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Mažeikienė R, Niaura G, Malinauskas A. Raman spectroelectrochemical study of poly(N-methylaniline) at UV, blue, red, and NIR laser line excitations in solutions of different pH. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 274:121109. [PMID: 35286889 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on Raman spectroelectrochemistry of poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) layer deposited at a gold electrode was performed. Raman spectra were excited by four different laser wavelengths: UV line at 325 nm, a blue line at 442 nm, a red line at 633 nm, and a NIR line at 785 nm in solutions of different pH ranging from 1 to 9, and at different electrode potentials ranging from -0.5 V to 0.8 V. UV excitation reveals features characteristic for the reduced form of PNMA, even within the electrochemical potential range where oxidized forms of this polymer prevail. At a blue laser excitation, again, features of the reduced form are revealed, along with indications on the appearance of some kind of intermediate redox state within a definite potential window. Both red and NIR laser line excitations result in rich Raman features, disclosing all major redox forms as well as their interconversions by changing of electrode potential. The presence of polaronic form of PNMA even in pH-neutral and alkaline solutions has been disclosed. A detailed analysis of Raman vibrational bands is presented for different excitation wavelengths, different electrode potentials, and different solution acidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mažeikienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Niaura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Kim HM, Jeong JY, Kang SH, Jin HJ, Choi HJ. Dual Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Behaviors of Poly(N-methyl aniline) Coated ZnFe 2O 4 Composite Particles. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072677. [PMID: 35408004 PMCID: PMC9000578 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic/conducting polymeric hybrid core-shell typed zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4)/poly(N-methyl aniline) (PMA) particles were fabricated and adopted as electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) fluids, and their rheological properties were examined. Solvo-thermally synthesized ZnFe2O4 was coated with a conducting PMA through chemical oxidation polymerization. The size, shape, and chemical composition of the final core-shell shaped particles were scrutinized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The crystal faces of the particles before and after coating with PMA were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The ZnFe2O4/PMA products were suspended in silicone oil to investigate the rheological response to electro- or magnetic stimuli using a rotating rheometer. The shear stresses were analyzed using the CCJ equation. The dynamic yield stress curve was suitable for the conductivity mechanism with a slope of 1.5. When magnetic fields of various intensities were applied, the flow curve was analyzed using the Hershel–Bulkley equation, and the yield stresses had a slope of 1.5. Optical microscopy further showed that the particles dispersed in insulating medium form chain structures under electric and magnetic fields. Via this core-shell fabrication process, not only spherical conducting particles were obtained but also their dual ER and MR responses were demonstrated for their wide potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hyoung-Joon Jin
- Correspondence: (H.-J.J.); (H.J.C.); Tel.: +82-32-860-7486 (H.J.C.)
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Correspondence: (H.-J.J.); (H.J.C.); Tel.: +82-32-860-7486 (H.J.C.)
