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Roosenboom B, Wahab PJ, Smids C, Meijer J, Kemperman LGJM, Groenen MJM, van Lochem EG, Horjus Talabur Horje CS. Mucosal α4β7+ Lymphocytes and MAdCAM+ Venules Predict Response to Vedolizumab in Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:930-938. [PMID: 37436917 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic strategies for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are based on patient- and disease-related factors in combination with drug characteristics but fail to predict success in individual patients. A considerable proportion of UC patients do not respond to the biological vedolizumab. Therefore, pretreatment biomarkers for therapeutic efficacy are urgently needed. Mucosal markers related to the integrin-dependent T lymphocyte homing could be potent predictors. METHODS We prospectively included 21 biological- and steroid-naive UC patients with moderate-to-severe disease activity planned to escalate therapy to vedolizumab. At week 0, before initiating treatment, colonic biopsy specimens were obtained for immunophenotyping and immunohistochemistry. Clinical and endoscopic disease activity were determined at week 16 after 4 infusions of vedolizumab. In addition, we retrospectively included 5 UC patients who were first treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor α before receiving vedolizumab to compare with biological-naive patients. RESULTS Abundance of α4β7 on more than 8% of all CD3+ T lymphocytes in colonic biopsies at baseline was predictive for responsiveness to vedolizumab (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). The threshold for the proportion of MAdCAM-1+ and PNAd+ of all venules in the biopsies predictive for responsiveness to vedolizumab was ≥2.59% (sensitivity 89%, specificity 100%) and ≥2.41% (sensitivity 61%, specificity 50%), respectively. At week 16, a significant decrease of α4β7+CD3+T lymphocytes was demonstrated in responders (18% [12%-24%] to 8% [3%-9%]; P = .002), while no difference was seen in nonresponders (4% [3%-6%] to 3%; P = .59). CONCLUSIONS UC responders to vedolizumab have a higher percentage of α4β7+CD3+ T lymphocytes and a higher proportion of MAdCAM-1+ venules in colonic biopsies than nonresponders before initiating therapy. Both analyses could be promising predictive biomarkers for therapeutic response and may lead to more patient tailored treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Roosenboom
- Crohn & Colitis Centre Rijnstate, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Wahab
- Crohn & Colitis Centre Rijnstate, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Carolijn Smids
- Crohn & Colitis Centre Rijnstate, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel J M Groenen
- Crohn & Colitis Centre Rijnstate, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen G van Lochem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen S Horjus Talabur Horje
- Crohn & Colitis Centre Rijnstate, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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Hussain B, Kasinath V, Ashton-Rickardt GP, Clancy T, Uchimura K, Tsokos G, Abdi R. High endothelial venules as potential gateways for therapeutics. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:728-740. [PMID: 35931612 PMCID: PMC10804419 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels that support the migration of lymphocytes from the bloodstream into lymph nodes (LNs). They are also formed ectopically in mammalian organs affected by chronic inflammation and cancer. The recent arrival of immunotherapy at the forefront of many cancer treatment regimens could boost a crucial role for HEVs as gateways for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we describe the microanatomical and biochemical characteristics of HEVs, mechanisms of formation of newly made HEVs, immunotherapies potentially dependent on HEV-mediated T cell homing to tumors, and finally, how HEV-targeted therapies might be used as a complementary approach to potentially shape the therapeutic landscape for the treatment of cancer and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Hussain
- Transplantation Research Center and Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center and Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Clancy
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycogiologie Structurale et Functionelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - George Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center and Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Linares R, Gutiérrez A, Márquez-Galera Á, Caparrós E, Aparicio JR, Madero L, Payá A, López-Atalaya JP, Francés R. Transcriptional regulation of chemokine network by biologic monotherapy in ileum of patients with Crohn’s disease. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Blanchard L, Girard JP. High endothelial venules (HEVs) in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:719-753. [PMID: 33956259 PMCID: PMC8487881 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High endothelial venules (HEVs) are specialized blood vessels mediating lymphocyte trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) and other secondary lymphoid organs. By supporting high levels of lymphocyte extravasation from the blood, HEVs play an essential role in lymphocyte recirculation and immune surveillance for foreign invaders (bacterial and viral infections) and alterations in the body’s own cells (neoantigens in cancer). The HEV network expands during inflammation in immune-stimulated LNs and is profoundly remodeled in metastatic and tumor-draining LNs. HEV-like blood vessels expressing high levels of the HEV-specific sulfated MECA-79 antigens are induced in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation in many human inflammatory and allergic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Such vessels are believed to contribute to the amplification and maintenance of chronic inflammation. MECA-79+ tumor-associated HEVs (TA-HEVs) are frequently found in human tumors in CD3+ T cell-rich areas or CD20+ B-cell rich tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). TA-HEVs have been proposed to play important roles in lymphocyte entry into tumors, a process essential for successful antitumor immunity and lymphocyte-mediated cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines or adoptive T cell therapy. In this review, we highlight the phenotype and function of HEVs in homeostatic, inflamed and tumor-draining lymph nodes, and those of HEV-like blood vessels in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the role and regulation of TA-HEVs in human cancer and mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Blanchard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Elewa YHA, Ichii O, Takada K, Nakamura T, Masum MA, Kon Y. Histopathological Correlations between Mediastinal Fat-Associated Lymphoid Clusters and the Development of Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis following Bleomycin Administration in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:271. [PMID: 29497425 PMCID: PMC5818413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin (BLM) has been reported to induce lung inflammation and fibrosis in human and mice and showed genetic susceptibility. Interestingly, the C57BL/6 (B6) mice had prominent mediastinal fat-associated lymphoid cluster (MFALCs) under healthy condition, and showed susceptibility to development of lung fibrosis following BLM administration. However, the pathogenesis of lung lesion progression, and their correlation with MFALC morphologies, remain to be clarified. To investigate the correlations between MFALC structures and lung injuries in B6 mice, histopathological examination of mediastinal fat tissues and lungs was examined at 7 and 21 days (d) following a single 50 μL intranasal (i.n.) instillation of either BLM sulfate (5 mg/kg) (BLM group) or phosphate-buffered saline (control group). The lung fibrosis was examined by Masson’s trichrome (MT) stain of paraffin sections and mRNA expression levels of Col1a1, Col3a1, and Acta2 in different frozen lung samples. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for CD3, B220, Iba1, Gr1, BrdU, LYVE-1, and peripheral node addressin (PNAd) was performed to detect T- and B-cells, macrophages, granulocytes, proliferating cells, lymph vessels (LVs), and high endothelial venules (HEVs). We found that MFALCs were more abundant in the BLM group as compared to the control group. The lung of BLM group developed pneumonitis with severe cellular infiltrations at 7 days and significant collagen deposition (MT) and higher expression of Col1a1, and Col3a1 at 21 days post-administration. Numerous immune cells, proliferating cells, HEVs, and LVs were observed in both MFALCs and lungs of the BLM group. Interestingly, PNAd + HEVs were observed in the lungs of the BLM group, but not the control group. Moreover, numerous Gr1 + polymorphonuclear and mononuclear-like ring cells were found in the MFALCs and lungs of the BLM group. Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis revealed a significant increase of B-cell populations within the MFALCs of BLM group suggesting a potential proliferative induction of B-cells following inflammation. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between quantitative parameters of these immune cells in both the lungs and MFALCs. Thus, we suggest a potentially important role for MFALCs and HEVs in the progression of lung disease, especially in inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takada
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Section of Biological Science, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Masum
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Shirakabe K, Higashiyama M, Furuhashi H, Takajo T, Maruta K, Okada Y, Kurihara C, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Tomita K, Nagao S, Miura S, Saruta M, Hokari R. Amelioration of colitis through blocking lymphocytes entry to Peyer's patches by sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase inhibitor. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1608-1616. [PMID: 29336057 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1, a therapeutic target of the S1P1 agonist FTY720, plays a crucial role in lymphocyte migration and is expressed in several cells including naïve T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole (THI), an inhibitor of S1P lyase, exhibits immunomodulatory activity through increasing the S1P concentration in the secondary lymphoid organs, but its effects on colitis remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify how THI affects colitis and migration of naïve T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches (PPs). METHODS The effect of THI on gut immunity was investigated by analyzing the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model, lymphocyte components in thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDLs), and microscopic movement of TDLs in PPs. RESULTS 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole ameliorated DSS-induced colitis histologically by causing a significant decrease in colonic lymphocyte infiltration and expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines. THI suppressed the inflow of naïve T lymphocytes into the thoracic duct. Microscopic observation of PPs in control animals revealed that many TDLs egressed to the stroma and migrated to lymph capillaries after attaching to the high endothelial venules (HEVs). THI or FTY720 treatment in recipient animals blocked lymphocyte egression from the HEVs to the stroma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to clarify the ameliorating effects of THI on DSS-induced colitis. Microscopic observations demonstrated the involvement of HEVs in the egression of S1P-dependent gut-tropic T lymphocytes to lymph capillaries. This S1P lyase inhibitor might become a novel immunosuppressant for inflammatory bowel disease therapy by blocking infiltration of lymphocytes through HEVs into the stroma in PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Shirakabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Furuhashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takajo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Maruta
