1
|
Shinoda K, Nagano M, Osawa Y. An aromatase-associated cytoplasmic inclusion, the "stigmoid body," in the rat brain: II. Ultrastructure (with a review of its history and nomenclature). J Comp Neurol 1993; 329:1-19. [PMID: 8384220 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903290102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of aromatase-associated "stigmoid (dot-like) structures," which were detected in a previous study using light-microscopic immunohistochemistry (Shinoda et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 322:360-376, '92), were examined in the rat medial preoptic region, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial amygdaloid nucleus, and arcuate nucleus by pre- and post-embedding marking with a polyclonal antibody against human placental antigen X-P2 (hPAX-P2) for immuno-electron microscopic analysis. The immunoreactive stigmoid structure was identified as a distinct, non-membrane-bounded cytoplasmic inclusion (approximately 1-3 microns in diameter), which has a granulo-fuzzy texture with moderate-to-low electron density in non-immunostained preparations. It consists of at least four distinct granular and three distinct fibrillo-tubular elements forming a granulo-fibrillar conglomerate. This type of inclusions was formally termed the "stigmoid body" under the electron microscope. The stigmoid body is composed of the outer granulo-fibrillar and inner hyaloplasmic compartments. The immunoreactivity for hPAX-P2 is mainly localized to the former, especially to the low density granulo-fuzzy materials associated with the fibrillo-tubular elements. Identification of the ultrastructure of stigmoid body clarified their prevalence not only in the limbic and hypothalamic regions, but also in sex-steroid-sensitive peripheral tissues (e.g., peripheral sensory ganglia, ovary, testis) by consulting earlier electron-microscopic studies. Reviewing the history and nomenclature of this inclusion body, we reorganized the terminology of related neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, the terms of which have often been confused, and discussed its functional significance on the basis of the present and previously accumulated data. In conclusion, we emphasized the importance of the stigmoid bodies in the sex-steroid-sensitive neural system because of their large size, high frequency, specific distribution in brains and peripheral tissues, effects of sex-steroids, and immunological and histochemical characteristics of the antibody marking the inclusion. The stigmoid bodies may provide a subcellular site for sex-steroid metabolism in their target tissues and play a critical role in cytosolic modulation of their actions (e.g., by aromatization) prior to their receptor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shinoda
- Department of Anatomy II, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kessel RG. Annulate lamellae: a last frontier in cellular organelles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992; 133:43-120. [PMID: 1374369 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Kessel
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Angerer LM, Yang Q, Liesveld J, Kingsley PD, Angerer RC. Tissue-restricted accumulation of a ribosomal protein mRNA is not coordinated with rRNA transcription and precedes growth of the sea urchin pluteus larva. Dev Biol 1992; 149:27-40. [PMID: 1728593 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90261-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified an mRNA that encodes a protein, SpS24, of the small ribosomal subunit in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. RNA blot and in situ hybridization analyses show that the SpS24 gene is active during early oogenesis, downregulated in the mature egg and during cleavage, and reactivated in the early blastula. The mRNA then increases in abundance at least 100-fold. Later in development, expression of SpS24 mRNA becomes restricted primarily to cells in the oral ectoderm and endoderm of the pluteus larva, and the message is undetectable in aboral ectoderm cells and most mesenchyme cells. To determine whether transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes occurs at a higher rate in oral ectoderm and endoderm tissues, a probe for the transcribed spacer was used in RNase protection and in situ hybridization assays. High concentrations of rRNA-processing intermediates were observed in unfertilized eggs and shown to reside primarily, if not exclusively, in the cytoplasm. The spatial and temporal distributions of these sequences strongly suggest that they are associated with heavy bodies. New embryonic rRNA transcripts are first detectable at the very early blastula stage. In later embryos, the content of this transcribed spacer sequence is similar in all but a few cells, which implies that they synthesize rRNA at a similar low rate. Comparison of available estimates of rRNA transcription rate with the potential rate of SpS24 protein synthesis, calculated from SpS24 mRNA prevalence, shows that oral ectoderm and endoderm cells have the capacity to synthesize 15- to 30-fold more SpS24 protein than is required to keep pace with rRNA synthesis in these cells. Because the sea urchin embryo develops from an egg to a pluteus larva in the absence of growth, this stockpiling of SpS24 mRNA anticipates rather than accompanies the onset of growth, which does not begin until after feeding. Upregulation of this gene is therefore part of the developmental program, rather than a physiological response to nutrient availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Angerer
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, New York 14627
