- Institut
für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Photonische Mikrosysteme, Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01199 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Kondakov
- DuPont Displays Inc., 4417 Lancaster
Pike, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - Björn Lüssem
- Institut
für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Institut
für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Dattani R, Gibson KF, Few S, Borg AJ, DiMaggio PA, Nelson J, Kazarian SG, Cabral JT. Fullerene oxidation and clustering in solution induced by light. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 446:24-30. [PMID: 25646787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Dattani
- Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kirsty F Gibson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sheridan Few
- Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Aaron J Borg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter A DiMaggio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - João T Cabral
- Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Bibal B, Mongin C, Bassani DM. Template effects and supramolecular control of photoreactions in solution. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4179-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Lim CHYX, Nesladek M, Loh KP. Observing High-Pressure Chemistry in Graphene Bubbles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Lim CHYX, Nesladek M, Loh KP. Observing High-Pressure Chemistry in Graphene Bubbles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:215-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Matz DL, Ratcliff EL, Meyer J, Kahn A, Pemberton JE. Deciphering the metal-C60 interface in optoelectronic devices: evidence for C60 reduction by vapor deposited Al. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:6001-6008. [PMID: 23734813 DOI: 10.1021/am400640x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of interfacial midgap states due to the reduction of buckminsterfullerene (C60) to amorphous carbon upon subsequent vapor deposition of Al is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray, ultraviolet, and inverse photoemission spectroscopies. We demonstrate that vapor deposition of Al results in n-type doping of C60 due to an electron transfer from Al to the LUMO of C60, resulting in the formation of midgap states near the C60 Fermi level. Raman spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum clearly identifies the presence of the C60 anion radical (C60(•-)) as well as amorphous carbon created by further degradation of C60(•-). In contrast, the interface formed by vapor deposition of Ag shows only a slight Ag/C60 interfacial charge displacement with no evidence for complete metal-to-C60 electron transfer to form the anion radical or its further degradation products. These results confirm previous speculations of metal-induced chemical damage of C60 films after Al deposition, which is widely suspected of decreasing charge collection efficiency in OPVs, and provide key insight into charge collection at metal/organic interfaces in such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas L Matz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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21
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Suwa S, Maeyoshi Y, Tsukuda S, Sugimoto M, Saeki A, Seki S. Fullerene Nanowires Produced by Single Particle Nanofabrication Technique and Their Photovoltaic Applications. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2013. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.26.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Maeyoshi Y, Saeki A, Suwa S, Omichi M, Marui H, Asano A, Tsukuda S, Sugimoto M, Kishimura A, Kataoka K, Seki S. Fullerene nanowires as a versatile platform for organic electronics. Sci Rep 2012; 2:600. [PMID: 22934128 PMCID: PMC3429602 DOI: 10.1038/srep00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of organic semiconducting nanowires that act as charge carrier transport pathways in flexible and lightweight nanoelectronics is a major scientific challenge. We report on the fabrication of fullerene nanowires that is universally applicable to its derivatives (pristine C60, methanofullerenes of C61 and C71, and indene C60 bis-adduct), realized by the single particle nanofabrication technique (SPNT). Nanowires with radii of 8–11 nm were formed via a chain polymerization reaction induced by a high-energy ion beam. Fabrication of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell including PC61BM nanowires with precisely-controlled length and density demonstrates how application of this methodology can improve the power conversion efficiency of these inverted cells. The proposed technique provides a versatile platform for the fabrication of continuous and uniform n-type fullerene nanowires towards a wide range of organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Maeyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Dabbagh HA, Zamani M, Mortaji H. Conformational stability and rotational energy barrier of RC60–C60R dimers: hyperconjugation versus steric effect. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Zheng XH, Wang XL, Dai ZX, Zeng Z. Tuning the transport properties of a (C60)2 bridge with electron and hole dopings. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:044708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3548883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Zurek E, Autschbach J, Malinowski N, Enders A, Kern K. Experimental and theoretical investigations of the thermodynamic stability of Ba-c(60) and K-C(60) compound clusters. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1000-1014. [PMID: 19206498 DOI: 10.1021/nn800022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel experimental set-up was used to study superstable (magic) Ba-C(60) and K-C(60) compound clusters. The most stable systems observed cannot be rationalized by simple electronic or by geometrical shell filling arguments. Annealing the clusters past the temperature necessary for the fragmentation of the initial metastable clusters formed at the source reveals information about their thermodynamic stability. Higher temperatures yield larger species, suggesting that similar experiments may be used to rationally produce nanoscale clusters with highly desirable properties. Density functional calculations reveal ionic (K, Ba) and covalent (Ba) bonding between C(60) and the metal atoms. The entropic contribution to the Gibbs free energy is shown to be essential in determining absolute and relative cluster stabilities. In particular, we demonstrate that at higher temperatures the entropy favors the formation of larger clusters. A simple criterion which may be used to determine the absolute and relative stabilities of general multicomponent clusters is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zurek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkorperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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27
