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Harvey TN, Gillard GB, Røsæg LL, Grammes F, Monsen Ø, Vik JO, Hvidsten TR, Sandve SR. The genome regulatory landscape of Atlantic salmon liver through smoltification. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302388. [PMID: 38648207 PMCID: PMC11034671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The anadromous Atlantic salmon undergo a preparatory physiological transformation before seawater entry, referred to as smoltification. Key molecular developmental processes involved in this life stage transition, such as remodeling of gill functions, are known to be synchronized and modulated by environmental cues like photoperiod. However, little is known about the photoperiod influence and genome regulatory processes driving other canonical aspects of smoltification such as the large-scale changes in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in the developing smolt liver. Here we generate transcriptome, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility data from salmon livers across smoltification under different photoperiod regimes. We find a systematic reduction of expression levels of genes with a metabolic function, such as lipid metabolism, and increased expression of energy related genes such as oxidative phosphorylation, during smolt development in freshwater. However, in contrast to similar studies of the gill, smolt liver gene expression prior to seawater transfer was not impacted by photoperiodic history. Integrated analyses of gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and transcription factor (TF) binding signatures highlight chromatin remodeling and TF dynamics underlying smolt gene regulatory changes. Differential peak accessibility patterns largely matched differential gene expression patterns during smoltification and we infer that ZNF682, KLFs, and NFY TFs are important in driving a liver metabolic shift from synthesis to break down of organic compounds in freshwater. Overall, chromatin accessibility and TFBS occupancy were highly correlated to changes in gene expression. On the other hand, we identified numerous differential methylation patterns across the genome, but associated genes were not functionally enriched or correlated to observed gene expression changes across smolt development. Taken together, this work highlights the relative importance of chromatin remodeling during smoltification and demonstrates that metabolic remodeling occurs as a preadaptation to life at sea that is not to a large extent driven by photoperiod history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gareth B. Gillard
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Line L. Røsæg
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Monsen
- Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Olav Vik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Torgeir R. Hvidsten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simen R. Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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2
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Nagao K, Suito T, Murakami A, Umeda M. Lipid-Mediated Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation and Thermoregulatory Behavior in Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1461:79-95. [PMID: 39289275 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-4584-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Temperature affects a variety of cellular processes because the molecular motion of cellular constituents and the rate of biochemical reactions are sensitive to temperature changes. Thus, the adaptation to temperature is necessary to maintain cellular functions during temperature fluctuation, particularly in poikilothermic organisms. For a wide range of organisms, cellular lipid molecules play a pivotal role during thermal adaptation. Temperature changes affect the physicochemical properties of lipid molecules, resulting in the alteration of cell membrane-related functions and energy metabolism. Since the chemical structures of lipid molecules determine their physicochemical properties and cellular functions, cellular lipids, particularly fatty acid-containing lipid molecules, are remodeled as a thermal adaptation response to compensate for the effects of temperature change. In this chapter, we first introduce the structure and biosynthetic pathway of fatty acid-containing lipid molecules, such as phospholipid and triacylglycerol, followed by a description of the cellular lipid-mediated mechanisms of thermal adaptation and thermoregulatory behavior in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohjiro Nagao
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takuto Suito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- HOLO BIO Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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3
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The Effect of Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera) on Larviculture and Fatty Acid Composition of Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)) Cultured under Pseudo-Green Water Conditions. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new cultivation system with the chlorophyte Monoraphidium contortum combined with a self-sustaining culture of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus was applied for Sander lucioperca (L.) larviculture. Survival, morphometrics, as well as fatty acid composition of pikeperch larvae were analyzed after a ten-day feeding period. By using the pseudo-green water technique with improved aeration and water movement at the surface, survival rates reached up to 94%, with a total larval length of 8.1 ± 0.3 mm and a specific length growth rate of up to 4.1% day−1 for S. lucioperca. The biochemical composition of B. calyciflorus and especially its contents in C18 PUFAs and suitable n-3/n-6 ratios met the nutritional requirements of pikeperch larvae. The high abundance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the diet appeared to be less important in the first feeding due to a possible retention of essential fatty acids, which originate from the yolk sac reserves, at adequate levels. Exponential growth of microalgae and zooplankton under the applied conditions was most effective when stocking M. contortum five days and B. calyciflorus three days before adding the fish larvae. Appropriate timing and sufficient live feed density allowed a successful integration of B. calyciflorus into pikeperch larviculture. We hypothesize that feeding pikeperch larvae with a self-sustaining Brachionus-culture under pseudo-green water conditions with minor disruptions during larviculture will improve survival and growth. This system is a first step towards pikeperch larviculture inside recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS) under continuous feed supply with live feed within the same aquaculture unit.
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Kaçar S, Kaya H, Başhan M. Seasonal effects of the fatty acid composition of phospholipid and triacylglycerol in the muscle and liver of male Salmo trutta macrostigma. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2021. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0779201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal effects on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid (PL) in the muscle and liver of male Salmo trutta macrostigma were determined using the gas chromatographic (GC) method. The fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, PL and TAG fractions were determined in muscle and liver tissues of S. trutta macrostigma. The phospholipids contained a higher proportion of 16:0 compared to the TAG in the muscle tissue of S. trutta macrostigma. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 ω-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 ω-3) contents were high in both muscle and liver tissues. The total lipid contents in the muscle and liver were 1.07-2.45 and 3.00-4.64%, respectively. S. trutta macrostigma is a rich source of ω-3 and ω-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with numerous benefits to human health.