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amikura RM, Ihnuma M, Aikawa E, Yamada H, Nagano H. Cyclic appearance of cytoplasmic NOR-silver-stained particles in sea urchin embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 1991; 29:245-52. [PMID: 1718332 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080290306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When sea urchin embryos were subjected to nucleolar organizer region (NOR)-silver staining, densely stained particles were observed in the cytoplasm. The appearance of these cytoplasmic particles (CPs) was cell-cycle dependent. During early development, the CPs were detected at interphase, but not during mitosis; they disappeared at metaphase and reappeared at telophase. The CPs appeared periodically even when embryos were treated with cytochalasin B or aphidicolin, which inhibits the progression of cytokinesis and nuclear division, respectively. By contrast, CPs were not detected in the colchicine-treated embryos in which both cytokinesis and nuclear divisions were prevented. The CPs were observed only in the embryos whose stage was early blastula (about 6th to 7th cleavage) or earlier; no CPs were detected even at interphase in the embryos at late blastula (about 8th to 9th cleavage) or later. Electron microscopic evaluation showed CPs to be granular structures, similar to heavy bodies. Also, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that 95-kDa and 38-kDa proteins were the NOR-silver-staining proteins in sea urchin embryos. These proteins existed during the course of the cell cycles. These results suggest that (1) the cyclic appearance of the CPs or heavy bodies is closely related to the cell cycle as well as the programming of the embryogenesis, but independent of the cycle of cytokinesis and nuclear division; (2) 95-kDa and 38-kDa proteins are the major NOR-silver-staining proteins in sea urchin embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Amikura
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nicotra A, Serafino A, Arizzi M. Deprenyl, an Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase B, Delays the First Two Mitotic Cycles of Sea Urchin eggs. (deprenyl/mitotic cylcle/sea urchin). Dev Growth Differ 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1989.00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
This review aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth survey of a cell organelle, the annulate lamellae, that is widely distributed and especially prevalent in both female and male sex cells as well as tumor and cancer cells. The organelle is also present in many somatic cells and plant cells. Emphasis is placed on the contributions that electron microscopy and associated experimental approaches have made in providing information about the distribution, ultrastructure, morphogenesis and relationships of annulate lamellae to other cellular organelles, especially the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as cell product. An increasing number of experimental manipulations have recently been shown to alter, either increase or decrease, the amount of annulate lamellae and these studies are explored in depth. Information about the origin and morphogenesis of annulate lamellae in different cells is summarized and extensive coverage is given to several hypotheses about possible annulate lamellae function. A detailed bibliography provides a thorough compilation of research dealing with annulate lamellae. A major goal of this extensive review is to generate increased awareness of, and interest in, this cell organelle for students and investigators of the cell who, by bringing current techniques in cell and molecular biology to bear, might focus and intensify studies on the function of an organelle whose precise role in the cell is presently enigmatic.
Collapse
|
7
|
Brandhorst BP. Informational content of the echinoderm egg. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1985; 1:525-76. [PMID: 2481472 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6814-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sea urchin egg contains a store of mRNA synthesized during oogenesis but translated only after fertilization, which accounts for a large, rapid increase in the rate of synthesis of largely the same set of proteins synthesized by eggs. Starfish oocytes contain a population of stored maternal mRNA that becomes actively translated upon GVBD and codes for a set of proteins distinct from that synthesized by oocytes. The sequence complexity of RNA in echinoderm eggs is about 3.5 x 10(8) nucleotides, enough to code for about 12,000 different mRNAs averaging 3 kb in length. About 2-4% of the egg RNA functions as mRNA during early embryonic development; most of the sequences are rare, represented in a few thousand copies per egg, but some are considerably more abundant. Many of the stored RNA sequences accumulate during the period of vitellogenesis, which lasts a few weeks. The mechanisms of storage and translational activation of maternal mRNA are not well understood. Histone mRNAs are sequested in the egg pronucleus until first cleavage, but other mRNAs are widely distributed in the cytoplasm. The population of maternal RNA includes many very large molecules having interspersed repetitive sequence transcripts colinear with single-copy sequences. The structural features of much of the cytoplasmic maternal RNA is thus reminiscent of incompletely processed nuclear precursors of mRNA. The functional role of these strange molecules is not understood, but many interesting possibilities have been considered. For instance, they may be segregated into different cell lineages during cleavage and/or they may become translationally activated by selective processing during development. Maternal mRNA appears to be underloaded with ribosomes when translated, possibly because the coding sequences are short relative to the size of the mRNA. Most abundant and many rare mRNA sequences persist during embryonic development. The rare sequence molecules are replaced by newly synthesized RNA, but some abundant maternal transcripts appear to persist throughout embryonic development. Most of the proteins present in the egg do not change significantly in mass during development, but a few decline or accumulate substantially. Together, these observations indicate that much of the information for embryogenesis is stored in the egg, although substantial changes in gene expression occur during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B P Brandhorst
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kessel RG. Annulate lamellae (porous cytomembranes): with particular emphasis on their possible role in differentiation of the female gamete. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1985; 1:179-233. [PMID: 3917201 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6814-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Kessel