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Mažeikienė R, Niaura G, Malinauskas A. Poly(N-methylaniline) vs. polyaniline: An extended pH range of polaron stability as revealed by Raman spectroelectrochemistry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120140. [PMID: 34252739 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of polyaniline (PANI) and poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) has been performed by means of Raman spectroelectrochemical technique at 633 nm and 785 nm laser line excitations. The excitation wavelengths used fall into a resonance with the blue colored semi- and full-oxidized forms of these conducting polymers. The dependence of Raman features on electrode potential and solution acidity was studied, and relative content of polaronic and bipolaronic states was evaluated. In an acidic solution, the semioxidized emeraldine form of either PANI or PNMA exists in equilibrium between their polaronic and bipolaronic states. In a neutral or even slightly alkaline solution, this equilibrium for PANI shifts to bipolaron state, resulting in loss of its conductance. For PNMA, however, the relative content of polaron state appears high enough even in pH-neutral soulions, thus determining a higher conductivity of PNMA in pH-neutral environment as compared to that of PANI. A mechanistic interpretation for this, based on differences in the chemical structures of these polymers, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mažeikienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Niaura
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Karushev M, Smirnova E, Chepurnaya I. Nickel(II) Complex of N 4 Schiff Base Ligand as a Building Block for a Conducting Metallopolymer with Multiple Redox States. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092646. [PMID: 33946577 PMCID: PMC8124806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal–ligand interactions in monomeric and polymeric transition metal complexes of Schiff base ligands largely define their functional properties and perspective applications. In this study, redox behavior of a nickel(II) N4-anilinosalen complex, [NiAmben] (where H2Amben = N,N′-bis(o-aminobenzylidene)ethylenediamine) was studied by cyclic voltammetry in solvents of different Lewis basicity. A poly-[NiAmben] film electrochemically synthesized from a 1,2-dichloroethane-based electrolyte was investigated by a combination of cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, in situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, and in situ conductance measurements between −0.9 and 1.3 V vs. Ag/Ag+. The polymer displayed multistep redox processes involving reversible transfer of the total of ca. 1.6 electrons per repeat unit, electrical conductivity over a wide potential range, and multiple color changes in correlation with electrochemical processes. Performance advantages of poly-[NiAmben] over its nickel(II) N2O2 Schiff base analogue were identified and related to the increased number of accessible redox states in the polymer due to the higher extent of electronic communication between metal ions and ligand segments in the nickel(II) N4-anilinosalen system. The obtained results suggest that electrosynthesized poly-[NiAmben] films may be viable candidates for energy storage and saving applications.
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Eswaran M, Dhanusuraman R, Chokkiah B, Tsai PC, Wabaidur SM, Alothman ZA, Ponnusamy VK. Poly(diphenylamine) and its Nanohybrids for Chemicals and Biomolecules Analysis: A Review. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017999201215164018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
This is the first review on Poly(diphenylamine) and its nanohybrids which covers about 181
references demonstrating the brief discussion on the theoretical studies, chemical, electrochemical and other-phase
preparation techniques, polymerization and oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, physicochemical and
electrochemical properties along with electrochemical sensors and spectroscopic applications on the detection of
chemicals and biomolecules analysis applications.
Objective:
The main aim of this detailed report is merely to afford a survey of the literature existing on this
multifunctional conducting organic polymer (poly(diphenylamine)) that provokes a pathway to innovations and
discoveries in the near future claim its applications in multidisciplinary fields, especially in the detection of chemicals and
bio-molecules applications.
Methods:
We discussed the overall studies on poly(diphenylamine) and its various nanohybrids, including copolymers,
homopolymers, carbon-based, and metal/metal-oxide hybrids. The different synthesis methods of poly(diphenylamine)
such as chemical/electrochemical/mechano-chemical polymerization in terms of morphology and electrical conductivity
were briefly discussed.
