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Törteli A, Tóth R, Berger S, Samardzic S, Bari F, Menyhárt Á, Farkas E. Spreading depolarization causes reperfusion failure after cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:655-664. [PMID: 36703609 PMCID: PMC10108181 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231153745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite successful recanalization, reperfusion failure associated with poor neurological outcomes develops in half of treated stroke patients. We explore here whether spreading depolarization (SD) is a predictor of reperfusion failure. Global forebrain ischemia/reperfusion was induced in male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 57). SD and cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes were visualized with transcranial intrinsic optical signal and laser speckle contrast imaging. To block SD, MK801 was applied (n = 26). Neurological deficit, circle of Willis (CoW) anatomy and neuronal injury were evaluated 24 hours later. SD emerged after ischemia onset in one or both hemispheres under a perfusion threshold (CBF drop to 21.1 ± 4.6 vs. 33.6 ± 4.4%, SD vs. no SD). The failure of later reperfusion (44.4 ± 12.5%) was invariably linked to previous SD. In contrast, reperfusion was adequate (98.9 ± 7.4%) in hemispheres devoid of SD. Absence of the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery in the CoW favored SD occurrence and reperfusion failure. SD occurrence and reperfusion failure were associated with poor neurologic function, and neuronal necrosis 24 hours after ischemia. The inhibition of SD significantly improved reperfusion. SD occurrence during ischemia impairs later reperfusion, prognosticating poor neurological outcomes. The increased likelihood of SD occurrence is predicted by inadequate collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Törteli
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Tóth
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sarah Berger
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sarah Samardzic
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bari
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Menyhárt
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged, Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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NMDA attenuates the neurovascular response to hypercapnia in the neonatal cerebral cortex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18900. [PMID: 31827200 PMCID: PMC6906464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarization (SD) involves activation of NMDA receptors and elicit neurovascular unit dysfunction. NMDA cannot trigger SD in newborns, thus its effect on neurovascular function is not confounded by other aspects of SD. The present study investigated if NMDA affected hypercapnia-induced microvascular and electrophysiological responses in the cerebral cortex of newborn pigs. Anesthetized piglets were fitted with cranial windows over the parietal cortex to study hemodynamic and electrophysiological responses to graded hypercapnia before/after topically applied NMDA assessed with laser-speckle contrast imaging and recording of local field potentials (LFP)/neuronal firing, respectively. NMDA increased cortical blood flow (CoBF), suppressed LFP power in most frequency bands but evoked a 2.5 Hz δ oscillation. The CoBF response to hypercapnia was abolished after NMDA and the hypercapnia-induced biphasic changes in δ and θ LFP power were also altered. MK-801 prevented NMDA-induced increases in CoBF and the attenuation of microvascular reactivity to hypercapnia. The neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor (N-(4 S)-4-amino-5-[aminoethyl]aminopentyl-N′-nitroguanidin) also significantly preserved the CoBF response to hypercapnia after NMDA, although it didn’t reduce NMDA-induced increases in CoBF. In conclusion, excess activation of NMDA receptors alone can elicit SD-like neurovascular unit dysfunction involving nNOS activity.
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Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Osada T, Masamoto K, Kawaguchi H, Izawa Y, Itoh Y, Kanno I, Suzuki N, Nakahara J. Spatiotemporal dynamics of red blood cells in capillaries in layer I of the cerebral cortex and changes in arterial diameter during cortical spreading depression and response to hypercapnia in anesthetized mice. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12552. [PMID: 31050358 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Control of red blood cell velocity in capillaries is essential to meet local neuronal metabolic requirements, although changes of capillary diameter are limited. To further understand the microcirculatory response during cortical spreading depression, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of red blood cell velocity in intraparenchymal capillaries. METHODS In urethane-anesthetized Tie2-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, the velocity of fluorescence-labeled red blood cells flowing in capillaries in layer I of the cerebral cortex was automatically measured with our Matlab domain software (KEIO-IS2) in sequential images obtained with a high-speed camera laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscope system. RESULTS Cortical spreading depression repeatedly increased the red blood cell velocity prior to arterial constriction/dilation. During the first cortical spreading depression, red blood cell velocity significantly decreased, and sluggishly moving or retrograde-moving red blood cells were observed, concomitantly with marked arterial constriction. The velocity subsequently returned to around the basal level, while oligemia after cortical spreading depression with slight vasoconstriction remained. After several passages of cortical spreading depression, hypercapnia-induced increase of red blood cell velocity, regional cerebral blood flow and arterial diameter were all significantly reduced, and the correlations among them became extremely weak. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with our previous findings, these simultaneous measurements of red blood cell velocity in multiple capillaries, arterial diameter and regional cerebral blood flow support the idea that red blood cell flow might be altered independently, at least in part, from arterial regulation, that neuro-capillary coupling plays a role in rapidly meeting local neural demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Tomita Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Tomita Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Haruki Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Osada
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Masamoto K, Toriumi H, Osada T, Kanno I, Suzuki N. Dynamic diameter response of intraparenchymal penetrating arteries during cortical spreading depression and elimination of vasoreactivity to hypercapnia in anesthetized mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:657-670. [PMID: 26935936 PMCID: PMC5381456 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16636396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) induces marked hyperemia with a transient decrease of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), followed by sustained oligemia. To further understand the microcirculatory mechanisms associated with CSD, we examined the temporal changes of diameter of intraparenchymal penetrating arteries during CSD. In urethane-anesthetized mice, the diameter of single penetrating arteries at three depths was measured using two-photon microscopy during passage of repeated CSD, with continuous recordings of direct current potential and rCBF. The first CSD elicited marked constriction superimposed on the upstrokes of profound dilation throughout each depth of the penetrating artery, and the vasoreaction temporally corresponded to the change of rCBF. Second or later CSD elicited marked dilation with little or no constriction phase throughout each depth, and the vasodilation also temporally corresponded to the increase of rCBF. Furthermore, the peak dilation showed good negative correlations with basal diameter and increase of rCBF. Vasodilation induced by 5% CO2 inhalation was significantly suppressed after CSD passage at any depth as well as hyperperfusion. These results may indicate that CSD-induced rCBF changes mainly reflect the diametric changes of the intraparenchymal arteries, despite the elimination of responsiveness to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruki Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Osada
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Jacobs B, Dussor G. Neurovascular contributions to migraine: Moving beyond vasodilation. Neuroscience 2016; 338:130-144. [PMID: 27312704 PMCID: PMC5083225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is the third most common disease worldwide, the most common neurological disorder, and one of the most common pain conditions. Despite its prevalence, the basic physiology and underlying mechanisms contributing to the development of migraine are still poorly understood and development of new therapeutic targets is long overdue. Until recently, the major contributing pathophysiological event thought to initiate migraine was cerebral and meningeal arterial vasodilation. However, the role of vasodilation in migraine is unclear and recent findings challenge its necessity. While vasodilation itself may not contribute to migraine, it remains possible that vessels play a role in migraine pathophysiology in the absence of vasodilation. Blood vessels consist of a variety of cell types that both release and respond to numerous mediators including growth factors, cytokines, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nitric oxide (NO). Many of these mediators have actions on neurons that can contribute to migraine. Conversely, neurons release factors such as norepinephrine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that act on cells native to blood vessels. Both normal and pathological events occurring within and between vascular cells could thus mediate bi-directional communication between vessels and the nervous system, without the need for changes in vascular tone. This review will discuss the potential contribution of the vasculature, specifically endothelial cells, to current neuronal mechanisms hypothesized to play a role in migraine. Hypothalamic activity, cortical spreading depression (CSD), and dural afferent input from the cranial meninges will be reviewed with a focus on how these mechanisms can influence or be impacted by blood vessels. Together, the data discussed will provide a framework by which vessels can be viewed as important potential contributors to migraine pathophysiology, even in light of the current uncertainty over the role of vasodilation in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Jacobs
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Gregory Dussor
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States.