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5
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Guzmán-Rivas F, Quispe-Machaca M, Queirolo D, Ahumada M, Urzúa Á. Latitudinal changes in the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of juvenile female red squat lobsters (Pleuroncodes monodon) in breeding areas of the Humboldt Current System. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253314. [PMID: 34157036 PMCID: PMC8219126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The red squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon is a species of high commercial value that inhabits the Humboldt Current System. Along the Chilean coast, two populations are exploited by the fishing industry, one located off the coast of Coquimbo and the other off the coast of Concepción. Yet, it is unknown whether there are differences in the “bioenergetic fuel” (measured as lipid content and fatty acid profile) of juvenile populations of these two fishing units and whether these bioenergetic compounds can be modulated by differences in the environmental parameters (such as temperature or chlorophyll-a) of their breeding areas. To shed some light on this, we measured the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the viscera and muscle of juvenile female red squat lobsters from these two fishing units, specifically from breeding areas near long-exploited fishing grounds: a) the northern fishing unit (NFU, from 26°S to 30°S) and b) the southern fishing unit (SFU, from 32°S to 37°S). We found differences in the lipid content, fatty acid profiles, and ratios of saturated fatty acids (C16:0/C18:0) of juvenile females from these two locations. In addition, the essential fatty acids (DHA/EPA) found in the viscera versus the muscle of these lobsters varied significantly. Juvenile females from the SFU (i.e. Concepción) showed a higher lipid content compared to the juvenile females from the NFU (i.e. Coquimbo). Consistently, individuals from the SFU had a higher content of fatty acids, which also proved to be richer in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared to those from the NFU. Our results are important for the fisheries in both areas because these juvenile populations are the source of new recruits for the adult populations that are exploited by the fishing industry. Our study also aids in determining which populations are healthier or of better quality in bioenergetic terms. Furthermore, increasing the incorporation of bioenergetic parameters in fishery models is essential for the recruitment and stock assessment within an ecosystem approach, since it allows for the evaluation of the nutritional condition of different fishing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Guzmán-Rivas
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marco Quispe-Machaca
- Facultad de Ciencias, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias con mención en Biodiversidad y Biorecursos, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dante Queirolo
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Pesquera, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mauricio Ahumada
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Pesquera, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ángel Urzúa
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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6
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Nogueira N, Canada P, Caboz J, Andrade C, Cordeiro N. Effect of different levels of synthetic astaxanthin on growth, skin color and lipid metabolism of commercial sized red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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He S, Klein FG, Kramer TS, Chandel A, Tegudeer Z, Heeres A, Heeres HJ. Catalytic Conversion of Free Fatty Acids to Bio-Based Aromatics: A Model Investigation Using Oleic Acid and an H-ZSM-5/Al 2O 3 Catalyst. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:1128-1141. [PMID: 33520476 PMCID: PMC7842136 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of oleic acid to aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylenes, BTX) over a granular H-ZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst (ϕ 1.2-1.8 mm, 10 g loading) was investigated in a continuous bench-scale fixed-bed reactor (10 g oleic acid h-1). A peak carbon yield of aromatics of 27.4% was obtained at a catalyst bed temperature of 550 °C and atmospheric pressure. BTX was the major aromatics formed (peak carbon yield was 22.7%), and a total BTX production of 1000 mg g-1 catalyst was achieved within a catalyst lifetime of 6.5 h for the fresh catalyst. The catalyst was deactivated due to severe coke deposition (ca. 22.1 wt % on the catalyst). The used catalyst was reactivated by an ex situ oxidative regeneration at 680 °C in air for 12 h. The regenerated catalyst was subsequently recycled, and in total, 7 cycles of reaction-regeneration were performed. A gradual decrease in the peak carbon yield of BTX was observed with reaction-regeneration cycles (e.g., to 16.3% for the catalyst regenerated for 6 times). However, the catalyst lifetime was remarkably prolonged (e.g., >24 h), leading to a significantly enhanced total BTX production (e.g., 3000 mg g-1 catalyst in 24 h). The fresh, used, and regenerated catalysts were characterized by N2 and Ar physisorption, XRD, HR-TEM-EDX, 27Al, and 29Si MAS ssNMR, NH3-TPD, TGA, and CHN elemental analysis. Negligible changes in textural properties, crystalline structure, and framework occurred after one reaction-regeneration cycle, except for a slight decrease in acidity. However, dealumination of the H-ZSM-5 framework was observed after 7 cycles of reaction-regeneration, leading to a decrease in microporosity, crystallinity, and acidity. Apparently, these changes are not detrimental for catalyst activity, and actually, the lifetime of the catalyst increases, rationalized by considering that coke formation rates are retarded when the acidity is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo He
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Gerda
Hiltje Klein
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sjouke Kramer
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anshu Chandel
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuorigebatu Tegudeer
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Heeres
- Hanze