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chikako Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nagao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Miura
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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7
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The ascites N-glycome of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. J Proteomics 2017; 157:33-39. [PMID: 28188862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is worldwide the sixth most lethal form of cancer occurring in women. More than one third of ovarian patients have ascites at the time of diagnosis and almost all of them have it when recurrence occurs. Although its effect on tumor cell microenvironment remains poorly understood, its presence is correlated with bad diagnosis. In previous studies, we proposed a novel glycan-based biomarker for the diagnosis of EOC, which showed an improved sensitivity and specificity at any stage of the disease and an improved discrimination between malignant and benign ovarian tumors. In this work, we report for the first time the N-glycome profiles of ascitic fluid from primary serous EOC patients and compare them with the serum N-glycomes of the same patients as well as of healthy controls. N-Glycans were digested from equivalent amount of ascites and serum from 18 EOC patients and from serum of 20 age-matched controls and measured by MALDI-TOF-MS. Ascites N-glycome showed increased antennarity, branching, sialylation and LewisX motives compared to healthy serum. In addition, a correlation was established between ascites volume and degree of sialylation. SIGNIFICANCE Malignant ascitic fluid is the build-up of large volumes of fluid in the peritoneal cavity secondary to cancer. At least one-third of ovarian cancer patients develop ascites, a generally voluminous fluid containing cells of tumor origin, in the course of cancer and almost all when recurrence occurs. The proteome of ascites is known to be as complex as that of serum and contains high amount of proteins shed from inflammatory cells as well as from tumor cells. Although many attempts have been made to provide molecular insight into the proteomic and peptidomic content of malignant ascites, no data about the N-glycome of the ascitic fluid fraction from cancer patients has been reported to date. In this study, the N-glycosylation profile of ascites from 20 patients suffering from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and compared to the pathologically modified N-glycan pattern obtained from serum of the same patients as well as to the pattern of serum from healthy individuals. Significant quantitative differences were observed in the ascites of EOC patients when compared to the serum of healthy subjects. The glycome of ascites shows typical features of inflammatory conditions, what was also found in the serum of patients suffering from EOC when compared to healthy serum. In addition, a correlation was established between ascites volume and degree of sialylation, showing that the high-volume ascites contains a higher amount of sialylated structures than the low-volume ascites.
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Uniken Venema WT, Voskuil MD, Dijkstra G, Weersma RK, Festen EA. The genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease: from correlation to causality. J Pathol 2016; 241:146-158. [PMID: 27785786 DOI: 10.1002/path.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have greatly improved our insight into the genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). New high-throughput technologies and large-scale international collaborations have contributed to the identification of 200 independent genetic risk loci for IBD. However, in most of these loci, it is unclear which gene conveys the risk for IBD. More importantly, it is unclear which variant within or near the gene is causal to the disease. Using targeted GWAS, imputation, resequencing of risk loci, and in silico fine-mapping of densely typed loci, several causal variants have been identified in IBD risk genes, and various pathological pathways have been uncovered. Current research in the field of IBD focuses on the effect of these causal variants on gene expression and protein function. However, more elements than only the genome must be taken into account to disentangle the multifactorial pathology of IBD. The genetic risk loci identified to date only explain a small part of genetic variance in disease risk. Currently, large multi-omics studies are incorporating factors ranging from the gut microbiome to the environment. In this review, we present the progress that has been made in IBD genetic research and stress the importance of studying causality to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. We highlight important causal genetic variants in the candidate genes NOD2, ATG16L1, IRGM, IL23R, CARD9, RNF186, and PRDM1. We describe their downstream effects on protein function and their direct effects on the gut immune system. Furthermore, we discuss the future role of genetics in unravelling disease mechanisms in IBD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werna Tc Uniken Venema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel D Voskuil
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Am Festen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Habtezion A, Nguyen LP, Hadeiba H, Butcher EC. Leukocyte Trafficking to the Small Intestine and Colon. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:340-54. [PMID: 26551552 PMCID: PMC4758453 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking to the small and large intestines is tightly controlled to maintain intestinal immune homeostasis, mediate immune responses, and regulate inflammation. A wide array of chemoattractants, chemoattractant receptors, and adhesion molecules expressed by leukocytes, mucosal endothelium, epithelium, and stromal cells controls leukocyte recruitment and microenvironmental localization in intestine and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). Naive lymphocytes traffic to the gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes where they undergo antigen-induced activation and priming; these processes determine their memory/effector phenotypes and imprint them with the capacity to migrate via the lymph and blood to the intestines. Mechanisms of T-cell recruitment to GALT and of T cells and plasmablasts to the small intestine are well described. Recent advances include the discovery of an unexpected role for lectin CD22 as a B-cell homing receptor GALT, and identification of the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) as a T-cell chemoattractant/trafficking receptor for the colon. GPR15 decorates distinct subsets of T cells in mice and humans, a difference in species that could affect translation of the results of mouse colitis models to humans. Clinical studies with antibodies to integrin α4β7 and its vascular ligand mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 are proving the value of lymphocyte trafficking mechanisms as therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel diseases. In contrast to lymphocytes, cells of the innate immune system express adhesion and chemoattractant receptors that allow them to migrate directly to effector tissue sites during inflammation. We review the mechanisms for innate and adaptive leukocyte localization to the intestinal tract and GALT, and discuss their relevance to human intestinal homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Linh P Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Husein Hadeiba
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, California; Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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10
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Hua S, Marks E, Schneider JJ, Keely S. Advances in oral nano-delivery systems for colon targeted drug delivery in inflammatory bowel disease: selective targeting to diseased versus healthy tissue. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1117-32. [PMID: 25784453 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colon targeted drug delivery is an active area of research for local diseases affecting the colon, as it improves the efficacy of therapeutics and enables localized treatment, which reduces systemic toxicity. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to the colon is particularly advantageous for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Advances in oral drug delivery design have significantly improved the bioavailability of drugs to the colon; however in order for a drug to have therapeutic efficacy during disease, considerations must be made for the altered physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that is associated with GI inflammation. Nanotechnology has been used in oral dosage formulation design as strategies to further enhance uptake into diseased tissue within the colon. This review will describe some of the physiological challenges faced by orally administered delivery systems in IBD, the important developments in orally administered nano-delivery systems for colon targeting, and the future advances of this research. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) poses a significant problem for a large number of patients worldwide. Current medical therapy mostly aims at suppressing the active inflammatory episodes. In this review article, the authors described and discussed the various approaches current nano-delivery systems can offer in overcoming the limitations of conventional drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ellen Marks
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Schneider
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Gastrointestinal Research Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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11
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Hua S. Orally administered liposomal formulations for colon targeted drug delivery. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24959147 PMCID: PMC4050429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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12