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6
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Li TQ, Wang Y, Hallin R, Juto JE. Resting-state fMRI study of acute migraine treatment with kinetic oscillation stimulation in nasal cavity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:451-9. [PMID: 27622142 PMCID: PMC5008046 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic oscillatory stimulation (KOS) in the nasal cavity is a non-invasive cranial nerve stimulation method with promising efficacy for acute migraine and other inflammatory disorders. For a better understanding of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of KOS treatment, we conducted a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of 10 acute migraine patients and 10 normal control subjects during KOS treatment in a 3 T clinical MRI scanner. The fMRI data were first processed using a group independent component analysis (ICA) method and then further analyzed with a voxel-wise 3-way ANOVA modeling and region of interest (ROI) of functional connectivity metrics. All migraine participants were relieved from their acute migraine symptoms after 10–20 min KOS treatment and remained migraine free for 3–6 months. The resting-state fMRI result indicates that migraine patients have altered intrinsic functional activity in the anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus and middle/superior temporal gyrus. KOS treatment gave rise to up-regulated intrinsic functional activity for migraine patients in a number of brain regions involving the limbic and primary sensory systems, while down regulating temporally the activity for normal controls in a few brain areas, such as the right dorsal posterior insula and inferior frontal gyrus. The result of this study confirms the efficacy of KOS treatment for relieving acute migraine symptoms and reducing attack frequency. Resting-state fMRI measurements demonstrate that migraine is associated with aberrant intrinsic functional activity in the limbic and primary sensory systems. KOS in the nasal cavity gives rise to the adjustment of the intrinsic functional activity in the limbic and primary sensory networks and restores the physiological homeostasis in the autonomic nervous system. Efficacy and neurological mechanisms underlying kinetic oscillatory stimulation treatment of migraine Dependence of ICA (independent component analysis) results on the number of independent components. Modulation of ANS (autonomic nervous system) function via the limbic network
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanlu Wang
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Hallin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Juto
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Ayata C, Lauritzen M. Spreading Depression, Spreading Depolarizations, and the Cerebral Vasculature. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:953-93. [PMID: 26133935 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is a transient wave of near-complete neuronal and glial depolarization associated with massive transmembrane ionic and water shifts. It is evolutionarily conserved in the central nervous systems of a wide variety of species from locust to human. The depolarization spreads slowly at a rate of only millimeters per minute by way of grey matter contiguity, irrespective of functional or vascular divisions, and lasts up to a minute in otherwise normal tissue. As such, SD is a radically different breed of electrophysiological activity compared with everyday neural activity, such as action potentials and synaptic transmission. Seventy years after its discovery by Leão, the mechanisms of SD and its profound metabolic and hemodynamic effects are still debated. What we did learn of consequence, however, is that SD plays a central role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases including migraine, ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. An intriguing overlap among them is that they are all neurovascular disorders. Therefore, the interplay between neurons and vascular elements is critical for our understanding of the impact of this homeostatic breakdown in patients. The challenges of translating experimental data into human pathophysiology notwithstanding, this review provides a detailed account of bidirectional interactions between brain parenchyma and the cerebral vasculature during SD and puts this in the context of neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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8
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Seidel JL, Escartin C, Ayata C, Bonvento G, Shuttleworth CW. Multifaceted roles for astrocytes in spreading depolarization: A target for limiting spreading depolarization in acute brain injury? Glia 2015; 64:5-20. [PMID: 26301517 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are coordinated waves of synchronous depolarization, involving large numbers of neurons and astrocytes as they spread slowly through brain tissue. The recent identification of SDs as likely contributors to pathophysiology in human subjects has led to a significant increase in interest in SD mechanisms, and possible approaches to limit the numbers of SDs or their deleterious consequences in injured brain. Astrocytes regulate many events associated with SD. SD initiation and propagation is dependent on extracellular accumulation of K(+) and glutamate, both of which involve astrocytic clearance. SDs are extremely metabolically demanding events, and signaling through astrocyte networks is likely central to the dramatic increase in regional blood flow that accompanies SD in otherwise healthy tissues. Astrocytes may provide metabolic support to neurons following SD, and may provide a source of adenosine that inhibits neuronal activity following SD. It is also possible that astrocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of SD, as a consequence of excessive glutamate release, facilitation of NMDA receptor activation, brain edema due to astrocyte swelling, or disrupted coupling to appropriate vascular responses after SD. Direct or indirect evidence has accumulated implicating astrocytes in many of these responses, but much remains unknown about their specific contributions, especially in the context of injury. Conversion of astrocytes to a reactive phenotype is a prominent feature of injured brain, and recent work suggests that the different functional properties of reactive astrocytes could be targeted to limit SDs in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Seidel
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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9
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Unekawa M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H, Osada T, Masamoto K, Kawaguchi H, Itoh Y, Kanno I, Suzuki N. Hyperperfusion counteracted by transient rapid vasoconstriction followed by long-lasting oligemia induced by cortical spreading depression in anesthetized mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:689-98. [PMID: 25586145 PMCID: PMC4420891 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) involves mass depolarization of neurons and glial cells accompanied with changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and energy metabolism. To further understand the mechanisms of CBF response, we examined the temporal diametric changes in pial arteries, pial veins, and cortical capillaries. In urethane-anesthetized mice, the diameters of these vessels were measured while simultaneously recording rCBF with a laser Doppler flowmeter. We observed a considerable increase in rCBF during depolarization in CSD induced by application of KCl, accompanied by a transient dip of rCBF with marked vasoconstriction of pial arteries, which resembled the response to pin-prick-induced CSD. Arterial constriction diminished or disappeared during the second and third passages of CSD, whereas the rCBF increase was maintained without a transient dip. Long-lasting oligemia with a decrease in the reciprocal of mean transit time of injected dye and mild constriction of pial arteries was observed after several passages of the CSD wave. These results indicate that CSD-induced rCBF changes consist of initial hyperemia with a transient dip and followed by a long-lasting oligemia, partially corresponding to the diametric changes of pial arteries, and further suggest that vessels other than pial arteries, such as intracortical vessels, are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Toriumi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Osada