University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 11, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Willett SA, Akoh CC. Physicochemical Characterization of Yellow Cake Prepared with Structured Lipid Oleogels. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1390-1399. [PMID: 31107548 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oleogels were produced using a phytosterol blend of β-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol or a blend of sucrose stearate/ascorbyl palmitate (SSAP) as oleogelators. Four lipid phases were compared in oleogel formation for each oleogelator blend: menhaden oil, structured lipid (SL) of menhaden oil and 30 mol% caprylic acid (SL-C), SL of menhaden oil and 20 mol% stearic acid (SL-S), and SL of menhaden oil and 14 mol% each of caprylic and stearic acid (SL-CS). All SLs were produced enzymatically using a recombinant lipase from Candida antarctica as the biocatalyst. Menhaden oil, SL, phytosterol, or SSAP oleogels were evaluated as alternatives to shortening in the preparation of yellow cake in terms of batter and cake physicochemical properties. The shortening, phytosterol, and SSAP oleogel batters exhibited statistically similar specific gravities (0.85). The shortening, and menhaden oil phytosterol and SSAP oleogel batters, exhibited similar Power-Law values (n: 0.78, k: 31 Pa sn ), while all SL (and respective oleogels) batters typically had lower flow index values (n: 0.68 to 0.72), and higher consistency index values (k: 45 to 79 Pa sn ). All SL (and respective oleogels) cakes exhibited lower hardness (5 to 8 N) and chewiness (4 to 6 N) than the shortening cake (12 N, 9 N). Menhaden oil and SL-S phytosterol oleogel cakes, and SL-CS SSAP oleogel cake, showed similar textural properties to the shortening cake. Both phytosterol and SSAP oleogels were acceptable as zero trans-fat substitutes for shortening in yellow cake. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The oleogels in this study may be a suitable replacement for shortening in yellow cake. These oleogels, which contain health beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have the potential to lower consumer consumption of total saturated fat when used in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Willett
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2610, U.S.A
| | - Casimir C Akoh
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2610, U.S.A
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9
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Senarath S, Beppu F, Yoshinaga K, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Gotoh N. Comparison of the Effects of Long-chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Positional Isomers on Lipid Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Cells. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:379-387. [PMID: 30867386 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LC-MUFAs) have shown beneficial health effects in previous studies. They occur as mixtures of positional isomers (PIs) in food. The functionalities of LC-MUFA PIs have not been studied extensively. Common LC-MUFA PIs, namely cis-octadecenoic acid (c-18:1), cis-eicosenoic acid (c-20:1), and cis-docosenoic acid (c-22:1), were screened based on their effects on lipid accumulation. We selected nine fatty acids (FAs) to assess their effects on cellular lipid metabolism using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipid accumulation was found to be higher in cells treated with LC-MUFAs than in the non-treated cells. When comparing the influence of chain length of LC-MUFAs, TG levels tended to be higher in cells treated with c-22:1 group than that of the c18:1 and c-20:1 groups. Among the c-22:1 group, c9-22:1 treatment showed higher lipid accumulation, and was accompanied with elevated expression of transcription factors related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis, such as PPARγ and C/EBPα, and SREBP-1, respectively. In contrast, the effects of c-20:1 FAs were less pronounced than those of c-18:1 and c-22:1. Levels of accumulated lipid in cells treated with c15-20:1 were the same as in non-treated control. PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1 were expressed at lower levels with c15-20:1 FA. Furthermore, mRNA levels of SCD-1 and FAS were lowered more by c15- and c11-20:1 than by other MUFAs. These results revealed that differences in the effects of LC-MUFAs on lipid metabolism depend on their chain lengths and on the position of the double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanthika Senarath
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
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Willett SA, Akoh CC. Physicochemical characterization of organogels prepared from menhaden oil or structured lipid with phytosterol blend or sucrose stearate/ascorbyl palmitate blend. Food Funct 2019; 10:180-190. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01725e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterol blend and sucrose stearate/ascorbyl palmitate blend organogelators and different oil phases formed organogels with different physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Willett
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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11
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Willett SA, Akoh CC. Application of Taguchi Method in the Enzymatic Modification of Menhaden Oil to Incorporate Capric Acid. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Willett
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Georgia Athens GA 30602‐2610 USA
| | - Casimir C. Akoh
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of Georgia Athens GA 30602‐2610 USA
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12
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Kaçar S, Başhan M, Oymak SA. Effect of season on the fatty acid profile of total lipids, phospholipids and triacylglycerols in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Atatürk Dam Lake, Turkey). GRASAS Y ACEITES 2018. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.1108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the lipid content and FA profiles of total lipids, phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG) of Mastacembelus mastacembelus from the Atatürk Dam Lake (Turkey). The results showed that the total lipid content of the dorsal muscle varied seasonally from 0.50% to 3.59%. Wide ranges of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (36.21 to 50.52%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (25.22 to 42.02%) were found in the PL fraction. However, higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (37.63 to 45.07%) and SFA (34.71 to 38.82%) were found in TAG (triacylglycerol). The ratios of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFA ranged from 0.65 to 1.32 and 1.07 to 3.48 in PL (phospholipid) and TAG fraction, respectively.