Conclusion:
This review manuscript deliberates the various synthesis approaches and applications based on the
multifunctional conducting polymer poly(diphenylamine) and its nanohybrids. This review provides an outlook and
challenges ahead that ignites spotlight to innovations and discoveries in the near future claim its applications in multidisciplinary fields, particularly in electrochemical sensors and spectroscopic applications towards the detection of
chemicals and bio-molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusankar Eswaran
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Nano and Green Analytical Lab, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan
| | - Ragupathy Dhanusuraman
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Electrochemistry Lab, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal-609609, India
| | - Bavatharani Chokkiah
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Electrochemistry Lab, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, Karaikal-609609, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Nano and Green Analytical Lab, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan
| | - Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid Abdullah Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Nano and Green Analytical Lab, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City-807, Taiwan
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Baibarac M, Stroe M, Fejer SN. Vibrational and photoluminescence properties of polydiphenylamine doped with silicotungstic acid heteropolyanions and their composites with reduced graphene oxide. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Golba S, Starczewska O, Idzik K. Electrochemical and spectrophotometric properties of polymers based on derivatives of di- and triphenylamines as promising materials for electronic applications. Des Monomers Polym 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1078110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Golba
- Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Starczewska
- Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Idzik
- Department of Applied Geology, Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Kor K, Zarei K. Electrochemical determination of chloramphenicol on glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide–poly(diphenylamine). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Spectroelectrochemical studies of poly(N-methylaniline) formation, redox behaviour and degradation. A comparison with polyaniline. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Ilangeswaran D, Manisankar P. Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and electrochromic behavior of poly(4-aminodiphenylamine-co-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone). Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Smaranda I, Baibarac M, Baltog I, Mevellec J, Lefrant S. Spectroelectrochemical properties of the single walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with polydiphenylamine doped with heteropolyanions. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Electrochemical and chemical investigations of the co-polymers of 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with aromatic amines for their application in electrochromic devices. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Badawy WA, Ismail KM, Khalifa ZM, Medany SS. Poly(2-aminobiphenyl), preparation, characterization, mechanism, and kinetics of the electropolymerization process. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Thanjam S, Philips MF, Komathi S, Manisankar P, Sivakumar C, Gopalan A, Lee KP. Course of poly(4-aminodiphenylamine)/Ag nanocomposite formation through UV-vis spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:1256-1266. [PMID: 21636315 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of chemical oxidative polymerization of 4-aminodiphenylamine (4ADPA) was followed in aqueous 1 M p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as an oxidant by UV-vis spectroscopy. The medium was found to be clear and homogeneous during the course of polymerization. The absorbances corresponding to the intermediate and the polymer were followed for different concentrations of 4ADPA and AgNO3 and at different reaction time. The appearance of a band around 450 nm during the initial stages of polymerization corresponds to the plasmon resonance formed by the reduction of Ag+ ions. Rate of poly(4-aminodiphenylamine)/Ag nanocomposite (RP4ADPA/AgNC) was determined for various reaction conditions. R(P4ADP/AgNC) showed second order power dependence on 4ADPA and first order dependence on AgNO3. The observed order dependences of 4ADPA and AgNO3 on the formation of P4ADPA/AgNC were used to deduce a rate equation for the reaction. Rate constant for the reaction was determined through different approaches. The good agreement between the rate constants obtained through different approaches justifies the selection of rate equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlet Thanjam
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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15
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Mechanochemical preparation of polydiphenylamine and its electrochemical performance in hybrid supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Manisankar P, Ilangeswaran D. Electrochemical synthesis and spectroelectrochemical behavior of poly(diphenylamine-co-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone). Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Dong SJ, Song FY, Li Z. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of polydiphenylamine. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19920100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Malinauskas A, Holze R. In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical evidence of an EC mechanism in the electrooxidation of N-Methylaniline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971011210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Malinauskas A, Holze R. Electrocatalysis of the quinone/hydroquinone system by electrodes coated with substituted polyaniline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19961001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Schäffner B, Schäffner F, Verevkin SP, Börner A. Organic Carbonates as Solvents in Synthesis and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4554-81. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schäffner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94025