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Itoh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Fabjan A, Zaletel M, Žvan B. Is there a persistent dysfunction of neurovascular coupling in migraine? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:574186. [PMID: 25705673 PMCID: PMC4331400 DOI: 10.1155/2015/574186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cerebral blood flow are one of the main features of migraine attack and have inspired the vascular theory of migraine. This traditional view has been reshaped with recent experimental data, which gave rise to the neural theory of migraine. In this review, we speculate that there might be an important link between the two theories, that is, the dysfunction of neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Fabjan
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Zaletel
- Department of Vascular Neurology, University Clinical Centre, Zaloška Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žvan
- Department of Vascular Neurology, University Clinical Centre, Zaloška Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Erdener SE, Dalkara T. Modelling headache and migraine and its pharmacological manipulation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4575-94. [PMID: 24611635 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarities between laboratory animals and humans in anatomy and physiology of the cephalic nociceptive pathways have allowed scientists to create successful models that have significantly contributed to our understanding of headache. They have also been instrumental in the development of novel anti-migraine drugs different from classical pain killers. Nevertheless, modelling the mechanisms underlying primary headache disorders like migraine has been challenging due to limitations in testing the postulated hypotheses in humans. Recent developments in imaging techniques have begun to fill this translational gap. The unambiguous demonstration of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) during migraine aura in patients has reawakened interest in studying CSD in animals as a noxious brain event that can activate the trigeminovascular system. CSD-based models, including transgenics and optogenetics, may more realistically simulate pain generation in migraine, which is thought to originate within the brain. The realization that behavioural correlates of headache and migrainous symptoms like photophobia can be assessed quantitatively in laboratory animals, has created an opportunity to directly study the headache in intact animals without the confounding effects of anaesthetics. Headache and migraine-like episodes induced by administration of glyceryltrinitrate and CGRP to humans and parallel behavioural and biological changes observed in rodents create interesting possibilities for translational research. Not unexpectedly, species differences and model-specific observations have also led to controversies as well as disappointments in clinical trials, which, in return, has helped us improve the models and advance our understanding of headache. Here, we review commonly used headache and migraine models with an emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Erdener
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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UNEKAWA MIYUKI, TOMITA MINORU, TOMITA YUTAKA, TORIUMI HARUKI, SUZUKI NORIHIRO. Sustained Decrease and Remarkable Increase in Red Blood Cell Velocity in Intraparenchymal Capillaries Associated With Potassium-Induced Cortical Spreading Depression. Microcirculation 2012; 19:166-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Piilgaard H, Witgen BM, Rasmussen P, Lauritzen M. Cyclosporine A, FK506, and NIM811 ameliorate prolonged CBF reduction and impaired neurovascular coupling after cortical spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1588-98. [PMID: 21427730 PMCID: PMC3137467 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is associated with mitochondrial depolarization, increasing intracellular Ca(2+), and the release of free fatty acids, which favor opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and activation of calcineurin (CaN). Here, we test the hypothesis that cyclosporine A (CsA), which blocks both mPTP and CaN, ameliorates the persistent reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF), impaired vascular reactivity, and a persistent rise in the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) following CSD. In addition to CsA, we used the specific mPTP blocker NIM811 and the specific CaN blocker FK506. Cortical spreading depression was induced in rat frontal cortex. Electrocortical activity was recorded by glass microelectrodes, CBF by laser Doppler flowmetry, and tissue oxygen tension with polarographic microelectrodes. Electrocortical activity, basal CBF, CMRO(2), and neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling were unaffected by all three drugs under control conditions. NIM811 augmented the rise in CBF observed during CSD. Cyclosporine A and FK506 ameliorated the persistent decrease in CBF after CSD. All three drugs prevented disruption of neurovascular coupling after CSD; the rise in CMRO(2) was unchanged. Our data suggest that blockade of mPTP formation and CaN activation may prevent persistent CBF reduction and vascular dysfunction after CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Piilgaard
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Healthy Aging, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Brent M Witgen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Healthy Aging, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Healthy Aging, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Center for Healthy Aging, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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14
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Mayevsky A, Walden R, Pewzner E, Deutsch A, Heldenberg E, Lavee J, Tager S, Kachel E, Raanani E, Preisman S, Glauber V, Segal E. Mitochondrial function and tissue vitality: bench-to-bedside real-time optical monitoring system. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:067004. [PMID: 21721825 DOI: 10.1117/1.3585674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of mitochondria in pathological states, such as neurodegenerative diseases, sepsis, stroke, and cancer, are well documented. Monitoring of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence in vivo as an intracellular oxygen indicator was established in 1950 to 1970 by Britton Chance and collaborators. We use a multiparametric monitoring system enabling assessment of tissue vitality. In order to use this technology in clinical practice, the commercial developed device, the CritiView (CRV), is tested in animal models as well as in patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The new CRV enables the optical monitoring of four different parameters, representing the energy balance of various tissues in vivo. Mitochondrial NADH is measured by surface fluorometry/reflectometry. In addition, tissue microcirculatory blood flow, tissue reflectance and oxygenation are measured as well. The device is tested both in vitro and in vivo in a small animal model and in preliminary clinical trials in patients undergoing vascular or open heart surgery. In patients, the monitoring is started immediately after the insertion of a three-way Foley catheter (urine collection) to the patient and is stopped when the patient is discharged from the operating room. The results show that monitoring the urethral wall vitality provides information in correlation to the surgical procedure performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Mayevsky
- Bar-Ilan University, The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life-Sciences, Ramat-Gan, 52900 Israel.