The results also showed that the major components were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1ω-9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1ω-7), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6ω-3), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4ω-6) and docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5ω-3) in total lipid, C16:0, C18:1ω-9, AA and DHA in PL, C16:0, C16:1ω-7, C18:1ω-9, linoleic acid (LA, C18:2ω-6), and DHA in TAG extracted from the muscle of M. mastacembelus in all seasons.
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13
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Suito T, Nagao K, Hatano M, Kohashi K, Tanabe A, Ozaki H, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T, Mioka T, Tanaka K, Hara Y, Umeda M. Synthesis of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich triacylglycerols in an endemic goby, Gymnogobius isaza, from Lake Biwa, Japan. J Biochem 2018; 164:127-140. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Suito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masataka Hatano
- Shiga Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Hikone, Shiga 522-0057, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Shiga Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Hikone, Shiga 522-0057, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanabe
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kitakatsushika, Saitama 345-0043, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ozaki
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kitakatsushika, Saitama 345-0043, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mioka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yuji Hara
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, Pacia MZ, Majzner K, Kochan K, Kaczor A, Baranska M, Malek K. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017. [PMID: 28599236 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are studied and their role is discussed. However surprisingly, up till now there is no database collecting vibrational spectra of carbohydrates and their assignment, as has been done already for other biomolecules. So, this paper serves as a comprehensive review, where for selected 14 carbohydrates in the solid state both FT-Raman and ATR FT-IR spectra were collected and assigned. Carbohydrates can be divided into four chemical groups and in the same way is organized this review. First, the smallest molecules are discussed, i.e. monosaccharides (d-(-)-ribose, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, l-(-)-arabinose, d-(+)-xylose, d-(+)-glucose, d-(+)-galactose and d-(-)-fructose) and disaccharides (d-(+)-sucrose, d-(+)-maltose and d-(+)-lactose), and then more complex ones, i.e. trisaccharides (d-(+)-raffinose) and polysaccharides (amylopectin, amylose, glycogen). Both Raman and IR spectra were collected in the whole spectral range and discussed looking at the specific regions, i.e. region V (3600-3050cm-1), IV (3050-2800cm-1) and II (1200-800cm-1) assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH, CH/CH2 and C-O/C-C groups, respectively, and region III (1500-1200cm-1) and I (800-100cm-1) dominated by deformational modes of the CH/CH2 and CCO groups, respectively. In spite of the fact that vibrational spectra of saccharides are significantly less specific than spectra of other biomolecules (e.g. lipids or proteins), marker bands of the studied molecules can be identified and correlated with their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wiercigroch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafraniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Joshi V, Akhtar MS, Sharma P, Singh Kushwaha S, Baruah D, Ciji A, Pande V, Sarma D. Himalayan Fish Manifest Higher Potential of Quality Nutrients for Human Health. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2017.1340916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Joshi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M. S. Akhtar
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prakash Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Deepjyoti Baruah
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A. Ciji
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debajit Sarma
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
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16
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Taipale SJ, Galloway AWE, Aalto SL, Kahilainen KK, Strandberg U, Kankaala P. Terrestrial carbohydrates support freshwater zooplankton during phytoplankton deficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30897. [PMID: 27510848 PMCID: PMC4980614 DOI: 10.1038/srep30897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater food webs can be partly supported by terrestrial primary production, often deriving from plant litter of surrounding catchment vegetation. Although consisting mainly of poorly bioavailable lignin, with low protein and lipid content, the carbohydrates from fallen tree leaves and shoreline vegetation may be utilized by aquatic consumers. Here we show that during phytoplankton deficiency, zooplankton (Daphnia magna) can benefit from terrestrial particulate organic matter by using terrestrial-origin carbohydrates for energy and sparing essential fatty acids and amino acids for somatic growth and reproduction. Assimilated terrestrial-origin fatty acids from shoreline reed particles exceeded available diet, indicating that Daphnia may convert a part of their dietary carbohydrates to saturated fatty acids. This conversion was not observed with birch leaf diets, which had lower carbohydrate content. Subsequent analysis of 21 boreal and subarctic lakes showed that diet of herbivorous zooplankton is mainly based on high-quality phytoplankton rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The proportion of low-quality diets (bacteria and terrestrial particulate organic matter) was <28% of the assimilated carbon. Taken collectively, the incorporation of terrestrial carbon into zooplankton was not directly related to the concentration of terrestrial organic matter in experiments or lakes, but rather to the low availability of phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami J Taipale
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, FIN-16900 Lammi, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Aaron W E Galloway
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon, USA
| | - Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YA), 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Käsivarrentie 14622, FIN-99490 Kilpisjärvi, Finland.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula Strandberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Paula Kankaala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016; 53:2913-2922. [PMID: 27765962 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions have been determined in muscle tissues of Silurus triostegus. The distributions of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions were found to be different among total lipid, PL and TAG fractions from lipids in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus in all seasons. Triacylglycerol contained a lower proportion of PUFA and a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA than PL while PL contained higher proportion of PUFA than proportion of MUFA and SFA compared to TAG. Triacylglycerol and PL fatty acid compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female fish species were found different. The most abundant fatty acids in the investigated seasons were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It was shown that the total lipid content and FA compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus were influenced by reproduction period and season.