| | | | | | - Armin Börner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Sahin M, Özcan L, Özcan A, Usta B, Sahin Y, Pekmez K. The substituent effects on the structure and surface morphology of polyaniline. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Ozkan SZ, Bondarenko GN, Orlov AV, Karpacheva GP. Interfacial oxidative polymerization of phenothiazine. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090409050017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Brazdžiuvienė K, Jurevičiūtė I, Malinauskas A. Amperometric ascorbate sensor based on conducting polymer: Poly(N-methylaniline) versus polyaniline. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Sathiyanarayanan S, Muthukrishnan S, Venkatachari G. Synthesis and corrosion protection performance of polydiphenylamine. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Mažeikienė R, Niaura G, Malinauskas A. Electrochemical and in situ Raman spectroscopic study on the stability of poly(N-methylaniline). J Solid State Electrochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-006-0240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Yang CH, Liu SJ, Chang CC, Lin LY. Electrochromic devices based on copolymers of 3-Trimethoxysilanylpropyl-N-aniline-2,5-Dimethoxyaniline. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Electropolymerization of poly(N-ethyl aniline) on mild steel: Synthesis, characterization and corrosion protection. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Sayyah SM, Kamal SM, Abd El-Rehim SS. Electrochemical Polymerization of 2-Amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazole and Characterization of the Obtained Polymer. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/009140390916468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Lu X, Zheng J, Chao D, Chen J, Zhang W, Wei Y. Poly (N-methylaniline)/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites—Synthesis, characterization, and electrical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Santhosh P, Sivakumar C, Gopalan A, Vasudevan T, Wen TC. Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Conducting Poly(diphenylamine-co-2-methoxyaniline). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660500479536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Wei D, Lindfors T, Kvarnström C, Kronberg L, Sjöholm R, Ivaska A. Electrosynthesis and characterisation of poly(N-methylaniline) in organic solvents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Sayyah SM, EL-Deeb MM, Abdel-Rehim SS. ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION OF 2-AMINO-4-PHENYLTHIAZOLE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OBTAINED POLYMER FILMS. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030490502454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Premsingh S, Venkataramanan NS, Rajagopal S, Mirza SP, Vairamani M, Rao PS, Velavan K. Electron Transfer Reaction of Oxo(salen)chromium(V) Ion with Anilines. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:5744-53. [PMID: 15332827 DOI: 10.1021/ic049482w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of oxidation of 16 meta-, ortho-, and para-substituted anilines with nine oxo(salen)chromium(V) ions have been studied by spectrophotometric, ESIMS, and EPR techniques. During the course of the reaction, two new peaks with lambda(max) at 470 and 730 nm appear in the absorption spectrum, and these peaks are due to the formation of emeraldine forms of oligomers of aniline supported by the ESIMS peaks with m/z values 274 and 365 (for the trimer and tetramer of aniline). The rate of the reaction is highly sensitive to the change of substituents in the aryl moiety of aniline and in the salen ligand of chromium(V) complexes. Application of the Hammett equation to analyze kinetic data yields a rho value of -3.8 for the substituent variation in aniline and +2.2 for the substituent variation in the salen ligand of the metal complex. On the basis of the spectral, kinetic, and product analysis studies, a mechanism involving an electron transfer from the nitrogen of aniline to the metal complex in the rate controlling step has been proposed. The Marcus equation has been successfully applied to this system, and the calculated values are compliant with the measured values.
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Leventis HC, Streeter I, Wildgoose GG, Lawrence NS, Jiang L, Jones TG, Compton RG. Derivatised carbon powder electrodes: reagentless pH sensors. Talanta 2004; 63:1039-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thanneermalai M, Jeyaraman T, Sivakumar C, Gopalan A, Vasudevan T, Wen TC. In situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemical evidences for conducting copolymer formation between diphenylamine and m-methoxyaniline. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 59:1937-1950. [PMID: 12788448 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical copolymerization of diphenylamine (DPA) with m-methoxy aniline (MA) was carried out in 4 M H(2)SO(4) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the copolymer films were recorded in monomer-free background electrolyte. In situ sepectroelectrochemical studies were carried out on an optically transparent electrode (Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass) in 4 M H(2)SO(4) for different feed ratios of the comonomers. Constant potential and potential sweep methods were employed for performing polymerization. UV-visible absorption spectra were collected continuously and concurrently during the copolymerization in both the cases. The results from constant potential electropolymerisation indicated the formation of an intermediate with an absorption peak at 576 nm. Derivative cyclic voltabsorptogram (DCVA) was deduced from the results of cyclic spectrovoltammetry. The DCVA derived at 576 nm confirms the intermediates formed during the electrochemical copolymerization. The compositional changes of the two monomers in the copolymers with changes in feed composition of two monomers as predicted from in situ spectro electrochemical studies are evident from elemental analysis. A plausible copolymerization mechanism is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thanneermalai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
