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Franko A, Huypens P, Neschen S, Irmler M, Rozman J, Rathkolb B, Neff F, Prehn C, Dubois G, Baumann M, Massinger R, Gradinger D, Przemeck GKH, Repp B, Aichler M, Feuchtinger A, Schommers P, Stöhr O, Sanchez-Lasheras C, Adamski J, Peter A, Prokisch H, Beckers J, Walch AK, Fuchs H, Wolf E, Schubert M, Wiesner RJ, Hrabě de Angelis M. Bezafibrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Flexibility in STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:2540-52. [PMID: 27284107 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bezafibrate (BEZ), a pan activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has been generally used to treat hyperlipidemia for decades. Clinical trials with type 2 diabetes patients indicated that BEZ also has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, although the underlying mechanisms of these effects remain elusive. Even less is known about a potential role for BEZ in treating type 1 diabetes. Here we show that BEZ markedly improves hyperglycemia and glucose and insulin tolerance in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, an insulin-deficient mouse model of type 1 diabetes. BEZ treatment of STZ mice significantly suppressed the hepatic expression of genes that are annotated in inflammatory processes, whereas the expression of PPAR and insulin target gene transcripts was increased. Furthermore, BEZ-treated mice also exhibited improved metabolic flexibility as well as an enhanced mitochondrial mass and function in the liver. Finally, we show that the number of pancreatic islets and the area of insulin-positive cells tended to be higher in BEZ-treated mice. Our data suggest that BEZ may improve impaired glucose metabolism by augmenting hepatic mitochondrial performance, suppressing hepatic inflammatory pathways, and improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility. Thus, BEZ treatment might also be useful for patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Franko
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Huypens
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neschen
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Dubois
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Baumann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Massinger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gradinger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard K H Przemeck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Repp
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, Cologne, Germany Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Stöhr
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jerzy Adamski
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Axel K Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität-München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schubert
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Köln, Cologne, Germany Internal Medicine, SCIVIAS Hospital St. Josef, Rüdesheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Köln, Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Balendiran GK, Verma M, Perry E. Chemistory of Fibrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:311-316. [PMID: 34485047 DOI: 10.2174/187231307781662198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of the synthetic chemical clofibrate in 1962, various derivatives of fibrates with a diversity of chemical structures have been developed. Several of these are used clinically to treat dyslipidemia because they are generally effective in lowering elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Studies suggest that several biochemical mechanisms underlie fibrate-mediated modulation of lipoprotein and related metabolites. These mechanisms are: 1) induced lipoprotein lipolysis; 2) induced hepatic fatty acid uptake and reduced hepatic triglyceride formation; 3) amplified removal of low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles; 4) reduced neutral lipid (cholesteryl ester and triglyceride) exchange between very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) resulting from decreased plasma levels of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL); and 5) increased HDL production and stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies of structure-based inhibitor design strategy revealed that an independent enzyme, aldose reductase (AR), is a target of fibrate activity, an additional biochemical mechanism. AR has been implicated as a major player in the development of diabetes and diabetic complications because of its ability to catalyze the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. This article discusses various targets of fibrate action, biochemical pathways and commonalities in potential molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Elise Perry
- Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Birjmohun RS, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJP, Stroes ESG. Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:185-97. [PMID: 15653014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to estimate the efficacy and safety of current high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-increasing drugs. BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence has shown that HDL-C is inversely related to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. However, the evidence for reducing CHD risk by raising HDL-C is thin, predominantly due to the paucity of effective and safe HDL-increasing drugs. METHODS Randomized controlled trials with fibrates and niacin, published between 1966 through February 2004 (MEDLINE), were retrieved. Information on treatment, baseline characteristics, serum lipids, end points, and side-effects were independently abstracted by two authors using a standardized protocol. RESULTS Data from 53 trials (16,802 subjects) using fibrates and 30 trials (4,749 subjects) using niacin were included. Random-effects model showed 11% versus 10% reduction in total cholesterol, 36% versus 20% reduction in triglycerides, 8% versus 14% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 10% versus 16% increase in HDL-C for fibrates and niacin, respectively. Apart from flushes in the niacin group, both fibrates and niacin were shown to be well-tolerated and safe. Fibrates reduced the risk for major coronary events by 25% (95% confidence interval 10% to 38%), whereas current available data for niacin indicate a 27% reduction. CONCLUSIONS Fibrates reduce major coronary events and increase HDL-C levels without significant toxicity. Niacin has a more potent effect on HDL-C levels, whereas data on cardiovascular event rate reduction are limited. Future studies need to evaluate whether additional HDL increase by fibrates or particularly newer niacin formulations on top of statin therapy translates into further event reduction in high-risk subjects, without significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh S Birjmohun
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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