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Ellinghaus D, Zhang H, Zeissig S, Lipinski S, Till A, Jiang T, Stade B, Bromberg Y, Ellinghaus E, Keller A, Rivas MA, Skieceviciene J, Doncheva NT, Liu X, Liu Q, Jiang F, Forster M, Mayr G, Albrecht M, Häsler R, Boehm BO, Goodall J, Berzuini CR, Lee J, Andersen V, Vogel U, Kupcinskas L, Kayser M, Krawczak M, Nikolaus S, Weersma RK, Ponsioen CY, Sans M, Wijmenga C, Strachan DP, McArdle WL, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P, Sanderson JD, Mathew CG, Vatn MH, Wang J, Nöthen MM, Duerr RH, Büning C, Brand S, Glas J, Winkelmann J, Illig T, Latiano A, Annese V, Halfvarson J, D’Amato M, Daly MJ, Nothnagel M, Karlsen TH, Subramani S, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S, Parkes M, Franke A. Association between variants of PRDM1 and NDP52 and Crohn's disease, based on exome sequencing and functional studies. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:339-47. [PMID: 23624108 PMCID: PMC3753067 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 140 Crohn's disease (CD) susceptibility loci. For most loci, the variants that cause disease are not known and the genes affected by these variants have not been identified. We aimed to identify variants that cause CD through detailed sequencing, genetic association, expression, and functional studies. METHODS We sequenced whole exomes of 42 unrelated subjects with CD and 5 healthy subjects (controls) and then filtered single nucleotide variants by incorporating association results from meta-analyses of CD GWAS and in silico mutation effect prediction algorithms. We then genotyped 9348 subjects with CD, 2868 subjects with ulcerative colitis, and 14,567 control subjects and associated variants analyzed in functional studies using materials from subjects and controls and in vitro model systems. RESULTS We identified rare missense mutations in PR domain-containing 1 (PRDM1) and associated these with CD. These mutations increased proliferation of T cells and secretion of cytokines on activation and increased expression of the adhesion molecule L-selectin. A common CD risk allele, identified in GWAS, correlated with reduced expression of PRDM1 in ileal biopsy specimens and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (combined P = 1.6 × 10(-8)). We identified an association between CD and a common missense variant, Val248Ala, in nuclear domain 10 protein 52 (NDP52) (P = 4.83 × 10(-9)). We found that this variant impairs the regulatory functions of NDP52 to inhibit nuclear factor κB activation of genes that regulate inflammation and affect the stability of proteins in Toll-like receptor pathways. CONCLUSIONS We have extended the results of GWAS and provide evidence that variants in PRDM1 and NDP52 determine susceptibility to CD. PRDM1 maps adjacent to a CD interval identified in GWAS and encodes a transcription factor expressed by T and B cells. NDP52 is an adaptor protein that functions in selective autophagy of intracellular bacteria and signaling molecules, supporting the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hu Zhang
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology & State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego & San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Björn Stade
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New York, USA
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jurgita Skieceviciene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mayr
- Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mario Albrecht
- Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm and Center of Excellence “Metabolic Disorders” Baden-Württemberg, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jane Goodall
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo R Berzuini
- Statistical Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Lee
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Viborg Regional Hospital, Medical Department, Viborg, Denmark
- Aabenraa SHS, Medical Department, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Limas Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- PopGen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanna Nikolaus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Sans
- Service of Digestive Diseases, Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Laboratory, Department of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Division of Gastroenterology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Rutgeerts
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Division of Gastroenterology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeremy D Sanderson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Morten H Vatn
- Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Medical Department, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard H Duerr
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carsten Büning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Glas
- Department of Medicine II - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, MRI, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Departement of Neurology, MRI, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Latiano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza (IRCCS-CSS) Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Vito Annese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza (IRCCS-CSS) Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) Careggi, Unit of Gastroenterology SOD2, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Örebro University Hospital and School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark J Daly
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Nothnagel
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego & San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Miles Parkes
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Tu Z, Lin YN, Lin CH. Development of fucosyltransferase and fucosidase inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4459-75. [PMID: 23588106 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
L-Fucose-containing glycoconjugates are essential for a myriad of physiological and pathological activities, such as inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, tumor metastasis, and genetic disorders. Fucosyltransferases and fucosidases, the main enzymes involved in the incorporation and cleavage of L-fucose residues, respectively, represent captivating targets for therapeutic treatment and diagnosis. We herein review the important breakthroughs in the development of fucosyltransferase and fucosidase inhibitors. To demonstrate how the synthesized small molecules interact with the target enzymes, i.e. delineation of the structure-activity relationship, we cover the reaction mechanisms and resolved X-ray crystal structures, discuss how this information guides the design of enzyme inhibitors, and explain how the molecules were optimized to achieve satisfying potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Van Rees EP, Palmen MJ, Van De Goot FR, Macher BA, Dieleman LA. Leukocyte migration in experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 6:85-93. [PMID: 18472841 PMCID: PMC2365857 DOI: 10.1080/09629359791776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emigration of leukocytes from the circulation into tissue by transendothelial migration, is mediated subsequently by adhesion molecules such as selectins, chemokines and integrins. This multistep paradigm, with multiple molecular choices at each step, provides a diversity in signals. The influx of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes into inflamed tissue is important in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The importance of each of these groups of adhesion molecules in chronic inflammatory bowel disease, either in human disease or in animal models, will be discussed below. Furthermore, the possibilities of blocking these different steps in the process of leukocyte extravasation in an attempt to prevent further tissue damage, will be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Van Rees
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine Vrije Universiteit Van der Boechorststraat 7 Amsterdam 1081 BT The Netherlands
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15
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Two distinct lymphocyte homing systems involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:401-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Fujiwara M, Kobayashi M, Hoshino H, Uchimura K, Nakada T, Masumoto J, Sakai Y, Fukuda M, Nakayama J. Expression of long-form N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase 1 in human high endothelial venules. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:397-407. [PMID: 22260995 PMCID: PMC3351234 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412437613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two members of the N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) family, GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2, function in the biosynthesis of 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X-capped glycoproteins expressed on high endothelial venules (HEVs) in secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, both enzymes play a critical role in L-selectin-expressing lymphocyte homing. Human GlcNAc6ST-1 is encoded by a 1593-bp open reading frame exhibiting two 5' in-frame methionine codons spaced 141 bp apart. Both resemble the consensus sequence for translation initiation. Thus, it has been hypothesized that both long and short forms of GlcNAc6ST-1 may be present, although endogenous expression of either form has not been confirmed in humans. Here, the authors developed an antibody recognizing amino acid residues between the first two human GlcNAc6ST-1 methionines. This antibody specifically recognizes the long form of the enzyme, a finding validated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence cytochemistry of HeLa cells misexpressing long and/or short forms of human GlcNAc6ST-1. Using this antibody, the authors carried out immunofluorescence histochemistry of human lymph node tissue sections and found endogenous expression of the long form of the enzyme in human tissue, predominantly in the trans-Golgi network of endothelial cells that form HEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Fujiwara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory diseases of mucosal tissues that affect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, respectively. They share many similarities in epidemiological and clinical characteristics, as well as in inflammatory pathologies. Importantly, both conditions are accompanied by systemic comorbidities that are largely overlooked in both basic and clinical research. Therefore, consideration of these complications may maximize the efficacy of prevention and treatment approaches. Here, we examine both the intestinal involvement in COPD and the pulmonary manifestations of IBD. We also review the evidence for inflammatory organ cross-talk that may drive these associations, and discuss the current frontiers of research into these issues.