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15
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Lauritzen M, Dreier JP, Fabricius M, Hartings JA, Graf R, Strong AJ. Clinical relevance of cortical spreading depression in neurological disorders: migraine, malignant stroke, subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:17-35. [PMID: 21045864 PMCID: PMC3049472 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) and depolarization waves are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF). There is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that CSD is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. The implications of these findings are widespread and suggest that intrinsic brain mechanisms have the potential to worsen the outcome of cerebrovascular episodes or brain trauma. The consequences of these intrinsic mechanisms are intimately linked to the composition of the brain extracellular microenvironment and to the level of brain perfusion and in consequence brain energy supply. This paper summarizes the evidence provided by novel invasive techniques, which implicates CSD as a pathophysiological mechanism for this group of acute neurological disorders. The findings have implications for monitoring and treatment of patients with acute brain disorders in the intensive care unit. Drawing on the large body of experimental findings from animal studies of CSD obtained during decades we suggest treatment strategies, which may be used to prevent or attenuate secondary neuronal damage in acutely injured human brain cortex caused by depolarization waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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16
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Sukhotinsky I, Yaseen MA, Sakadzić S, Ruvinskaya S, Sims JR, Boas DA, Moskowitz MA, Ayata C. Perfusion pressure-dependent recovery of cortical spreading depression is independent of tissue oxygenation over a wide physiologic range. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1168-77. [PMID: 20087371 PMCID: PMC2921789 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of transient neuronal and glial depolarization that develops after stroke, trauma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In compromised tissue, repetitive SD-like injury depolarizations reduce tissue viability by worsening the mismatch between blood flow and metabolism. Although the mechanism remains unknown, SDs show delayed electrophysiological recovery within the ischemic penumbra. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the recovery rate of SD can be varied by modulating tissue perfusion pressure and oxygenation. Systemic blood pressure and arterial pO(2) were simultaneously manipulated in anesthetized rats under full physiologic monitoring. We found that arterial hypotension doubled the SD duration, whereas hypertension reduced it by a third compared with normoxic normotensive rats. Hyperoxia failed to shorten the prolonged SD durations in hypotensive rats, despite restoring tissue pO(2). Indeed, varying arterial pO(2) (40 to 400 mm Hg) alone did not significantly influence SD duration, whereas blood pressure (40 to 160 mm Hg) was inversely related to SD duration in compromised tissue. These data suggest that cerebral perfusion pressure is a critical determinant of SD duration independent of tissue oxygenation over a wide range of arterial pO(2) levels, and that hypotension may be detrimental in stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage, where SD-like injury depolarizations have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Sukhotinsky
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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17
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Chang JC, Shook LL, Biag J, Nguyen EN, Toga AW, Charles AC, Brennan KC. Biphasic direct current shift, haemoglobin desaturation and neurovascular uncoupling in cortical spreading depression. Brain 2010; 133:996-1012. [PMID: 20348134 PMCID: PMC2850576 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression is a propagating wave of depolarization that plays important roles in migraine, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and brain injury. Cortical spreading depression is associated with profound vascular changes that may be a significant factor in the clinical response to cortical spreading depression events. We used a combination of optical intrinsic signal imaging, electro-physiology, potassium sensitive electrodes and spectroscopy to investigate neurovascular changes associated with cortical spreading depression in the mouse. We identified two distinct phases of altered neurovascular function, one during the propagating cortical spreading depression wave and a second much longer phase after passage of the wave. The direct current shift associated with the cortical spreading depression wave was accompanied by marked arterial constriction and desaturation of cortical haemoglobin. After recovery from the initial cortical spreading depression wave, we observed a second phase of prolonged, negative direct current shift, arterial constriction and haemoglobin desaturation, lasting at least an hour. Persistent disruption of neurovascular coupling was demonstrated by a loss of coherence between electro-physiological activity and perfusion. Extracellular potassium concentration increased during the cortical spreading depression wave, but recovered and remained at baseline after passage of the wave, consistent with different mechanisms underlying the first and second phases of neurovascular dysfunction. These findings indicate that cortical spreading depression is associated with a multiphasic alteration in neurovascular function, including a novel second direct current shift accompanied by arterial constriction and decrease in tissue oxygen supply, that is temporally and mechanistically distinct from the initial propagated cortical spreading depression wave. Vascular/metabolic uncoupling with cortical spreading depression may have important clinical consequences, and the different phases of dysfunction may represent separate therapeutic targets in the disorders where cortical spreading depression occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Chang
- Headache Research and Treatment Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Neuroscience Research Building 1, Room 555a, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Persistent increase in oxygen consumption and impaired neurovascular coupling after spreading depression in rat neocortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1517-27. [PMID: 19513087 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is associated with a dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis and increased energy metabolism. There is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that CSD is the mechanism of migraine, and involved in progressive neuronal injury in stroke and head trauma. Here we tested the hypothesis that single episodes of CSD induced acute hypoxia, and prolonged impairment of neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. Cortical spreading depression was induced in rat frontal cortex, whereas cortical electrical activity and local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded by glass microelectrodes, cerebral blood flow (CBF) by laser-Doppler flowmetry, and tissue oxygen tension (tpO(2)) with polarographic microelectrodes. Cortical spreading depression increased cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) by 71%+/-6.7% and CBF by 238%+/-48.1% for 1 to 2 mins. For the following 2 h, basal tpO(2) and CBF were reduced whereas basal CMRO(2) was persistently elevated by 8.1%+/-2.9%. In addition, within first hour after CSD we found impaired neurovascular coupling (LFP versus CBF), whereas neurometabolic coupling (LFP versus CMRO(2)) remained unaffected. Impaired neurovascular coupling was explained by both reduced vascular reactivity and suppressed function of cortical inhibitory interneurons. The protracted effects of CSD on basal CMRO(2) and neurovascular coupling may contribute to cellular dysfunction in patients with migraine and acutely injured cerebral cortex.
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Abstract
Advanced neuroimaging has helped to increase our knowledge about migraine pathophysiology. Our perception of migraine has transformed from a vascular, to a neurovascular, and most recently, to a CNS disorder. Functional imaging has confirmed the importance of cortical spreading depression (CSD) as the pathophysiological mechanism of migraine aura in human beings, whereas novel animal studies are unravelling the mechanistic underpinnings of CSD. Altered cerebral blood flow and neurotransmitter systems have been identified during and between headaches in migraine with and without aura. Advanced neuroimaging has identified mechanisms involved in the transformation of migraine from an episodic disorder to one with near continuous symptomatology. Questions regarding the secondary effects of migraine on brain structure and function, possibly related to attack frequency and duration of illness, have been raised. New imaging techniques could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that will help to improve the lives of millions of patients with migraine. In this Review, we summarise the most important findings from current imaging studies of migraine.