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18
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Kaçar S, Başhan M. Seasonal Variations in the Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol in Gonad and Liver of Mastacembelus simack. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Gaillard M, Bernatchez L, Tremblay R, Audet C. Regional variation in energy storage strategies in American glass eels from Eastern Canada. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 188:87-95. [PMID: 26119597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Energy status was analyzed in glass eels captured during two early waves of arrival at the mouths of the Mersey River, Nova Scotia, Canada (MR), and Grande-Rivière-Blanche, Québec, Canada (GRB), and according to their salinity preference (freshwater, brackish, or saltwater). Glass eels captured in the GRB estuary were larger, more pigmented, and exhibited higher whole-body glycogen, phospholipid, and sterol and wax ester contents. Those from MR had a higher condition index and a higher whole-body triacylglycerol content, suggesting different patterns of storage and/or use of energy reserves. Within a river, a delay of two weeks in estuarine arrival was characterized by significantly lower energy reserves. No differences in energy storage were observed according to salinity preference. Thus, the results revealed the occurrence of different energy storage strategies according to glass eel migration distance and duration, but not according to salinity preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gaillard
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
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Hussain B, Sultana T, Sultana S, Iqbal Z, Nadeem S, Mahboob S. Habitat induced mutational effects and fatty acid profile changes in bottom dweller Cirrhinus mrigala inhabitant of river Chenab. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2015. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.0833142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Fatty Acid Composition of Freshwater Wild Fish in Subalpine Lakes: A Comparative Study. Lipids 2014; 50:283-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Fatty Acid composition of the muscle lipids of five fish species in işıklı and karacaören dam lake, Turkey. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:936091. [PMID: 25143856 PMCID: PMC4131119 DOI: 10.1155/2014/936091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Total fatty acid composition of muscle lipids in some fish species (Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake), Tinca tinca (Işıklı Dam Lake), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Işıklı Dam Lake), Cyprinus carpio (Karacaören Dam Lake), and Carassius carassius (Karacaören Dam Lake)) was determined by gas chromatography. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake) were found higher than PUFA of other species. Palmitic acid was the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) in Tinca tinca (24.64%). Oleic acid was the highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs) in Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake) (19.25%). The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in Scardinius erythrophthalmus was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (17.94%). Total ω3 fatty acid composition was higher than the total ω6 fatty acids of Cyprinus carpio in both dam lakes. ω3/ω6 rates in Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake), Tinca tinca, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Cyprinus carpio (Karacaören), and Carassius carassius were 2.12, 1.19, 2.15, 2.87, and 2.82, respectively.
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Mugi Rahay S, Heri Susen S, Ibrahim B. Proximate, Fatty Acid Profile and Heavy Metal Content of Selected By-Catch Fish Species from Muara Angke, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2014.480.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hong H, Zhou Y, Wu H, Luo Y, Shen H. Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Muscle, Brain and Eyes of Seven Freshwater Fish: a Comparative Study. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Hei A, Sarojnalini C. Nutritional Assessment of Some Traditionally Processed Hill-Stream Fishes of Manipur with Special Reference to n-3 Fatty Acids. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2013.797535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Hong H, Fan H, Wang H, Lu H, Luo Y, Shen H. Seasonal variations of fatty acid profile in different tissues of farmed bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:903-11. [PMID: 25694699 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) is one of the major farmed species of freshwater fish in China. Byproduct volume of bighead carp is significant at up to 60 % of whole fish weight. A better understanding of the nutritional composition is needed to optimize the use of these raw materials. The objective of this research was to characterize seasonal variations of fatty acid profile in different tissues (heads, bones, skin, scales, viscera, muscle and fins) of farmed bighead carp. The fatty acid composition of farmed bighead carp varied significantly with seasons and tissues. The highest lipid content was determined in viscera while the highest EPA and DHA composition were observed in muscle compared to the other tissues. Significantly higher ΣEPA+DHA (%) was recorded in all tissues in summer (June) when compared with those of the other three seasons (p < 0.05). The n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratios in summer ranged from 3.38 to 3.69, nearly three times the ratios of the other three seasons. The results indicated that farmed bighead carp caught in summer could better balance the n-3 PUFA needs of consumers. The byproducts of bighead carp can be utilized for the production of fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, P. O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Hongbing Fan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, P. O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, P. O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Han Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, P. O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yongkang Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, P. O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huixing Shen
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Furne M, Holen E, Araujo P, Lie KK, Moren M. Cytokine gene expression and prostaglandin production in head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) added different levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:770-777. [PMID: 23291252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary head kidney leukocytes from Atlantic cod were isolated to evaluate the use of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by cyclooxygenases and the production of prostaglandins E₂ and E₃. The expression of cyclooxygenase genes and selected interleukin genes like Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and interleukin 10 were monitored. Increasing concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in equal amounts increased cyclooxygenase2 transcription as well as cell secretion of prostaglandin E₂. Even though the ratio of the two fatty acids was 1:1, the ratio between prostaglandin E₂ and E₃ was 50:1. The addition of arachidonic acid alone increased prostaglandin E₂ secretion but did not induce cyclooxygenase2 transcription. However, when the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid was increased, maintaining arachidonic acid constant, both prostaglandin E₃ and prostaglandin E₂ production was induced and the prostaglandin E₂ production was higher than in cell cultures only added arachidonic acid. An up-regulation of cyclooxygenase2 transcription was also observed. The addition of the two fatty acids also affected the immune response by alteration of leukocytic cytokines gene expression. According to our results the Cyclooxygenase in cod seem to prefer arachidonic acid as substrate. Therefore, we suggest that the shift from marine oils (rich in n-3 fatty acids) to plant oils (higher in n-6 fatty acids) in the diet of commercially reared Atlantic cod could have negative effects on the whole organism through the increase in the production of prostaglandins belonging to those derived from n-6 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Furne