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Santhosh P, Gopalan A, Vasudevan T. In situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemical studies on the copolymerization of diphenylamine with ortho-methoxy aniline. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 59:1427-1439. [PMID: 12714067 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UV-visible spectroelectrochemical studies on copolymerization of diphenylamine (DPA) with ortho-methoxy aniline (OMA) were carried out for different feed ratios of DPA and OMA using indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass as working electrode. The UV-visible spectra show clear dependencies on the molar feed composition of DPA or OMA used in electropolymerization. Derivative cyclic voltabsorptogram (DCVA) was deduced at the wavelengths corresponding to the absorption by the intermediate species and used to confirm the intermediates generated during the electropolymerization. The composition of DPA and OMA in the copolymer for the copolymers synthesized with different molar feed ratios of DPA and OMA was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. Reactivity ratios of DPA and OMA were deduced by using Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tudos methods and correlated with spectroelectrochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Santhosh
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, 630003, Karaikudi, India
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Rajendran V, Gopalan A, Buvaneswari R, Vasudevan T, Wen TC. Deposition of poly(diphenylamine-co-o-chloroaniline) by pulse potentiostatic method: Growth equation and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Bagheri H, Saraji M. Conductive polymers as new media for solid-phase extraction: isolation of chlorophenols from water sample. J Chromatogr A 2003; 986:111-9. [PMID: 12585328 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three different conductive polymers, poly-N-methylaniline (PNMA), polyaniline and polydiphenylamine were synthesised and used as sorbents for the solid-phase extraction of some phenolic compounds from water. The separation and determination was, subsequently, performed by gas chromatography-electron-capture and flame ionization detection. Among these easy-made polymers, PNMA gave better recovery for the extraction of the studied analytes. The capability of the PNMA to extract other non-polar compounds such as chloro- and methylbenzene, decane, decanol, cyclohexane and cyclohexanol was also studied. The polymer showed some sort of selectivity towards aromatic compounds than aliphatic. Preconcentration of sample volumes up to 1 l at pH 2 using 120 mg of PNMA led to acceptable recoveries for phenolic compounds, except for phenol. Recovery of phenol for 100 ml of water was 72%. Limits of detection for chlorophenols when 250 ml river water was preconcentrated were between 1 and 40 ng l(-1), analyzed by GC-electron-capture detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran.
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40
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Lindfors T, Ivaska A. Potentiometric and UV–vis characterisation of N-substituted polyanilines. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Huang K, Qiu H, Wan M. Synthesis of Highly Conducting Polyaniline with Photochromic Azobenzene Side Groups. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025584z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - Hongjin Qiu
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Wan
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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42
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Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of formation and redox transformations of poly(diphenylamine). Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schemid A, Lira L, Córdoba de Torresi S. On the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of a soluble polyaniline parent copolymer. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Planes GA, Miras MC, Barbero C. Strong effects of counterions on the electrochemistry of poly(N-methylaniline) thin films. POLYM INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Lawrence NS, Davis J, Jiang L, Jones TGJ, Davies SN, Compton RG. Electrochemically Initiated Reactions of Diphenylamineswith Sulfide: Application to the Voltammetric Detectionof Hydrogen Sulfide. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200102)13:2<143::aid-elan143>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Mažeikien≐ R, Malinauskas A. Electrocatalysis of the hydroquinone/benzoquinone redox couple at electrodes covered by a film of polyaniline-like copolymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(00)00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Athawale AA, Patil SF, Deore B. Investigations of some selected properties of electrochemically synthesized poly( N -ethyl aniline) films. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Santana HD, Matos JDR, Temperini MLA. Characterization of Polydiphenylamine Electrochemically Synthesized by Spectroscopic and Thermal Techniques. Polym J 1998. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.30.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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