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20
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Busija DW, Bari F, Domoki F, Horiguchi T, Shimizu K. Mechanisms involved in the cerebrovascular dilator effects of cortical spreading depression. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:379-95. [PMID: 18835324 PMCID: PMC2615412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) leads to dramatic changes in cerebral hemodynamics. However, mechanisms involved in promoting and counteracting cerebral vasodilator responses are unclear. Here we review the development and current status of this important field of research especially with respect to the role of perivascular nerves and nitric oxide (NO). It appears that neurotransmitters released from the sensory and the parasympathetic nerves associated with cerebral arteries, and NO released from perivascular nerves and/or parenchyma, promote cerebral hyperemia during CSD. However, the relative contributions of each of these factors vary according to species studied. Related to CSD, axonal and reflex responses involving trigeminal afferents on the pial surface lead to increased blood flow and inflammation of the overlying dura mater. Counteracting the cerebral vascular dilation is the production and release of constrictor prostaglandins, at least in some species, and other possibly yet unknown agents from the vascular wall. The cerebral blood flow response in healthy human cortex has not been determined, and thus it is unclear whether the cerebral oligemia associated with migraines represents the normal physiological response to a CSD-like event or represents a pathological response. In addition to promoting cerebral hyperemia, NO produced during CSD appears to initiate signaling events which lead to protection of the brain against subsequent ischemic insults. In summary, the cerebrovascular response to CSD involves multiple dilator and constrictor factors produced and released by diverse cells within the neurovascular unit, with the contribution of each of these factors varying according to the species examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Busija
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
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21
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Smith JM, James MF, Fraser JA, Huang CLH. Translational imaging studies of cortical spreading depression in experimental models for migraine aura. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:759-68. [PMID: 18457533 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.5.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This perspective discusses cortical spreading depression (CSD) phenomena and their translational significance for human migraine aura and the peri-infarct events following cerebral ischemia and injury. They begin with interstitial K(+) release and accumulation following neuronal stimulation, and a buffering astrocytic K(+) influx and remote liberation propagating waves of neuronal hyperexcitability and depression. Diffusion-weighted echoplanar MRI demonstrates CSD features in gyrencephalic brains recapitulating human migraine aura, spatial and temporal features of single primary events and multiple secondary events, their stimulus dependence, pharmacological properties, and their relationship to blood oxygenation level-dependent signals and late cerebrovascular changes. The article finally explores prospects for physiological studies of CSD gaining fuller insights both into mechanisms underlying the pathology of the corresponding human condition and possible approaches to management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Smith
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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22
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Brennan KC, Beltrán-Parrazal L, López-Valdés HE, Theriot J, Toga AW, Charles AC. Distinct vascular conduction with cortical spreading depression. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:4143-51. [PMID: 17329631 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00028.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is associated with significant vasodilatation and vasoconstriction, but the relationship between the cortical parenchymal and vascular phenomena remains poorly understood. We used optical intrinsic signal (OIS) imaging and electrophysiology to simultaneously examine the vascular and parenchymal changes that occur with CSD in anesthetized mice and rats. CSD was associated with a propagated multiphasic change in optical reflectance, with correlated negative DC shift in field potential. Dilatation of cortical surface arterioles propagated with a significantly greater intrinsic velocity than the parenchymal CSD wavefront measured by OIS and electrophysiology. Dilatation traveled in a circuitous pattern along individual arterioles, indicating specific vascular conduction as opposed to concentric propagation of a parenchymal signal. Arteriolar dilatation propagated into areas beyond the spread of parenchymal OIS and electrophysiological changes of CSD. Conversely, vasomotor activity could be experimentally dissociated from the parenchymal CSD wave. Frequent repetitive CSD evoked by continuous stimulation was associated with a reduced or absent arteriolar response despite preserved parenchymal OIS and electrophysiological changes. Similarly, dimethylsulfoxide at high concentrations (10%) inhibited arteriolar reactivity despite preserved parenchymal OIS and electrophysiological changes. These results suggest a mechanism, intrinsic to the vasculature, for propagation of vasodilatation associated with CSD. Distinct vascular conduction could be important for the pathogenesis of conditions that involve CSD, including migraine, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Brennan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Neurocience Research Building, Room 575, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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23
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Chuquet J, Hollender L, Nimchinsky EA. High-resolution in vivo imaging of the neurovascular unit during spreading depression. J Neurosci 2007; 27:4036-44. [PMID: 17428981 PMCID: PMC6672520 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0721-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is a propagating wave of neuronal depolarization and ionic shifts, seen in stroke and migraine. In vitro, SD is associated with astrocytic [Ca2+] waves, but it is unclear what role they play and whether they influence cerebral blood flow, which is altered in SD. Here we show that SD in vivo is associated with [Ca2+] waves in astrocytes and neurons and with constriction of intracortical arterioles severe enough to result in arrest of capillary perfusion. The vasoconstriction is correlated with fast astrocytic [Ca2+] waves and is inhibited when they are reduced. [Ca2+] waves appear in neurons before astrocytes, and inhibition of astrocytic [Ca2+] waves does not depress SD propagation. This suggests that astrocytes do not drive SD propagation but are responsible for the hemodynamic failure seen deep in the cortex. Similar waves occur in anoxic depolarizations (AD), supporting the notion that SD and AD are related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chuquet
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Liad Hollender
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Esther A. Nimchinsky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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24
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Smith JM, Bradley DP, James MF, Huang CLH. Physiological studies of cortical spreading depression. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2006.tb00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Guiou M, Sheth S, Nemoto M, Walker M, Pouratian N, Ba A, Toga AW. Cortical spreading depression produces long-term disruption of activity-related changes in cerebral blood volume and neurovascular coupling. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:11004. [PMID: 15847570 DOI: 10.1117/1.1852556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a pronounced depolarization of neurons and glia that spreads slowly across the cortex followed by a period of depressed electrophysiological activity. The vascular changes associated with CSD are a large transient increase in blood flow followed by a prolonged decrease lasting greater than 1 h. Currently, the profile of functional vascular activity during this hypovolemic period has not been well characterized. Perfusion-based imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assume a tight coupling between changes in neuronal and vascular activity. Under normal conditions, these variables are well correlated. Characterizing the effect of CSD on this relationship is an important step to understand the impact acute pathophysiological events may have on neurovascular coupling. We examine the effect of CSD on functional changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) evoked by cortical electrophysiological activity for 1 h following CSD induction. CBV signal amplitude, duration, and time to peak show little recovery at 60 min post-induction. Analysis of spontaneous vasomotor activity suggests a decrease in vascular reactivity may play a significant role in the disruption of normal functional CBV responses. Electrophysiological activity is also attenuated but to a lesser degree. CBV and evoked potentials are not well correlated following CSD, suggesting a breakdown of the neurovascular coupling relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guiou
- University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Los Angeles, California 90024-1769, USA
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27
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Zhang F, Sprague SM, Farrokhi F, Henry MN, Son MG, Vollmer DG. Reversal of attenuation of cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia by a nitric oxide donor after controlled cortical impact in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2002; 97:963-9. [PMID: 12405388 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) attenuates the cerebral vasodilation to hypercapnia. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) also transiently reduces hypercapnic vasodilation. The authors sought to determine whether the CSD elicited by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury masks the true effect of TBI on hypercapnic vasodilation, and whether a nitric oxide (NO) donor can reverse the attenuation of hypercapnic vasodilation following CCI. METHODS Anesthetized rats underwent moderate CCI. Cerebral blood flow was monitored with laser Doppler flowmetry and the response to hypercapnia was determined for injured and sham-injured animals. The effect of the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), on this response was also assessed. At an uninjured cortical site ipsilateral to the CCI, a single wave of CSD was recorded and the CO2 response at this location was significantly attenuated for up to 30 minutes (seven rats, p < 0.05). At the injured cortex, hypercapnic vasodilation continued to be attenuated for 7 hours. The cerebral vasodilation to CO2 was 37 +/- 5% in injured rats (six) compared with 84 +/- 10% in the sham-injured group (five rats, p < 0.05). After 30 minutes of topical superfusion with SNAP, hypercapnic vasodilation was restored to 74 +/- 7% (nine rats, p > 0.1 compared with that in the sham-injured group). In contrast, papaverine, an NO-independent vasodilator, failed to reverse the attenuation of the CO2 response to CCI. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that CSD elicited by CCI can mask the true effect of TBI on hypercapnic vasodilation for at least 30 minutes. Exogenous NO, but not papaverine, can reverse the attenuation of cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 caused by TBI. This result supports the hypothesis that NO production is reduced after TBI and that the NO donor has a potential beneficial role in the clinical management of head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229-3900, USA.