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18
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Suzuki A, Kobayashi M, Matsuda K, Matsumoto T, Kawakubo M, Kumazawa S, Koide N, Miyagawa S, Ota H. Induction of high endothelial venule-like vessels expressing GlcNAc6ST-1-mediated L-selectin ligand carbohydrate and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) in a mouse model of "Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii"-induced gastritis and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Helicobacter 2010; 15:538-48. [PMID: 21073611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii" induce chronic gastritis, which eventually leads to gastric B-cell type mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. This study was performed using an animal model of infection with "Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii" to elucidate how this chronic inflammation is induced or maintained. MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with the "Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii" isolate SH4. The animals were examined at 8, 26, 54, and 83 weeks after the infection. The stomach of the animals was resected and immunostained for peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1), "Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii," and CD45R/B220. An in vitro binding assay with L- and E-selectin·IgM chimeric proteins was performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate transcripts of N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferases (GlcNAc6STs), which direct the expression of the PNAd and MAdCAM-1. RESULTS Chronic gastritis developed in the infected animals, and its severity increased with the duration of the infection. B-cell type MALT lymphoma developed in some animals at 54 and 83 weeks after infection. PNAd- and MAdCAM-1-expressing high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels were induced in infected animals which developed chronic gastritis and MALT lymphoma. The number of HEV-like vessels increased as chronic inflammation progressed. The induced HEV-like vessels were bound by L- and E-selectin·IgM chimeric protein. mRNA expressions of GlcNAc6ST-1 and MAdCAM-1 increased in the infected animals. CONCLUSIONS HEV-like vessels expressing GlcNAc6ST-1-mediated L-selectin ligand carbohydrate and MAdCAM-1 may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of "Candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii"-induced chronic gastritis and MALT lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Female
- Gastric Mucosa/immunology
- Gastric Mucosa/microbiology
- Gastritis/etiology
- Gastritis/genetics
- Gastritis/immunology
- Gastritis/microbiology
- Gene Expression
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter heilmannii/immunology
- Helicobacter heilmannii/physiology
- Humans
- L-Selectin/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mucoproteins
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- Sulfotransferases/immunology
- Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
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Kessler S, Rho H, West G, Fiocchi C, Drazba J, de la Motte C. Hyaluronan (HA) deposition precedes and promotes leukocyte recruitment in intestinal inflammation. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 1:57-61. [PMID: 20443819 PMCID: PMC5439585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2008.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased hyaluronan (HA) deposition is a common feature of inflamed tissues, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-involved intestines. However, whether HA accumulation promotes or is the result of intestinal inflammation is unknown. Using the mouse dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental model of colitis, we investigated changes in HA deposition in the colon over time in conjunction with evolving pathological changes of tissue architecture. Profound changes in colon HA deposition occurred within 3-7 days of oral DSS administration and, more important, they preceded the inflammatory infiltrate. Interestingly, HA deposition within blood vessels of the colon is observed as early as 3 days during the course of colitis induction, well before any significant inflammatory infiltrate. HA deposition is also observed in blood vessels of inflamed human colon of IBD patients. We determined that human intestinal endothelial cells generate HA in response to proinflammatory stimuli by demonstrating a TNF-alpha-induced increase in hyaluronan synthase-3 mRNA expression and the accumulation of HA cable-like structures that are adhesive for leukocytes. Additionally, IBD mucosal endothelial cells produce higher levels of cell surface HA in response to TNF-alpha than non-IBD control cells. Therefore, HA deposition is an early event in inflamed gut tissue, preceding and likely promoting leukocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Kessler
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, NC2, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500-Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hall LJ, Clare S, Dougan G. Probing local innate immune responses after mucosal immunisation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2010; 8:5. [PMID: 20836885 PMCID: PMC2945349 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Intranasal immunisation is potentially a very effective route for inducing both mucosal and systemic immunity to an infectious agent. Methods Balb/c mice were intranasally immunised with the mucosal adjuvant heat labile toxin and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein Ag85B-ESAT6 and early changes in innate immune responses within local mucosal tissues were examined using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were also evaluated. Results Intranasal immunisation induced significant changes in both number and distribution of dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils within the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and cervical lymph nodes in comparison to controls as early as 5 h post immunisation. Immunisation also resulted in a rapid and transient increase in activation marker expression first in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, and then in the cervical lymph nodes. This heightened activation status was also apparent from the pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles of these innate populations. In addition we also showed increased expression and distribution of a number of different cell adhesion molecules early after intranasal immunisation within these lymphoid tissues. These observed early changes correlated with the induction of a TH1 type immune response. Conclusions These data provide insights into the complex nature of innate immune responses induced following intranasal immunisation within the upper respiratory tract, and may help clarify the concepts and provide the tools that are needed to exploit the full potential of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Hall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Kobayashi M, Nakayama J. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Carbohydrate Antigens in Chronic Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Diseases. Methods Enzymol 2010; 479:271-89. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)79016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Kobayashi M, Fukuda M, Nakayama J. Role of sulfated O-glycans expressed by high endothelial venule-like vessels in pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:774-9. [PMID: 19420741 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is mediated by a cascade of adhesive interactions between circulating lymphocytes and specialized endothelial cells comprising high endothelial venules (HEVs). Sulfated O-glycans expressed on HEVs, collectively called peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd), interact with L-selectin expressed on lymphocytes, contributing to the initial step of the lymphocyte homing. In chronic inflammatory states, PNAd is induced on HEV-like vessels but absent in non-lymphoid tissues under normal conditions. Such HEV-like vessels have been observed in various chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lymphocytic thyroiditis, Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and implicated in lymphocyte recruitment in those diseases. In H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis, PNAd-expressing HEV-like vessels are induced, and the progression of chronic inflammation is highly correlated with appearance of these vessels. Furthermore, eradication of H. pylori by antibiotics resulted in disappearance of PNAd. These results indicate that inhibition of PNAd formation could have therapeutic effect by attenuating lymphocyte recruitment. In ulcerative colitis (UC), PNAd-expressing HEV-like vessels are induced, preferentially in the active phase, and T cells, particularly CD4(+) T cells, are closely associated with these vessels, suggesting that T cell recruitment via PNAd-expressing HEV-like vessels plays at least a partial role in UC pathogenesis. Additionally, N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (GlcNAc6ST-1) is suggested to be a candidate to regulate PNAd induction on HEV-like vessels in UC. These results provide a potential therapeutic strategy to treat UC by blocking T cell adhesion to PNAd-expressing HEV-like vessels. Inhibition or down-regulation of GlcNAc6ST-1 may be an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Polymorphism in ICAM-1, PECAM-1, E-selectin, and L-selectin genes in Tunisian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21:167-75. [PMID: 19212205 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e32830e6fc8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic intestinal disorders characterized by immune dysregulation and leukocytes recruitment into gastrointestinal tract. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) mediate the extravasation of leukocytes and their accumulation in inflamed intestinal mucosa. Recently, CAM genes have been implicated in determining susceptibility to UC and CD. We investigate seven mutations in CAM: G241R and K469E in ICAM-1, V125L in PECAM-1, G98T, S128R, and L554F in E-selectin and F206L in L-selectin in 197 Tunisian patients (73 with UC and 124 with CD) and 194 controls. These polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers and restriction enzyme analysis. RESULTS A significant increase in allele frequencies of 206L of L-selectin and the associated genotype F/L was observed in both patients with UC and CD compared with controls. Subgroup analysis showed that the L206 allele and F/L206 genotype frequencies were significantly increased in UC patients with left-sided type; whereas, the F/L206 genotype was significant in CD patients with ileocolonic location and stricturing behavior compared with controls. No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were observed for ICAM-1 K469E, E-selectin, and PECAM-1 polymorphisms between UC patients, CD patients, and controls. CONCLUSION We found an association of inflammatory bowel disease with allele L206 of L-selectin gene, whereas genotype L/F was associated with a subgroup of UC (left-sided type) and CD patients with more extensive location of disease and stricturing behavior. However, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Binion DG, Rafiee P. Is inflammatory bowel disease a vascular disease? Targeting angiogenesis improves chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:400-3. [PMID: 19111728 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Kobayashi M, Lee H, Nakayama J, Fukuda M. Roles of gastric mucin-type O-glycans in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Glycobiology 2009; 19:453-61. [PMID: 19150806 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects over 50% of the world's population. This organism causes various gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. H. pylori possesses lipopolysaccharides that share structural similarity to Lewis blood group antigens in gastric mucosa. Such antigenic mimicry could result in immune tolerance against antigens of this pathogen. On the other hand, H. pylori colonizes gastric mucosa by utilizing adhesins that bind Lewis blood group antigen-related carbohydrates expressed on gastric epithelial cells. After colonization, H. pylori induces acute inflammatory responses mainly by neutrophils. This acute phase is gradually replaced by a chronic inflammatory response. In chronic gastritis, lymphocytes infiltrate the lamina propria, and such infiltration is facilitated by the interaction between L-selectin on lymphocytes and peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd), which contains 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X-capped O-glycans, on high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels. H. pylori barely colonizes gland mucous cell-derived mucin where alpha1,4-GlcNAc-capped O-glycans exist. In vitro experiments show that alpha1,4-GlcNAc-capped O-glycans function as a natural antibiotic to inhibit H. pylori growth. These findings show that distinct sets of carbohydrates expressed in the stomach are closely associated with pathogenesis and prevention of H. pylori-related diseases, providing therapeutic potentialities based on specific carbohydrate modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Kobayashi M, Lee H, Nakayama J, Fukuda M. Carbohydrate-dependent defense mechanisms against Helicobacter pylori infection. Curr Drug Metab 2009; 10:29-40. [PMID: 19149511 PMCID: PMC2666621 DOI: 10.2174/138920009787048428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects over 50% of the world's population. This organism causes various gastric diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. H. pylori possesses lipopolysaccharide, which shares structural similarity to Lewis blood group antigens in gastric mucosa. Such antigenic mimicry could result in immune tolerance against antigens of this pathogen. On the other hand, H. pylori colonize gastric mucosa by utilizing adhesins, which bind Lewis blood group antigen-related carbohydrates expressed on gastric epithelial cells. In chronic gastritis, lymphocytes infiltrate the lamina propria, and such infiltration is facilitated by 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X-capped O-glycans, peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd), on high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels. The number of HEV-like vessels increases as chronic inflammation progresses. Furthermore, PNAd formed on HEV-like vessels disappear once H. pylori is eradicated. These results indicate that PNAd plays an important role in H. pylori-associated inflammation. H. pylori barely colonizes gland mucous cell-derived mucin where alpha1,4-GlcNAc-capped O-glycans exist. In vitro experiments show that alpha1,4-GlcNAc-capped O-glycans function as a natural antibiotic to inhibit H. pylori growth. We recently identified cholesterol alpha-glucosyltransferase (CHLalphaGcT) using an expression cloning strategy and showed that this enzyme is specifically inhibited by mucin-type O-glycans like those present in deeper portions of the gastric mucosa. These findings show that a battery of carbohydrates expressed in the stomach is closely associated with pathogenesis and also prevention of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Rivera-Nieves J, Gorfu G, Ley K. Leukocyte adhesion molecules in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1715-35. [PMID: 18523998 PMCID: PMC2733908 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulated recruitment of leukocytes into the intestine is required for the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several families of molecules regulate the influx of these cells into sites of inflammation. Interference with some of these molecules has already shown efficacy in the clinics and antibodies that target the molecules involved have been approved by the FDA for use in Crohn's disease (CD), multiple sclerosis (i.e., natalizumab), and psoriasis (i.e., efalizumab). Here, we discuss basic aspects of the different families of relevant molecules and compile a large body of preclinical studies that supported the targeting of specific steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade for therapeutic purposes in colitis and in novel models of CD-like ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver Colorado 80206,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Jesus Rivera-Nieves, Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Biochemistry Research Building Room 742A, 4200 E. 9th Ave SE, B146, Denver, CO 80206, e-mail address:
| | - Gezahegn Gorfu
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Deban L, Correale C, Vetrano S, Malesci A, Danese S. Multiple pathogenic roles of microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease: a Jack of all trades. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1457-66. [PMID: 18458096 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is still largely unknown. However, it is now clear that the abnormalities underlying pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation are not restricted to those mediated by classic immune cells but also involve nonimmune cells. In particular, advances in vascular biology have outlined a central and multifaceted pathogenic role for the microcirculation in the initiation and perpetuation of IBD. The microcirculation and its endothelial lining play a crucial role in mucosal immune homeostasis through tight regulation of the nature and magnitude of leukocyte migration from the intravascular to the interstitial space. Chronically inflamed IBD microvessels display significant alterations in microvascular physiology and function compared with vessels from healthy and uninvolved IBD intestine. The investigation into human IBD has demonstrated how endothelial activation present in chronically inflamed IBD microvessels results in a functional phenotype that also includes leakiness, chemokine and cytokine expression, procoagulant activity, and angiogenesis. This review contemplates the newly uncovered contribution of intestinal microcirculation to pathogenesis and maintenance of chronic intestinal inflammation. In particular, we assess the multiple roles of the microvascular endothelium in innate immunity, leukocyte recruitment, coagulation and perfusion, and immune-driven angiogenesis in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livija Deban
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas-IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Viale Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Deban L, Correale C, Vetrano S, Malesci A, Danese S. Multiple pathogenic roles of microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease: a Jack of all trades. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18458096 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is still largely unknown. However, it is now clear that the abnormalities underlying pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation are not restricted to those mediated by classic immune cells but also involve nonimmune cells. In particular, advances in vascular biology have outlined a central and multifaceted pathogenic role for the microcirculation in the initiation and perpetuation of IBD. The microcirculation and its endothelial lining play a crucial role in mucosal immune homeostasis through tight regulation of the nature and magnitude of leukocyte migration from the intravascular to the interstitial space. Chronically inflamed IBD microvessels display significant alterations in microvascular physiology and function compared with vessels from healthy and uninvolved IBD intestine. The investigation into human IBD has demonstrated how endothelial activation present in chronically inflamed IBD microvessels results in a functional phenotype that also includes leakiness, chemokine and cytokine expression, procoagulant activity, and angiogenesis. This review contemplates the newly uncovered contribution of intestinal microcirculation to pathogenesis and maintenance of chronic intestinal inflammation. In particular, we assess the multiple roles of the microvascular endothelium in innate immunity, leukocyte recruitment, coagulation and perfusion, and immune-driven angiogenesis in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livija Deban