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The patterns of expression for several extracellular matrix components during development of the sea urchin embryo are described. An immunofluorescence assay was employed on paraffin-sectioned material using (i) polyclonal antibodies against known vertebrate extracellular matrix components: laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, collagen types I, III, and IV; and (ii) monoclonal antibodies generated against sea urchin embryonic components. Most extracellular matrix components studied were found localized within the unfertilized egg in granules (0.5-2.0 micron) distinct from the cortical granules. Fertilization initiated trafficking of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components from within the egg granules to the basal lamina of the developing embryo. The various ECM components arrived within the developing basal lamina at different times, and not all components were unique to the basal lamina. Two ECM components were not found within the egg. These molecules appeared de novo at the mesenchyme blastula stage, and remained specific to the mesoderm through development. The reactivity of antibodies to vertebrate ECM antigens with components of the sea urchin embryo suggests the presence of immunologically similar ECM molecules between the phyla.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kessel RG. The structure and function of annulate lamellae: porous cytoplasmic and intranuclear membranes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1983; 82:181-303. [PMID: 6352549 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
11
|
Moon RT, Danilchik MV, Hille MB. An assessment of the masked message hypothesis: sea urchin egg messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes are efficient templates for in vitro protein synthesis. Dev Biol 1982; 93:389-403. [PMID: 6814972 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
12
|
Brachet J, de Petrocellis B. The effects of aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, on sea urchin development. Exp Cell Res 1981; 135:179-89. [PMID: 6793376 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
13
|
Mishra NK, Munnet SK. Nuclear blebs in oocytes of the fish Clarias batrachus. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:867-8. [PMID: 573209 DOI: 10.1007/bf01955116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Large nuclear blebs have been observed in oocytes of the fish, Clarias batrachus. The bleb, which contains nucleoplasm, is finally extruded from the nucleus. The extruded body is DNase-sensitive, and it implies that some amount of DNA is extruded from the nucleus of these oocytes.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Feinstrukturelle Untersuchungen zur Oogenese der KäferschneckeLepidochitona cinereus (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01610585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Eddy EM. Germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ cell line. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:229-80. [PMID: 770367 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
KESSEL R. Structure and Function of the Nuclear Envelope and Related Cytomembranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571806-6.50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
|
20
|
Mode de formation des lamelles annel�es r�sultant de l'�volution, en condition anhormonale, des ovocytes de Nereis diversicolor (Ann�lide Polych�te). Cell Tissue Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00307225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Longo FJ. An ultrastructural analysis of mitosis and cytokinesis in the zygote of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. J Morphol 1972; 138:207-38. [PMID: 4672959 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051380206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
22
|
Scheer U, Franke WW. Annulate lamellae in plant cells: Formation during microsporogenesis and pollen development in Canna generalis Bailey. PLANTA 1972; 107:145-159. [PMID: 24477399 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/1972] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of stacked annulate lamellae is documented for a plant cell system, namely for pollen mother cells and developing pollen grains of Canna generalis. Their structural subarchitecture and relationship to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope cisternae is described in detail. The results demonstrate structural homology between plant and animal annulate lamellae and are compatible with, though do not prove, the view that annulate lamellar cisternae may originate as a degenerative form of endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Scheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg i. Br., BRD
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Geuskens M. A study of the effects of ethidium bromide on the ultrastructure of sea urchin embryos. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1971; 178:247-55. [PMID: 5114042 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401780209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
24
|
Taylor GT, Anderson E. Cytochemical and fine structural analysis of oogenesis in the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta. J Morphol 1969; 129:211-47. [PMID: 5823225 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051290206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
25
|
Longo FJ, Anderson E. Cytological events leading to the formation of the two-cell stage in the rabbit: association of the maternally and paternally derived genomes. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1969; 29:86-118. [PMID: 5349785 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(69)80058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
26
|
Millonig G, Bosco M, Giambertone L. Fine structure analysis of oogenesis in sea urchins. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1968; 169:293-313. [PMID: 5752049 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401690305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
27
|
Rein A, Rubin H. Effects of local cell concentrations upon the growth of chick embryo cells in tissue culture. Exp Cell Res 1968; 49:666-78. [PMID: 5646604 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|