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28
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James MF, Smith JM, Boniface SJ, Huang CL, Leslie RA. Cortical spreading depression and migraine: new insights from imaging? Trends Neurosci 2001; 24:266-71. [PMID: 11311378 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that spreading depression (SD) of cortical activity, a phenomenon observed in all vertebrates, causes the aura of migraine remains an open question in spite of nearly half a century of investigation. SD is also thought to be associated with the progressive neuronal injury observed during cerebral ischaemia. Thus, the ability to detect and investigate SD in humans might prove clinically significant. Animal studies of cortical spreading depression (CSD) have benefited greatly from the advent of relatively non-invasive imaging techniques. The use of these new imaging techniques for clinical studies will accelerate progress in this area of neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F James
- Neuroscience Research, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex, UK, CM19 5AW
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29
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Barbelivien A, Bertrand N, Besret L, Beley A, MacKenzie ET, Dauphin F. Neurochemical stimulation of the rat substantia innominata increases cerebral blood flow (but not glucose use) through the parallel activation of cholinergic and non-cholinergic pathways. Brain Res 1999; 840:115-24. [PMID: 10517959 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical activation of the substantia innominata (SI) in the rat, through the direct injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol, has been reported to induce large increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) throughout cortical and subcortical projection regions. The present study aimed to determine whether the vasomotor responses to cholinergic stimulation of the SI were, or were not, the consequence of an increase in metabolic activity. To this end, coupled measurements of CBF and cerebral glucose use (CGU) were undertaken during carbachol-elicited stimulation of the SI. Infusion of carbachol into the basal forebrain induced significant CBF increases in several ipsilateral cortical and subcortical areas including the amygdala. In contrast, CGU increased only in the ipsilateral amygdala and SI. Thus, we tested the hypothesis of a direct neurogenic, rather than metabolic, contribution of the basalocortical system. In this respect, carbachol-elicited stimulation resulted in significant increases in extracellular acetylcholine concentrations in the ipsilateral parietal cortex; systemic pretreatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine completely abolished the increase in cortical CBF elicited by cholinergic stimulation of the SI in the ipsilateral frontoparietal motor cortex while it failed to affect the increase observed in the ipsilateral temporal cortex. Several conclusions can be drawn from the present study. The stimulation of the SI by carbachol induces an increase in CBF that can be dissociated from changes in underlying glucose metabolism. Secondly, these induced changes in cortical CBF are paralleled by an increase in acetylcholine release. Lastly, the failure of scopolamine to block the flow response in all cortical regions would suggest that SI stimulation will evoke the release of vasodilatatory neurotransmitter(s) as well as acetylcholine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbelivien
- Université de Caen, UMR 6551 CNRS, Centre Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, France
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Domoki F, Veltkamp R, Bari F, Louis TM, Busija DW. Cerebrovascular reactivity remains intact after cortical depolarization in newborn piglets. Pediatr Res 1999; 45:834-7. [PMID: 10367774 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199906000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity is severely affected by ischemia, and changes in vascular responses have been reported after cortical spreading depression and head trauma as well. Cortical depolarization (CD) occurs during ischemia, cortical spreading depression, and head trauma, but its effects on cerebrovascular reactivity are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that CD induced by KCl diminishes the vascular responsiveness to various vasodilatory stimuli in piglets. Responses of pial arterioles were determined by changes in vascular diameter by use of a closed cranial window and intravital microscopy. Baseline arteriolar diameters were 105 +/- 3 microm (mean +/- SEM, n = 27). CD was elicited by topical administration of 1 mol/L KCl for 3 min. Vascular responses were measured before and 1 h after CD. KCl elicited CD and constricted arterioles by 54 +/- 4% (n = 27). N-methyl-D-aspartate induced dose-dependent vasodilation that was unaffected by CD; the percent changes were 9 +/- 1 versus 8 +/- 1 (before and after CD) at 10(-5) mol/L, 19 +/- 2 versus 18 +/- 3 at 5 x 10(-5) mol/L, and 29 +/- 2 versus 26 +/- 3 at 10(-4) mol/L (n = 9). Hypercapnic vasodilation was not diminished by CD; the percent changes were 15 +/- 2 versus 16 +/- 4 at 5%, and 27 +/- 5 versus 27 +/- 6 at 10% inspired CO2 (n = 8). Aprikalim and forskolin caused dilation that was also resistant to prior CD; the percent change values were 21 +/- 4 versus 18 +/- 3 and 16 +/- 2 versus 16 +/- 4 at 10(-6) mol/L, 36 +/- 5 versus 34 +/- 5 and 34 +/- 7 versus 37 +/- 7 at 10(-5) mol/L (n = 8), respectively. Finally, calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced vasodilation was unaffected by CD; percent changes were 15 +/- 3 versus 16 +/- 2 at 10(-7) mol/L and 26 +/- 4 versus 22 +/- 3 at 10(-6) mol/L (n = 8). The intact vascular responses after CD suggest that this component is not responsible for decreased cerebrovascular reactivity after ischemia, head trauma, or cortical spreading depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Domoki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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Barbelivien A, MacKenzie ET, Dauphin F. Autoradiographic mapping of cerebral blood flow responses to cholinergic stimulation of the rat substantia innominata: modulatory effect of galanin. Brain Res 1998; 789:92-100. [PMID: 9602077 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze the precise cerebrovascular effects of a specific cholinergic stimulation of the rat substantia innominata and their modulation by galanin, cerebral blood flow was measured by the [14C]-iodoantipyrine autoradiographic method in anesthetized (urethane and alpha-chloralose), artificially ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats that received a microinjection into the substantia innominata of saline (n = 7), or 63 pmol of galanin (n = 8), or 50 nmoles of carbachol (n = 6) or a coinjection of carbachol and galanin (n = 8). Significant carbachol-induced cerebral blood flow increases were noted in ipsilateral cortices (+36%, p < 0.01 in the cingulate to +82%, p < 0.01 in the parietal somatosensory cortices), but also in ipsilateral hippocampus and ipsilateral thalamus. These cerebral blood flow increases were abolished by the coinjection of carbachol and galanin, while infusions of galanin alone failed to affect cerebral blood flow. Cholinergic stimulation of the substantia innominata represents thus a good model for the analysis of the detailed pharmacological properties of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system. The existence of an inhibitory galaninergic modulation of this system could be of particular interest, in terms of cerebrovascular reactivity, in various neurodegenerative states.