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas-IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Viale Manzoni, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Kogan AN, von Andrian UH. Lymphocyte Trafficking. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Suzawa K, Kobayashi M, Sakai Y, Hoshino H, Watanabe M, Harada O, Ohtani H, Fukuda M, Nakayama J. Preferential induction of peripheral lymph node addressin on high endothelial venule-like vessels in the active phase of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:1499-509. [PMID: 17459027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the colonic mucosa with ulcerative colitis (UC), it has been suggested that L-selectin-peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) interaction plays a role in lymphocyte recruitment, which requires PNAd induction on high endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels. The present study was undertaken to elucidate how these HEV-like vessels participate in the pathogenesis of UC and also to determine whether the presence of such vessels is correlated with clinical outcomes. METHODS Biopsy specimens composed of active (N = 32) and remission (N = 12) phases of UC were subjected to immunohistochemistry for CD34, MECA-79, and HECA-452, and the immunostained sections were quantitatively analyzed. An in vitro binding assay with L-selectin*IgM chimeric protein was carried out to determine whether PNAd on HEV-like vessels formed in UC functions as an L-selectin ligand. RT-PCR was carried out to determine which enzyme is upregulated for PNAd biosynthesis on HEV-like vessels induced in the active phase of UC. Triple immunostaining for MECA-79 together with CD3 and CD20/CD79alpha, CD4 and CD8, or CXCR3 and ST2L was carried out to determine which lymphocyte population closely associates with these vessels. RESULTS PNAd-expressing HEV-like vessels were preferentially induced in the active phase of UC with increased transcription of the gene encoding N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST)-1, which directs expression of the MECA-79 epitope. Moreover, T cells, particularly CD4(+) T cells, were more closely associated with these HEV-like vessels than B cells. CONCLUSIONS T-cell recruitment via PNAd-expressing HEV-like vessels induced by expression of GlcNAc6ST-1 may play a role in UC pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Biopsy
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/blood supply
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- L-Selectin
- Lignans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
- Venules/metabolism
- Venules/pathology
- Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suzawa
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Hiraoka N, Petryniak B, Kawashima H, Mitoma J, Akama TO, Fukuda MN, Lowe JB, Fukuda M. Significant decrease in alpha1,3-linked fucose in association with increase in 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine in peripheral lymph node addressin of FucT-VII-deficient mice exhibiting diminished lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 2007; 17:277-93. [PMID: 17172261 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is mediated by binding of L-selectin on lymphocytes with L-selectin ligands present on high-endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes. L-selectin ligands are specific O-linked carbohydrates, 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X, composed of sialylated, fucosylated, and sulfated glycans. Abrogation of fucosyltransferase-VII (FucT-VII) results in almost complete loss of lymphocyte homing, but structural analysis of carbohydrates has not been carried out on FucT-VII null mice. To determine whether functional losses seen in FucT-VII null mice are caused by structural changes in carbohydrates, we elucidated the carbohydrate structure of GlyCAM-1, a major L-selectin counter-receptor. Our results show that most alpha1,3-fucosylated structures in 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X are absent and 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine is increased in the mutant mice. Surprisingly, the amount of 6'-sulfated galactose (Gal) that bound to Sumbucus nigra agglutinin column was also increased. We found that structures of those oligosaccharides containing 6'-sulfated Gal are almost identical to those synthesized by keratan sulfate sulfotransferase (KSST). We then showed that overexpression of KSST suppresses the expression of sialyl Lewis X on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express sialyl Lewis X. Moreover, KSST expression in those cells suppressed lymphocyte rolling compared with mock-transfected CHO cells expressing 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X. 6'-Sulfo sialyl Lewis X can neither be found in GlyCAM-1 from CHO cells expressing both KSST and FucT-VII nor be found in GlyCAM-1 from HEV of mice. These results combined together suggest that KSST competes with FucT-VII for the same acceptor substrate and downregulates the synthesis of L-selectin ligand by inhibiting alpha1,3-fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Hatoum OA, Heidemann J, Binion DG. The intestinal microvasculature as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1072:78-97. [PMID: 17057192 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1326.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a complex biologic process which involves immune as well as non-immune cells including the microvasculature and its endothelial lining. Growing evidence suggests that the microvasculature plays an integral role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). The microvasculature contributes to chronic inflammation through altered leukocyte recruitment, impaired perfusion, and angiogenesis leading to tissue remodeling. These diverse areas of IBD microvascular biology represent therapeutic targets that are currently undergoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama A Hatoum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Rivera-Nieves J, Ho J, Bamias G, Ivashkina N, Ley K, Oppermann M, Cominelli F. Antibody blockade of CCL25/CCR9 ameliorates early but not late chronic murine ileitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1518-29. [PMID: 17101325 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CCL25 mediates the homeostatic recruitment of CCR9-expressing lymphocytes to the small intestine, but the function of this chemokine/receptor pair during chronic small intestinal inflammation has yet to be determined. Furthermore, although clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of targeting the CCL25/CCR9 axis for the treatment of Crohn's disease are being conducted, preclinical data in animal models of IBD are lacking. METHODS In the current studies, we investigated the expression of CCL25 and CCR9 as a function of disease progression in a spontaneous murine model of chronic ileitis (SAMP1/YitFc) using flow cytometry, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we assessed the functional role of the axis in the overall disease process through therapeutic studies that target the chemokine or the receptor during early and late disease. RESULTS The percentage of CCR9-expressing lymphocytes increased during early disease, accompanied by the appearance of a population of CCR9(high) lymphocytes, predominantly within CD8(+) T cells. Yet different from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, the expression of CCL25 remained restricted to the small intestine, even in mice with inflammation of the biliary tree. Neutralization of the receptor or the chemokine attenuated early disease but showed no therapeutic efficacy during the later stages, when overall CCR9 expression decreased and the CCR9(high) population was absent. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that the role of this chemokine axis is not limited to homeostatic recruitment, as previously believed. However, these molecules appear to play their most crucial role during the early stages of chronic murine ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Digestive Health Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Abstract
Lymphocytes continuously migrate from the blood into the intestine. Naive lymphocytes leave the blood through high endothelial venules in Peyer's patches. During the multistep extravasation cascade, they sequentially roll on, firmly adhere to, and transmigrate through the endothelial layer using multiple adhesion molecules and chemotactic signals. In the organized lymphoid tissues of the gut, lymphocytes can become activated, if they meet their cognate antigens transported to Peyer's patches through the gut epithelium. During activation and proliferation, the lymphocytes become imprinted by the local dendritic cells, so that after returning to systemic circulation via the efferent lymphatic vasculature, they preferentially home to lamina propria of the gut to execute their effector functions. In inflammation, the recirculation routes of lymphocytes are altered, and these may explain the pathogenesis of certain extra-intestinal manifestations of gut infections and inflammatory bowel diseases. The increased knowledge on the mechanisms that regulate lymphocyte homing and imprinting has clear applicability in designing more effective vaccination regimens. A detailed understanding of the mucosal homing has recently led to the development of the first successful anti-adhesive therapeutics in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Salmi