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Bruno C, Marcaccio M, Paolucci D, Castellarin-Cudia C, Goldoni A, Streletskii AV, Drewello T, Barison S, Venturini A, Zerbetto F, Paolucci F. Growth of p- and n-Dopable Films from Electrochemically Generated C60 Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:3788-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0733179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bruno
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Demis Paolucci
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Castellarin-Cudia
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexey V. Streletskii
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Drewello
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Barison
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venturini
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- INSTM, Section of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34012-Trieste, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England, IENI-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy, and ISOF-CNR Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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Grodzka E, Grabowska J, Wysocka-Żołopa M, Winkler K. Electrochemical formation and properties of two-component films of transition metal complexes and C60 or C70. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iqbal P, Sun S, Hanwell MD, Attwood D, Leggett GJ, Preece JA, Richardson TH, Tunnicliffe D. Photochemical fabrication of three-dimensional micro- and nano-structured surfaces from a C60 monoadduct. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b718888a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Klupp G, Borondics F, Kováts É, Pekker Á, Bényei G, Jalsovszky I, Hackl R, Pekker S, Kamarás K. Vibrational Spectra of C60·C8H8 and C70·C8H8 in the Rotor-stator and Polymer Phases. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:12375-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075204h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Klupp
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - F. Borondics
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - É. Kováts
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Á. Pekker
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - G. Bényei
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - I. Jalsovszky
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - R. Hackl
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - S. Pekker
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - K. Kamarás
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary, and Walther Meissner Institute, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 85748 Garching, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
A theoretical investigation on the structure, stability, and thermal behaviors of the smallest polymeric units, the dimers, formed from substitutionally Si-doped fullerenes is presented. A density functional based nonorthogonal tight-binding model has been employed for describing the interatomic interactions. The study focuses on those polymeric structures which involve Si-Si or Si-C interfullerene bonds. The binding energy of the dimers increases with their Si content from about 0.25 eV in C(60)-C(60) to about 4.5 eV in C(58)Si(2)-C(58)Si(2). Moreover, the C(59)SiC(59) dimer, linked through the sharing of the Si atom between the two fullerenes, has been also considered. Upon heating, the dimers eventually fragment into their constituent fullerene units. The fragmentation temperature correlates with the strength of the interfullerene bonds. C(58)Si(2)-C(58)Si(2) exhibits a higher thermal stability (fragmentation temperature of approximately 500 K) than the pure carbon C(60)-C(60) dimer (with a fragmentation temperature of approximately 325 K). Given the higher structural and thermal stabilities of the Si-doped fullerene dimers, the authors propose the use of substitutionally Si-doped fullerenes as the basic units for constructing new fullerene-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Marcos
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Ono T, Hirose K. First-principles study of electron-conduction properties of C60 bridges. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:026804. [PMID: 17358632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.026804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The electron-conduction properties of fullerene-based nanostructures suspended between electrodes are examined by first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. The electron conductivity of the C60-dimer bridge is low owing to the constraint of the junction of the molecules. When the fullerenes are doped electrons by being inserted Li atoms into the cages, the unoccupied state around the junction is filled and the conductivity can be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ono
- Department of Precision Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giacalone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica "E. Paterno", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Parco d'Orleans II, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Ohkubo K, Iwata R, Yanagimoto T, Fukuzumi S. Enhanced photoinduced oligomerization of fullerene via radical coupling between fullerene radical cation and radical anion using 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3139-41. [PMID: 17653367 DOI: 10.1039/b705289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oligomerization of fullerene in toluene-acetonitrile solution occurs efficiently via electron-transfer reactions with the photogenerated electron-transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion, followed by the radical coupling reaction between fullerene radical cation and radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan
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37
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Eklund PC, Rao AM, Zhou P, Wang Y, Wang KA, Holden JM, Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G. Vibrational Modes in C60 and C60 Polymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259408039248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Eklund
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506
| | - A. M. Rao