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research-NIFES, P.B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Karaçalı M, Bulut S, Konuk M, Solak K. Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Mirror Carp,Cyprinus Carpio, in Orenler Dam Lake, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903556454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Hussain B, Mahboob S, Hassan M, Nadeem S, Sultana T. Effect of maturation degree on fatty acid profile of different tissues in wild and farmed rohu ( Labeo rohita). GRASAS Y ACEITES 2011. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.090510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li G, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Comparison of lipid content and Fatty Acid composition in the edible meat of wild and cultured freshwater and marine fish and shrimps from china. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1871-1881. [PMID: 21291233 DOI: 10.1021/jf104154q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The lipid content and fatty acid composition in the edible meat of twenty-nine species of wild and cultured freshwater and marine fish and shrimps were investigated. Both the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the species were specified due to their unique food habits and trophic levels. Most of the marine fish demonstrated higher lipid content than the freshwater fish, whereas shrimps had the lowest lipid content. All the marine fish and shrimps had much higher total n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA, while most of the freshwater fish and shrimps demonstrated much lower total n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA. This may be the biggest difference in fatty acid composition between marine and freshwater species. The cultured freshwater fish demonstrated higher percentages of total PUFA, total n-3 PUFA, and EPA + DHA than the wild freshwater fish. Two freshwater fish, including bighead carp and silver carp, are comparable to the marine fish as sources of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guipu Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 310029
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31
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Guil-Guerrero JL, Venegas-Venegas E, Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Suárez MD. Fatty acid profiles of livers from selected marine fish species. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Perspectives on the use of marine and freshwater hydrobiont oils for development of drug delivery systems. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:548-57. [PMID: 21315143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine foods represent a unique source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the omega-3 (n-3) family. Today it is generally accepted that fish oil is important in a healthy and balanced omnivorous human diet. This favorable health perception of fish oil is however troubled by the high level of PUFA oxidation and low absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract. In this work we present and described various types of delivery systems which are used to improve PUFA and fish oil availability and oxidative stability.
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Masa J, Ogwok P, Muyonga JH, Kwetegyeka J, Makokha V, Ocen D. Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle, Liver, and Adipose Tissue of Freshwater Fish from Lake Victoria, Uganda. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2010.539773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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DEMBELE S, WANG D, YU L, SUN J, DONG S. EFFECTS OF ADDED CRUDE GREEN TEA POLYPHENOL ON THE LIPID OXIDATION OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) AND CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS BURCHELL) DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2010.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Swapna HC, Rai AK, Bhaskar N, Sachindra NM. Lipid classes and fatty acid profile of selected Indian fresh water fishes. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2010; 47:394-400. [PMID: 23572659 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extracts from meat, head and viscera of Indian fresh water fishes, viz., catla, rohu, mrigal, common carp and tilapia were analyzed for lipid class distribution and fatty acid profile. The yield of meat ranged from 66.0-79.5% and total lipid content in meat was 0.8-3.8%. The total lipid content was higher (>4.0%) in head and viscera. Neutral lipids constituted 71.5-93.3% of the total lipid extract. Higher glycolipid content of 25.2% was observed in lipid extract from meat of common carp and higher phospholipid content (13.7%) was observed in lipid extract from meat of mrigal. Hydrocarbons, sterolesters and triacylglycerol were the major fractions of neutral lipids. Unsaturated fatty acids dominated in all the samples. Palmitic and oleic acids were the major fatty acids found in all the lipid extracts. Docosahexaenoic acid content was higher than 3% in lipid extract from meat of all the fishes. However, in most of the fishes, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher in visceral lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Swapna
- Department of Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mysore, 570 020 India
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Karakoltsidis PA, Constantinides SM. The eels,Anguillaspp., their characteristics and uses. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129509541045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schauer PS, Simpson KL. EFFECTS OF DIETS ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDES (Menidia menidia). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1978.tb00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Uysal K, Bülbül M, Dönmez M, Seçkin AK. Changes in some components of the muscle lipids of three freshwater fish species under natural extreme cold and temperate conditions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 34:455-463. [PMID: 18958602 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid and cholesterol contents in the muscles of three freshwater fish species (Barbus plebejus escherichi, Capoeta capoeta capoeta and Rutilus rutilus) were determined under natural extreme temperate (July) and cold (January) conditions. The aim of the study was to determine whether there were differences in these components of the muscle lipids among these three fish species under extreme natural conditions. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. Palmitic, oleic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids were the predominant fatty acids in all fish in both months. The percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids, n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosapentaenoic + docosahexaenoic acids in the muscle of B. plebejus escherichi and C. capoeta capoeta were significantly higher in January (P < 0.05) than in July. The ratio of n - 6 to n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower than 0.60 in all fish species, with C. capoeta capoeta showing the lowest ratio in January (0.36). The levels of cholesterol and conjugated linoleic acid ranged from 103.46 to 150.10 mg/100 g oil and from 16.27 to 35.45 mg/100 g oil, respectively, for all samples in both months. There were no statistical differences in cholesterol levels among the three fish species in July and January. Conjugated linoleic acid contents were significantly higher in January in B. plebejus escherichi and C. capoeta capoeta. Of the three species tested, the extreme temperate and cold conditions affected B. plebejus escherichi the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uysal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey.