- National Public Health Institute Turku, MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
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Middleton J, Americh L, Gayon R, Julien D, Mansat M, Mansat P, Anract P, Cantagrel A, Cattan P, Reimund JM, Aguilar L, Amalric F, Girard JP. A comparative study of endothelial cell markers expressed in chronically inflamed human tissues: MECA-79, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines, von Willebrand factor, CD31, CD34, CD105 and CD146. J Pathol 2005; 206:260-8. [PMID: 15887283 DOI: 10.1002/path.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play a central role in chronic inflammation: for example, they express adhesion molecules and present chemokines leading to enhanced leukocyte recruitment into tissues. Numerous markers of endothelial cells have been reported but there has been a lack of comparative data on their specificity. The present study compared the specificity of seven endothelial cell markers in the rheumatoid synovium and the colon of patients with Crohn's disease. These markers were: the sulphated epitope MECA-79, the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), von Willebrand factor, CD31 (PECAM-1), CD34, CD105 (endoglin) and CD146. MECA-79, DARC and von Willebrand factor showed a specific endothelial cell distribution. MECA-79, which recognizes sulphated ligands for leukocyte adhesion receptor L-selectin (CD62L), was selective for a subset of venules in highly inflamed tissue and was present in rheumatoid but not control osteoarthritic synovia. DARC was also specific for venules but had a more widespread distribution than MECA-79, and was present in rheumatoid and control synovia. The other markers all labelled endothelial cells in venules, arterioles and capillaries. However, they also localized to other cell types. For example, CD34 stained fibroblasts, CD146 was expressed by the pericytes and smooth muscle cells of vessel walls and CD31 and CD105 labelled a broad range of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Middleton
- Endocube S.A.S., Prologue Biotech-BP-700, Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31319 Labege Cedex, France.
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Dube DH, Bertozzi CR. Glycans in cancer and inflammation--potential for therapeutics and diagnostics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:477-88. [PMID: 15931257 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1242] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in glycosylation are often a hallmark of disease states. For example, cancer cells frequently display glycans at different levels or with fundamentally different structures than those observed on normal cells. This phenomenon was first described in the early 1970s, but the molecular details underlying such transformations were poorly understood. In the past decade advances in genomics, proteomics and mass spectrometry have enabled the association of specific glycan structures with disease states. In some cases, the functional significance of disease-associated changes in glycosylation has been revealed. This review highlights changes in glycosylation associated with cancer and chronic inflammation and new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies that are based on the underlying glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle H Dube
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Habtezion A, Toivola DM, Butcher EC, Omary MB. Keratin-8-deficient mice develop chronic spontaneous Th2 colitis amenable to antibiotic treatment. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1971-80. [PMID: 15840656 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) is the major intermediate filament protein present in intestinal epithelia. Depending on the mouse genetic background, absence of K8 causes embryonic lethality or colonic hyperplasia and colitis. We studied disease progression, the inflammatory responses, and role of luminal bacteria in K8-null mice in order to characterize the intestinal pathology of K8-associated colitis. Colon lymphocytes were isolated for analysis of their phenotype and cytokine production, and vascular and lymphocyte adhesion molecule expression in K8-/- mice of varying ages. K8-/- mice had a marked increase in TCR(beta)-positive/CD4-positive T cells infiltrating the colon lamina propria, in association with enhanced Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) production. K8-/- mice show early signs of inflammation even prior to weaning, that increases with age, and their epithelial cells overexpress MHC class II antigens. The chronic colitis is related to increased CD4-positive infiltrating T cells displaying memory and naive phenotypes, and an altered vascular endothelium with aberrant expression of peripheral node addressin. Analysis of normal gut-specific homing molecules, reveals an increased number of alpha(4)beta(7)-positive cells and vascular mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 in K8-null colons. Antibiotic treatment markedly decreased colon inflammation and ion transporter AE1/2 mistargeting, indicating that luminal bacteria play an important role in the observed phenotype. Therefore, K8-null mice develop chronic spontaneous Th2-type colitis due to a primary epithelial rather than immune cell defect, which is amenable to antibiotic therapy. These mice provide a model to investigate epithelial-leukocyte and epithelial-microbial cross-talk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Colitis/genetics
- Colitis/immunology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation
- Integrins/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Ions
- Keratins/chemistry
- Keratins/genetics
- Keratins/physiology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Mucoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phenotype
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Habtezion
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, 3801 Miranda Avenue, 154J, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Hatoum OA, Binion DG. The vasculature and inflammatory bowel disease: contribution to pathogenesis and clinical pathology. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:304-13. [PMID: 15735437 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000160772.78951.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ossama A Hatoum
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Lymphocyte Homing: Chemokines and Adhesion Molecules in T cell and IgA Plasma Cell Localization in the Mucosal Immune System. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Systemic Manifestations of Mucosal Diseases: Trafficking of Gut Immune Cells to Joints and Liver. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kobayashi M, Mitoma J, Nakamura N, Katsuyama T, Nakayama J, Fukuda M. Induction of peripheral lymph node addressin in human gastric mucosa infected by Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17807-12. [PMID: 15591109 PMCID: PMC539746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407503101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects over half the world's population and is a leading cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. H. pylori infection results in chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, and progression of chronic inflammation leads to glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. However, how this chronic inflammation is induced or maintained is not well known. Here, we show that chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori infection is highly correlated with de novo synthesis of peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) presented on high-endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels. The number of HEV-like vessels dramatically increases as chronic inflammation progresses. We found that the PNAd is bound by L-selectin.IgM chimeric protein, and decorated by NCC-ST-439 antibody, which is suggested to recognize both nonsulfated and 6-sulfated sialyl Lewis X on core 2 branched O-glycans, and MECA-79 antibody, which reacts with 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine on extended core 1 O-glycans. These results indicate that PNAd on HEV-like vessels present in the gastric mucosa subsequent to H. pylori infection is similar to those on HEVs present in the secondary lymphoid organs, which are essential for lymphocyte circulation. Moreover, eradication of H. pylori is associated with the disappearance of HEV-like vessels in the gastric mucosa. By contrast, very few PNAd were found in the gastric mucosa of patients with chemical gastritis caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. These results strongly suggest that PNAd in HEV-like vessels plays a critical role in lymphocyte recruitment during chronic inflammation induced by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kobayashi