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Cholet N, Seylaz J, Lacombe P, Bonvento G. Local uncoupling of the cerebrovascular and metabolic responses to somatosensory stimulation after neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17:1191-201. [PMID: 9390651 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199711000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown, using either genetically engineered mutant mice (nitric oxide synthase [NOS] knockout) or specific pharmacological tools, that type I NOS (neuronal isoform of NOS, [nNOS]) participates in coupling cerebral blood flow to functional activation. However, it has not been clearly established whether the associated metabolic response was preserved under nNOS inhibition and whether this action was exerted homogeneously within the brain. To address these issues, we analyzed the combined circulatory and metabolic consequences of inhibiting the nNOS both at rest and during functional activation in the rat anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral glucose use (CGU) were measured autoradiographically using [14C]iodoantipyrine and [14C]2-deoxyglucose during trigeminal activation induced by unilateral whiskers stimulation in vehicle- and 7-nitroindazole-treated rats. Our data show that inhibition of nNOS globally decreased CBF without altering CGU, indicating that NO-releasing neurons play a significant role in maintaining a resting cerebrovascular tone in the whole brain. During whisker stimulation, nNOS inhibition totally abolished the cerebrovascular response only in the second order relay stations (thalamus and somatosensory cortex) of the trigeminal relay without altering the metabolic response. These findings provide evidence that the involvement of neurally-derived NO in coupling flow to somatosensory activation is region-dependent, and that under nNOS inhibition, CBF and CGU may vary independently during neuronal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cholet
- Laboratoire de Recherches Cérébrovasculaires, Université Paris 7, France
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Shimazawa M, Hara H. An experimental model of migraine with aura: cortical hypoperfusion following spreading depression in the awake and freely moving rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996; 23:890-2. [PMID: 8911731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) was induced by direct current stimulation of the lateral frontal cortex in awake and freely moving rats. 2. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was continuously measured by a laser Doppler flowmeter using an acrylic cup which was chronically fixed on the surface of the cerebral cortex. Under the resting condition rCBF remained constant throughout the observation period and showed a high reproducibility. 3. rCBF increased to approximately 190% of control values during 1-3 min after CSD, and decreased to approximately 80% of control values, before returning to normal values 60 min after CSD. 4. These results are consistent with those found in anesthetized animals. This is the first study which has continuously monitored cortical hypoperfusion after CSD in awake and freely moving rats. The model is a useful system for studying migraine with aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimazawa
- Department of Biology, Kanebo Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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Goadsby PJ, Adner M, Edvinsson L. Characterization of endothelin receptors in the cerebral vasculature and their lack of effect on spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:698-704. [PMID: 8964810 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199607000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The changes in cerebral blood flow that accompany spreading depression are well-described, as are parallel changes in cellular activity, with a wave of hyperemia followed by a prolonged oligemic phase. In this study, a cat model of the CBF changes associated with spreading depression and in vitro pharmacology were used to determine if there is a role for the powerful peptide vasoconstrictor endothelin in this response. For the pharmacological studies, the middle cerebral artery was harvested from cats postmortem. For the physiological studies, cats were anesthetized with halothane induction and alpha-chloralose (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal loading; 20 mg/kg i.v. 2-h maintenance). CBF was monitored continuously in the parietal cortex using laser Doppler flowmetry (CBFLDF) after exposure of the dura mater. The in vitro work demonstrated that endothelin-1 (ET-1) mediates a strong and potent contraction of cerebral vessels. Both the selective ETA receptor antagonist FR139317 and the combined ETA and ETB receptor antagonist Bosentan caused a rightward shift of the concentration-response curve without attenuation of the maximum effect. The calculated pA2 values were 6.28 and 6.90, respectively. The slope did not differ from unity, suggesting that the ET-1-mediated contraction is evoked by a single population of ETA receptors, which were effectively antagonized by these compounds. Spreading depression was induced with a needle stick injury to the cortex. Local administration of the endothelin antagonists FR139317 (10 microM) and Bosentan (10 microM) did not affect resting blood flow in the cortex. Induction of spreading depression following local administration of FR139317 and Bosentan resulted in responses no different from those in control cortex. These data demonstrate that endothelin does not play a significant role in the vasoconstrictor portion of the CBF change seen in spreading depression, nor does it affect resting flow. Since it is widely held that spreading depression, or a very similar mechanism, underlies the aura phase of migraine, it may be suggested from these studies that endothelin antagonists are unlikely to be useful in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Goadsby
- Insitute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, U.K
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Zhang F, Xu S, Iadecola C. Role of nitric oxide and acetylcholine in neocortical hyperemia elicited by basal forebrain stimulation: evidence for an involvement of endothelial nitric oxide. Neuroscience 1995; 69:1195-204. [PMID: 8848107 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of acetylcholine and nitric oxide in the increases in cerebrocortical blood flow elicited by stimulation of a region of the basal forebrain from which the major cholinergic projection to the cerebral cortex originates. In halothane-anesthetized rats a 3 x 3 mm area of the parietal cortex was exposed and the site was superfused with Ringer (37 degrees C; pH 7.3-7). Cortical blood flow was monitored at the site of superfusion by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The basal forebrain was stimulated electrically (100 microA; 50 Hz) and stimulated sites were histologically verified at the end of the experiment. With Ringer superfusion (n = 8), basal forebrain stimulation increased neocortical flow by 185 +/- 9% (mean +/- S.E.M.). The flow increase was attenuated (-38 +/- 6%; n = 5) by superfusion with the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine (100 microM). Superfusion with atropine plus the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (100 microM) did not attenuate the response further (P > 0.05 from atropine alone; n = 6). Superfusion with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine, but not with the inactive isomer nitro-D-arginine (n = 6), attenuated the vasodilation in a dose-dependent fashion (-43 +/- 4% at 1 mM; n = 7) and reduced nitric oxide synthase catalytic activity at the site of superfusion by 95 +/- 4%. Co-application of nitro-L-arginine and atropine did not attenuate the vasodilation further (P > 0.05 from nitro-L-arginine alone; n = 6). Administration of the somewhat selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the increases in flow produced by topical application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (40 microM; n = 5) or by hypercapnia (n = 7), but did not affect the vasodilation produced by basal forebrain stimulation (n = 5) and by topical application of acetylcholine (10 microM; n = 5). 7-nitroindazole reduced constitutive nitric oxide synthase enzymatic activity in forebrain by 72 +/- 3% (n = 8). The data suggest that the neocortical vasodilation elicited by basal forebrain stimulation is, in part, mediated by local release of acetylcholine which, in turn, leads to increased nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Shimazawa M, Hara H, Watano T, Sukamoto T. Effects of Ca2+ channel blockers on cortical hypoperfusion and expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity after cortical spreading depression in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115:1359-68. [PMID: 8564192 PMCID: PMC1908864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We examined the effects of two Ca2+ channel blockers, lomerizine (KB-2796) and flunarizine, on the cortical hypoperfusion (measured by hydrogen clearance and laser Doppler flowmetry methods) and cortical c-Fos-like immunoreactivity that follow KCl-induced cortical spreading depression in anaesthetized rats. Cortical spreading depression was induced by application of 1 M KCl for 30 s to the cortical surface, 3.0 mm posterior to the area of cerebral blood flow measurement. 