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Simonetti MS, Blasi F, Bosi A, Maurizi A, Cossignani L, Damiani P. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of four freshwater fish species: Salmo trutta, Ictalurus punctatus, Ictalurus melas and Micropterus salmoides. Food Chem 2008; 110:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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MAIA EVERARDOLIMA, RODRIGUEZ-AMAYA DELIAB, HOTTA LUIZK. Fatty acid composition of the total, neutral and phospholipids of pond-raised Brazilian Piaractus mesopotamicus. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Visentainer JV, Noffs MD, de Oliveira Carvalho P, de Almeida VV, de Oliveira CC, de Souza NE. Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of 15 Marine Fish Species from the Southeast Coast of Brazil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-007-1070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fernandez-Jover D, Jimenez JAL, Sanchez-Jerez P, Bayle-Sempere J, Casalduero FG, Lopez FJM, Dempster T. Changes in body condition and fatty acid composition of wild Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus, Steindachner, 1868) associated to sea cage fish farms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 63:1-18. [PMID: 17095083 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Net-cage fish farms attract a great number of wild fishes, altering their behaviour and possibly their physiology. Wild Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), sampled from populations aggregated around two Mediterranean fish farms and from two natural control populations, were analyzed for differences in body condition, stomach content and fatty acid composition. Pellets used to feed caged fish in both farms were also analyzed to identify their relationship with the fatty acid composition of tissue of wild fish. T. mediterraneus aggregated around the farms throughout the year although large seasonal changes in abundance and biomass occurred. Wild fish aggregated at farms mainly ate food pellets while control fish fed principally on juvenile fish and cephalopods. Wild fish that fed around the cages had a significantly higher body fat content than the control fish (7.30+/-1.8% and 2.36+/-0.7%, respectively). The fatty acid composition also differed between farm-associated and control fish, principally because of the significantly increased levels of linoleic (C18:2omega6) and oleic (C18:1omega9) acids and decreased docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6omega3) in farm-associated fish. The increased condition of wild fish associated with farms could increase the spawning ability of coastal fish populations, if wild fish are protected from fishing while they are present at farms. The fatty acids compositions could also serve as biomarkers to infer the influence of a fish farm on the local fish community, helping to better describe the environmental impact of fish farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Fernandez-Jover
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, E - 03080, Alicante, Spain.
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Guler G, Aktumsek A, Citil O, Arslan A, Torlak E. Seasonal variations on total fatty acid composition of fillets of zander (Sander lucioperca) in Beysehir Lake (Turkey). Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Özogul Y, Özogul F, Alagoz S. Fatty acid profiles and fat contents of commercially important seawater and freshwater fish species of Turkey: A comparative study. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Damude HG, Zhang H, Farrall L, Ripp KG, Tomb JF, Hollerbach D, Yadav NS. Identification of bifunctional delta12/omega3 fatty acid desaturases for improving the ratio of omega3 to omega6 fatty acids in microbes and plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9446-51. [PMID: 16763049 PMCID: PMC1480427 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511079103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of bifunctional Delta12/omega3 desaturases from Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum, and Magnaporthe grisea. The bifunctional activity of these desaturases distinguishes them from all known Delta12 or omega3 fatty acid desaturases. The omega3 desaturase activity of these enzymes also shows a broad omega6 fatty acid substrate specificity by their ability to convert linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid, di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid to the omega3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that omega3 desaturases arose by independent gene duplication events from a Delta12 desaturase ancestor. Expression of F. moniliforme Delta12/omega3 desaturase resulted in high ALA content in both Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous yeast naturally deficient in omega3 desaturation, and soybean. In soybean, seed-specific expression resulted in 70.9 weight percent of total fatty acid (%TFA) ALA in a transformed seed compared with 10.9%TFA in a null segregant seed and 53.2%TFA in the current best source of ALA, linseed oil. The ALA/LA ratio in transformed seed was 22.3, a 110- and 7-fold improvement over the null segregant seed and linseed oil, respectively. Thus, these desaturases have potential for producing nutritionally desirable omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as EPA, with a significantly improved ratio of omega3/omega6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in both oilseeds and oleaginous microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard G. Damude
- Crop Genetics, Pioneer, Dupont Company, Dupont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880; and
| | - Hongxiang Zhang
- Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, Dupont Company, DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19898
| | - Leonard Farrall
- Crop Genetics, Pioneer, Dupont Company, Dupont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880; and
| | - Kevin G. Ripp
- Crop Genetics, Pioneer, Dupont Company, Dupont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880; and
| | - Jean-Francois Tomb
- Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, Dupont Company, DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19898
| | - Dieter Hollerbach
- Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, Dupont Company, DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19898
| | - Narendra S. Yadav
- Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, Dupont Company, DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19898