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Eksteen B, Grant AJ, Miles A, Curbishley SM, Lalor PF, Hübscher SG, Briskin M, Salmon M, Adams DH. Hepatic endothelial CCL25 mediates the recruitment of CCR9+ gut-homing lymphocytes to the liver in primary sclerosing cholangitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:1511-7. [PMID: 15557349 PMCID: PMC2211943 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic inflammatory liver disease characterized by progressive bile duct destruction, develops as an extra-intestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Chapman, R.W. 1991. Gut. 32:1433-1435). However, the liver and bowel inflammation are rarely concomitant, and PSC can develop in patients whose colons have been removed previously. We hypothesized that PSC is mediated by long-lived memory T cells originally activated in the gut, but able to mediate extra-intestinal inflammation in the absence of active IBD (Grant, A.J., P.F. Lalor, M. Salmi, S. Jalkanen, and D.H. Adams. 2002. Lancet. 359:150-157). In support of this, we show that liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in PSC include mucosal T cells recruited to the liver by aberrant expression of the gut-specific chemokine CCL25 that activates alpha4beta7 binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 on the hepatic endothelium. This is the first demonstration in humans that T cells activated in the gut can be recruited to an extra-intestinal site of disease and provides a paradigm to explain the pathogenesis of extra-intestinal complications of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertus Eksteen
- Liver Research Laboratories, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
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Kelsen J, Agnholt J, Falborg L, Nielsen JT, Rømer JL, Hoffmann HJ, Dahlerup JF. Indium-labelled human gut-derived T cells from healthy subjects with strong in vitro adhesion to MAdCAM-1 show no detectable homing to the gut in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138:66-74. [PMID: 15373907 PMCID: PMC1809189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha4beta 7 is the principal gut-homing receptor, and it is assumed that expression of this specific integrin directs lymphocytes to the gut in vivo. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may depend on the expression of integrin alpha4beta 7 to accomplish local delivery of intravenously injected regulatory T cells in inflamed gut mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate whether in vitro expanded human T cells from the colonic mucosa maintain integrin expression, show in vitro adhesion and retain in vivo gut-homing properties during cultivation. Whole colonic biopsies from healthy subjects were cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4. The integrin expression of the cultured T cells was determined by flow cytometry and in vitro adhesion was assessed in a mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) adhesion assay. We studied the homing pattern after autologous infusion of 3 x 10(8 111)Indium ((111)In)-labelled T cells in five healthy subjects using scintigraphic imaging. The cultured CD4(+)CD45RO(+) gut-derived T cells express higher levels of integrin alpha4beta 7 than peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and show strong adhesion to MAdCAM-1 in vitro, even after (111)In-labelling. Scintigraphic imaging, however, showed no gut-homing in vivo. After prolonged transit through the lungs, the T cells migrated preferentially to the spleen, liver and bone marrow. In conclusion, it is feasible to infuse autologous T cells cultured from the gut mucosa, which may be of interest in adoptive immunotherapy. Despite high expression of the gut-homing integrin alpha4beta 7 and adhesion to MAdCAM-1 in vitro, evaluation by (111)In-scintigraphy demonstrated no gut-homing in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kelsen
- Department of Medicine V, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Hiraoka N, Kawashima H, Petryniak B, Nakayama J, Mitoma J, Marth JD, Lowe JB, Fukuda M. Core 2 Branching β1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase and High Endothelial Venule-restricted Sulfotransferase Collaboratively Control Lymphocyte Homing. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:3058-67. [PMID: 14593101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311150200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L-selectin mediates lymphocyte homing by facilitating lymphocyte adhesion to carbohydrate ligands expressed on high endothelial venules (HEV) of the secondary lymphoid organs. Previous studies demonstrated that L-selectin ligand sulfotransferase (LSST) forms 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x (sLe(x)) on both core 2 branch and MECA-79-positive extended core 1 O-glycans, but the chemical nature and roles of HEV ligands elaborated by LSST and core 2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (Core2GlcNAcT) have been undefined. In the present study, we have generated mutant mice with deficient LSST and show that inactivation of LSST gene alone leads to only partial impairment of lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes and moderate reduction in lymphocyte counts in the peripheral lymph nodes, despite the fact that L-selectin ligands that contain 6-sulfo sLe(x) are reduced at HEV. By contrast, LSST/Core2GlcNAcT double null mice exhibited a markedly reduced lymphocyte homing and reduced lymphocyte counts as a result of significantly decreased 6-sulfo sLe(x) on HEV L-selectin counterreceptors, relative to LSST- or Core2GlcNAcT-single null mice. Moreover, induction of LSST and Core2GlcNAcT transcripts was observed in HEV-like structure formed in the salivary gland of the non-obese diabetic mouse, which displays chronic inflammation. These results indicate that LSST and Core2GlcNAcT cooperatively synthesize HEV-specific L-selectin ligands required for lymphocyte homing and suggest that LSST and Core2GlcNAcT play a critical role in lymphocyte trafficking during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Hatoum OA, Miura H, Binion DG. The vascular contribution in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H1791-6. [PMID: 14561675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00552.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Baekkevold ES, Roussigné M, Yamanaka T, Johansen FE, Jahnsen FL, Amalric F, Brandtzaeg P, Erard M, Haraldsen G, Girard JP. Molecular characterization of NF-HEV, a nuclear factor preferentially expressed in human high endothelial venules. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:69-79. [PMID: 12819012 PMCID: PMC1868188 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid tissue and lesions of chronic inflammation is directed by multi-step interactions between the circulating cells and the specialized endothelium of high endothelial venules (HEVs). In this study, we used the PCR-based method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify novel HEV genes by comparing freshly purified HEV endothelial cells (HEVECs) with nasal polyp-derived microvascular endothelial cells (PMECs). By this approach, we cloned the first nuclear factor preferentially expressed in HEVECs, designated nuclear factor from HEVs (NF-HEV). Virtual Northern and Western blot analyses showed strong expression of NF-HEV in HEVECs, compared to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and PMECs. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that NF-HEV mRNA and protein are expressed at high levels and rather selectively by HEVECs in human tonsils, Peyers's patches, and lymph nodes. The NF-HEV protein was found to contain a bipartite nuclear localization signal, and was targeted to the nucleus when ectopically expressed in HUVECs and HeLa cells. Furthermore, endogenous NF-HEV was found in situ to be confined to the nucleus of tonsillar HEVECs. Finally, threading and molecular modeling studies suggested that the amino-terminal part of NF-HEV (aa 1-60) corresponds to a novel homeodomain-like Helix-Turn-Helix (HTH) DNA-binding domain. Similarly to the atypical homeodomain transcription factor Prox-1, which plays a critical role in the induction of the lymphatic endothelium phenotype, NF-HEV may be one of the key nuclear factors that controls the specialized HEV phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen S Baekkevold
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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May E, Lambert C, Holtmeier W, Hennemann A, Zeitz M, Duchmann R. Regional variation of the alphabeta T cell repertoire in the colon of healthy individuals and patients with Crohn's disease. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:467-80. [PMID: 12039522 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clonally expanded T cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). To test the impact of CD on the regional distribution of expanded T cells, this study analyzed the T cell receptor beta (TCRB) repertoire within colonic biopsy specimens from 12 CD patients and 6 noninflammatory controls by TCR spectratyping. Migration characteristics of dominant CDR3 bands from different sites of the normal mucosa suggested focal, segmental, or ubiquitous spreading of individual expanded clones. Similar patterns were observed when inflamed and noninflamed areas of the colon of CD patients were compared, suggesting that regional expansion of T cells was more closely related to anatomic proximity than to local inflammatory activity. CDR3-sequence analysis of TCRBV12+ T cells, which were selectively expanded in the inflamed colon of 3 CD patients, failed to reveal a public CDR3 motif. Our data indicate the existence of distinct patterns of regional T cell expansions in the normal gut mucosa, which are not significantly disrupted by chronic intestinal inflammation. This does not exclude a pathogenic role of expanded T cells in CD through more subtle changes, but emphasizes the need to distinguish them from a discontinuous distribution of clonally expanded T cells in normal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard May
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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