The antifertility activity and toxicity of alpha-chlorohydrin derivatives in male rats

Novel fast analytical method for indirect determination of MCPD fatty acid esters in edible oils and fats based on simultaneous extraction and derivatization

A novel method for indirect determination of MCPD esters levels in lipid samples has been developed. The method is based on combination of extraction and derivatization in the same sample preparation step. It is achieved by the application of diethyl ether as extraction solvent for isolation of analytes released from esterified forms from the water phase and as dilution solvent for solid PBA – the derivatization agent. It is a noteworthy improvement of recommended indirect approaches available in the literature because such steps as sample clean-up, multiple liquid–liquid extractions, and preconcentration are excluded in the proposed solution. In this way, the developed procedure is shortened and simplified. Such an approach also minimizes the utilization of organic solvents; therefore, it is in accordance with the principles of “green analytical chemistry.” In spite of the fact that the step of sample clean-up is omitted, no deterioration in GC-MS system performance was observed. Equivalence testing of the developed procedure and AOCS cd 29b-13 official method (SGS) has been conducted. It was concluded that results obtained by both methods do not significantly differ statistically. The procedure has been applied to determination of MCPD esters concentrations in lipid fractions isolated by accelerated solvent extraction technique from such foodstuffs as bakery products, salty deep-fried snacks, and instant products. In all investigated samples, the level of bound MCPD was elevated. Additionally, for both procedures, the environmental impact (with the use of analytical Eco-scale) and uncertainty budget have been assessed and compared.

Detection of Effects on Male Reproduction—A Literature Survey

The 1CH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) Guideline for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products, adopted at the Second ICH Conference in Orlando, FL, U.S.A., emphasized the need for research into the suitability of various methods for the detection of effects on fertility in males. The current project was undertaken to compare the efficiency of methods by evaluating reports in the open literature. The results of the examination of 117 substances or substance classes support the view that histopathology and organ weight analysis provide the best general-purpose means of detecting substances with the potential to affect male fertility. Examinations at up to 4 weeks of treatment appear to be as effective as examinations conducted at later times. Mating with females for detection of effects unrelated to interference with sperm production appears to provide an optimal combination because adding other methodologies does not materially improve the detection rate. As to the timing of the mating trial, a 2-week premating period is as efficient as mating at 4 weeks and apparently more efficient than mating after prolonged premating treatment.

Morphological and biochemical changes in the adult male rat reproductive system following long-term treatment with 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane

Adult Long-Evans male rats were treated with various dosages of pure or technical grade 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), epichlorohydrin (Epi), or allyl chloride (AC) for 1, 3, or 6 months on a daily basis. AC, which is the substrate for the production of DBCP, and Epi, which is a contaminant and/or metabolite of DBCP, had no effect on any of the parameters of the male reproductive system studied. The deleterious effects on male reproduction are therefore attributable specifically to DBCP. The effects of DBCP were dose and duration dependent. At the lowest dose (1 mg/kg) DBCP did not have any discernible effects on the male reproductive system. By 3 months of treatment at the intermediate dose of 5 mg/kg, the morphology of the testis ranged from normally appearing seminiferous tubules to ones which contained Sertoli cells only. At 6 months of treatment there was a reduction in the weights of the testes and sexual accessory glands. At the highest dose, the majority of the rats showed advanced testicular regression by 1 month of treatment. The most extreme testicular regression was observed in the 6-month treatment group. Almost all of the seminiferous tubules of all of the rats were composed of Sertoli cells only. In some of the animals, a few isolated seminiferous tubules contained an occasional spermatogonium or primary spermatocyte. Some of the Leydig cells of the rats in this group showed morphological evidence of atrophy as evidenced by the clumping of chromatin and paucity of stainable cytoplasm. This was confirmed by lower levels of intratesticular testosterone, a significant reduction in the number of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors and increased serum levels of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). From these results we conclude that DBCP is a specific male gonadotoxin and that the effects are not a result of contamination or metabolism. The effects appear to be a direct action at the testicular level because feedback inhibition to the pituitary gland was adversely affected.

The male antifertility agents alpha chlorohydrin, 5-thio-D-glucose, and 6-chloro-6-deoxy-D-glucose interfere with sugar transport across the epithelium of the rat caput epididymidis

The effects of the male antifertility agents alpha-chlorohydrin, 5-thio-D-glucose, and 6-chloro-6-deoxy-D-glucose on sugar transport (3H-3-O-methyl-D-glucose and 3H-2-deoxy-D-glucose) across the rat caput epithelium was studied in vivo and in vitro. The compound alpha-chlorohydrin reduced sugar transport uptake in vivo but not in vitro, whereas 5-thio-D-glucose and 6-chloro-6-deoxy-D-glucose were both effective in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of action of these compounds on sugar movement across the caput epithelium is probably complex. Direct competition for the glucose carrier situated on the basolateral membrane and intratubular effects are suggested. Thirty-day injections of 5-thio-D-glucose or alpha-chlorohydrin did not have adverse effects on sugar transport or the permeability of the blood-testis and blood-epididymis barriers as assessed by an in vitro technique.