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Liu W, Cao D, Oh SF, Serhan CN, Kulmacz RJ. Divergent cyclooxygenase responses to fatty acid structure and peroxide level in fish and mammalian prostaglandin H synthases. FASEB J 2006; 20:1097-108. [PMID: 16770009 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5273com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostanoid synthesis in mammalian tissues is regulated at the level of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) cyclooxygenase catalysis by the availability and structure of substrate fatty acid and the availability of peroxide activator. Two major PGHS isoforms, with distinct pathophysiological functions and catalytic regulation, have been characterized in mammals; a functionally homologous PGHS isoform pair has been cloned from an evolutionarily distant vertebrate, brook trout. The cyclooxygenase activities of recombinant brook trout PGHS-1 and -2 were characterized to test the generality of mammalian regulatory paradigms for substrate specificity, peroxide activation, and product shifting by aspirin. Both trout cyclooxygenases had much more restrictive substrate specificities than their mammalian counterparts, with pronounced discrimination toward arachidonate (20:4n-6) and against eicosapentaenoate (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoate (22:6n-3), the latter two prominent in trout tissue lipids. Aspirin treatment did not increase lipoxygenase-type catalysis by either trout enzyme. Both trout enzymes had higher requirements for peroxide activator than their mammalian counterparts, though the preferential peroxide activation of PGHS-2 over PGHS-1 seen in mammals was conserved in the fish enzymes. The divergence in cyclooxygenase characteristics between the trout and mammalian PGHS proteins may reflect accomodations to differences among vertebrates in tissue lipid composition and general redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Influence of season on the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of three tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. macrochir and Tilapia rendalli) from Madagascar. Food Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Martínez-Alvarez RM, Sanz A, García-Gallego M, Domezain A, Domezain J, Carmona R, del Valle Ostos-Garrido M, Morales AE. Adaptive branchial mechanisms in the sturgeon Acipenser naccarii during acclimation to saltwater. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141:183-90. [PMID: 15955717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Variations of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and fatty-acid composition in the gills of the sturgeon Acipenser naccarii subjected to progressive acclimation to full seawater (35 ppt) were determined in relation to the hypo-osmoregulatory capacity of this species in the hyperosmotic medium. Blood samples were taken and gills arches were removed at intermediate salinity levels between 0 and 35 ppt and after 20 days at constant salinity (35 ppt). Plasma osmolality and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity increased significantly with growing environmental salinity. Total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) decreased, while total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly with increasing salinity due mainly to changes in n-3 PUFAs (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3). The n-3/n-6 ratio increased significantly during the acclimation process. The results show a direct relationship between salinity, increased gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and ultrastructural changes of the gill chloride cells. Changes in the fatty-acid composition in gills of A. naccarii during progressive acclimation to full seawater suggest that variations of gill fatty acids may also have a role in osmoregulatory mechanisms.
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Aro TL, Larmo PS, Bäckman CH, Kallio HP, Tahvonen RL. Fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins in salted herring (Clupea harengus) products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1482-1488. [PMID: 15740028 DOI: 10.1021/jf0401221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition and contents of fat and fat-soluble vitamins of three salted products prepared from Icelandic herring were analyzed. The effects of storage on the products over their shelf life, 6 or 12 months, were investigated. The average oil content of salted, gutted herring and salted fillets in vacuum remained constant, 17 and 12% of wet weight, respectively. In the pickled product the oil content decreased during the 12 months of storage from 13 to 12%. The composition of the products was typical for herring, the most abundant fatty acids being oleic (18:1n-9), palmitic (16:0), cetoleic (22:1n-11), and gadoleic (20:1n-9) acids. Monounsaturated acids constituted clearly the main group with a proportion of >50% of all fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) comprised together >12% of all fatty acids. During storage, some hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) occurred, causing a slight reduction in practically all esterified fatty acids. In none of the three products was the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids from TAG greater than the loss of saturated ones, indicating that the loss of EPA and DHA was not due to oxidation. After packing, the average content of vitamins A, D, and E in the products varied between 27 and 87 microg/100 g (wet weight), between 17-28 microg/100 g (wet weight), and between 77-120 microg/100 g (wet weight), respectively. During storage, the level of vitamin A decreased significantly, whereas no loss of vitamin D was observed. The content of vitamin E was low in all products and showed wide variation. When compared to the recommended daily intake, it could be concluded that the products investigated were good and stable sources of long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja L Aro
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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50
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Uysal K, Aksoylar MY. Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acid Composition and the N-6/N-3 Fatty Acid Ratio of Pikeperch (Sander LUCIOPERCA) Muscle Lipids. Ecol Food Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/03670240590904308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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