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506
| | - Ping Zhou
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506
| | - Ying Wang
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506
| | - Kai-An Wang
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506
| | - J. M. Holden
- a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , 40506
| | - M. S. Dresselhaus
- b Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Massachusetts , 02139
| | - G. Dresselhaus
- c Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Massachusetts , 02139
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Winkler K, Balch AL, Kutner W. Electrochemically formed fullerene-based polymeric films. J Solid State Electrochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-006-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Winkler K, Balch AL. Electrochemically formed two-component films comprised of fullerene and transition-metal components. CR CHIM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Lim JK, Yoo BK, Yi W, Hong S, Paik HJ, Chun K, Kim SK, Joo SW. Photodetachment of aryl moieties from covalently functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes by UV laser irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b602165d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Kováts E, Oszlányi G, Pekker S. Structure of the Crystalline C60 Photopolymer and the Isolation of Its Cycloadduct Components. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:11913-7. [PMID: 16852467 DOI: 10.1021/jp051727i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We produced C60 photopolymer in gram quantity by a new monomer recycling method and extracted its soluble components. The most abundant components, the (2 + 2) cycloadduct dimer, C120, and several oligomers were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three different C180 isomers were identified on the basis of their formation and decomposition reactions. The crystal structure of the insoluble photopolymer is face-centered cubic (fcc) with a contracted lattice parameter relative to the pristine C60. The lattice parameter and the amounts of soluble oligomers depend on the preparation temperature. We explain this variation with a topochemical model of photopolymerization: The geometrical conditions allow the formation of only linear or planar oligomers in the triangular or square sublattices. Competing reactions in the intersecting planes prevent the formation of large oligomers. The lattice contraction is proportional to the number of cycloadduct bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kováts
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Krinichnaya EP, MoravskyPresent address: MER Corp., AP, Efimov O, Sobczak JW, Winkler K, Kutner W, Balch AL. Mechanistic studies of the electrochemical polymerization of C60 in the presence of dioxygen or C60O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b416357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Spectroscopic investigations of the photo-induced structural transformation of C60 single crystals under high pressure. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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McClenaghan ND, Absalon C, Bassani DM. Facile Synthesis of a Fullerene-Barbituric Acid Derivative and Supramolecular Catalysis of Its Photoinduced Dimerization. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13004-5. [PMID: 14570455 DOI: 10.1021/ja0372098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of a fullerene derivative appended with a barbituric acid molecular recognition motif is described. The presence of two nonself-complementary hydrogen-bonding sites is shown to be conducive to the construction of supramolecular assemblies. In the presence of a melamine derivative possessing complementary hydrogen-bonding sites, enhanced efficiency toward photodimerization of the fullerene moiety is observed. This represents the first example of intermolecular photodimerization of a fullerene derivative in homogeneous solution, made possible by the formation of supramolecular assemblies in which the fullerenes are maintained in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D McClenaghan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organométallique, CNRS UMR 5802 Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France
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Palles D, Marucci A, Pénicaud A, Ruani G. Low-Temperature Phase Transitions in a Biphenyl−Fullerene Single Crystal: A Raman Study. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027359p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Palles
- I.S.M.N. - C.N.R., Bologna Division, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal - CNRS, Université de Bordeaux-I, Av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alessandra Marucci
- I.S.M.N. - C.N.R., Bologna Division, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal - CNRS, Université de Bordeaux-I, Av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- I.S.M.N. - C.N.R., Bologna Division, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal - CNRS, Université de Bordeaux-I, Av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- I.S.M.N. - C.N.R., Bologna Division, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal - CNRS, Université de Bordeaux-I, Av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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Sakai M, Ichida M, Nakamura A. PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF POLYMERIZED PHASE IN C60CRYSTALS UNDER STRONG LASER ILLUMINATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/fst-100104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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50
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Lee KH, Eun HM, Park SS, Suh YS, Jung KW, Lee SM, Lee YH, Osawa E. Structures and Energetics of Regioisomers of C60 Dimer and Trimers. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000432w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hag Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - Heui Man Eun
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - Sung Soo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - Young Sun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - Kwang-Woo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
| | - E. Osawa
- Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570−749, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-360, South Korea, Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561−756, South Korea, and Department of Knowledge-Based Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441, Japan
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