2. In control rats, KB-2796 (0.3 and 1 mg kg-1, i.v.) dose-dependently increased cerebral blood flow significantly at 30 min and 15 min, respectively, after its administration. Flunarizine (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) significantly increased cerebral blood flow 15 min after its administration. In contrast, dimetotiazine (3 mg kg-1, i.v.), a 5-HT2 and histamine H1 antagonist, failed to affect cerebral blood flow significantly. 3. After KCl application to the cortex, cerebral blood flow monitored by the laser Doppler flowmetry method increased transiently, for a few minutes, then fell and remained approximately 20 to 30% below control for at least 60 min. Cerebral blood flow monitored by the hydrogen clearance method was also approximately 20 to 30% below baseline for at least 60 min after KCl application. KB-2796 (0.3 and 1 mg kg-1, i.v.) and flunarizine (1 and 3 mg kg-1, i.v.) administered 5 min before KCl application inhibited the cortical hypoperfusion that followed KCl application, but dimetotiazine (1 and 3 mg kg-1, i.v.) did not. 4. An indicator of neuronal activation, c-Fos-like immunoreactivity, was detected in the ipsilateral, but not in the contralateral frontoparietal cortex 2 h after KCl application. No c-Fos-like immunoreactivity was seen on either side of the brain in the hippocampus, thalamus, striatum or cerebellum. 5. KB-2796 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) and flunarizine (3 mg kg-1, i.v.), but not dimetotiazine (3 mg kg-1, i.v.), significantly attenuated the expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral frontoparietal cortex. 6. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of KB-2796 and flunarizine on the cortical hypoperfusion and expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by spreading depression are mediated via the effects of Ca(2+)-entry blockade, which may include an increase in cerebral blood flow and the prevention of excessive Ca2+ influx into brain cells. KB-2796 and flunarizine may prove useful as inhibitors of cortical spreading depression in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimazawa
- Department of Biology, Kanebo Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Cutrer FM, Schoenfeld D, Limmroth V, Panahian N, Moskowitz MA. Suppression by the sumatriptan analogue, CP-122,288 of c-fos immunoreactivity in trigeminal nucleus caudalis induced by intracisternal capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114:987-92. [PMID: 7780655 PMCID: PMC1510330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb13302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of an intravenously administered sumatriptan analogue were examined on c-fos-like immunoreactivity (c-fos-LI), a marker of neuronal activation, evoked within trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and other brain stem regions 2 h after intracisternal injection of the irritant, capsaicin (0.1 ml, 0.1 mM), in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized Hartley guinea-pigs. 2. C-fos-LI was assessed in eighteen serial sections (50 microns) using a polyclonal antiserum. A weighted average, reflecting total expression within lamina I, IIo of TNC was obtained from three representative levels (i.e., at -0.225 mm, -2.475 mm and -6.975 mm.). 3. Capsaicin caused significant labelling within lamina I, IIo, a region containing axonal terminations of small unmyelinated C-fibres, as well as within the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema and medial reticular nucleus. A similar distribution of positive cells was reported previously after intracisternal injection of other chemical irritants such as autologous blood or carrageenin. 4. Pretreatment with a conformationally restricted sumatriptan analogue (with some selectivity for 5-HT1B and 5-HTID receptor subtypes) CP-122,288, reduced the weighted average by approximately 50-60% (P < 0.05) in lamina I, IIo at > or = 100 pmol kg-1, i.v., but did not decrease cell number within area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract or medial reticular nucleus. A similar pattern was reported previously following sumatriptan, dihydroergotamine or CP-93,129 administration after noxious meningeal stimulation. 5. We conclude that modifications at the amino-ethyl side chain of sumatriptan dramatically enhance the suppression of c-fos expression within TNC, a finding consistent with its remarkable potency against neurogenic plasma protein extravasation within dura mater. CP-122,288 and related analogues may serve as an important prototype for drug development in migraine and related headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Cutrer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Bonvento G, Charbonné R, Corrèze JL, Borredon J, Seylaz J, Lacombe P. Is alpha-chloralose plus halothane induction a suitable anesthetic regimen for cerebrovascular research? Brain Res 1994; 665:213-21. [PMID: 7895056 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether alpha-chloralose, when associated with an initial period of halothane, is a suitable anesthetic regimen for cerebrovascular studies. For this purpose, rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose plus halothane induction were first subjected to noxious stimuli, and the behavior, EEG and systemic variables were recorded. During a second step, cortical blood flow was measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry and the time-course of the cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia were measured in artificially ventilated rats anesthetized with either alpha-chloralose (40 mg.kg-1, s.c.) plus halothane induction (1.5% given during the first 45-60 min) or halothane alone (1.5%). Finally, an experimental paradigm was developed that allowed the comparison of the hypercapnic reactivity, both in awake and anesthetized conditions in the same animal. Our results show that the association of alpha-chloralose with halothane leads to stable cardiovascular parameters and immobility of ventilated rats, placed in ear bars without curare, for 3 h without any sign of discomfort. Based on EEG criteria, we found that halothane induction lengthens the duration of alpha-chloralose anesthesia (253 +/- 19 vs. 200 +/- 15 min, P < 0.01). Under alpha-chloralose alone or in association with halothane induction, the vascular reactivity to hypercapnia was considerably impaired (-85% compared to the awake state, P < 0.01), but this impairment was transient, since a control reactivity was restored 150-190 min after induction of anesthesia. Under halothane alone, the vascular reactivity remained reduced throughout the experiment. These results provide evidence that alpha-chloralose plus halothane induction is a suitable anesthetic regimen which displays a temporal window of normal cerebrovascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonvento
- Laboratoire de Recherches Cérébrovasculaires, CNRS UA 641, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisière-Saint Louis, Université Paris, VII France
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Gault LM, Lin CW, LaManna JC, Lust WD. Changes in energy metabolites, cGMP and intracellular pH during cortical spreading depression. Brain Res 1994; 641:176-80. [PMID: 8019846 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution of cerebral metabolites and pHi were examined in the cortex during spreading depression. Acidification and marked depression in the energy status of the tissue was evident at the wavefront of spreading depression. In its aftermath, the residual activation of glycolysis and accumulation of cGMP persisted for minutes after a relatively rapid restoration of high-energy phosphates and pHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gault
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH
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Wahl M, Schilling L, Parsons AA, Kaumann A. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide (NO) in the pial artery dilatation elicited by cortical spreading depression. Brain Res 1994; 637:204-10. [PMID: 8180797 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether the initial transient arterial dilatation during cortical spreading depression (CSD) was mediated by the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or nitric oxide (NO). This question is of interest as the initial phase of CSD appears to be a model of events occurring during functional hyperemia and during the first period of classic migraine. Using an open cranial window technique, pial arterial diameter in the parietal cortex of cats was recorded with an image splitting method. Employing micropuncture technique, perivascularly applied CGRP8-37 did not alter the resting diameter of pial arteries but antagonized concentration dependently (5 x 10(-9)-10(-6) M) the dilatation (35%) due to 5 x 10(-8) M CGRP. NG-Nitro-L-Arginine (NOLAG, 10(-4) M) also had no effect on resting diameter of pial arteries, indicating that their resting tone is neither mediated by a continuous release of CGRP nor of NO. CSD was triggered by a remote intracortical injection of KCl (150 mM) and recorded by a microelectrode placed adjacent to the artery under investigation. CSD elicited a transient negative DC shift which was accompanied by a peak dilatation of 44 +/- 5.2% (S.E.M.). This dilatation was reduced by approximately 50% during topical application of 10(-7) M CGRP8-37 and 10(-4) M NOLAG each. A 75% inhibition of the CSD-induced dilatation was found during simultaneous application of both compounds. These data indicate that the initial dilatation during CSD is mediated, at least in part, by a release of CGRP and NO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wahl
- Dept. Physiology, University of Munich, Germany
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