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Moazed D, Van Stolk BJ, Douthwaite S, Noller HF. Interconversion of active and inactive 30 S ribosomal subunits is accompanied by a conformational change in the decoding region of 16 S rRNA. J Mol Biol 1986; 191:483-93. [PMID: 2434656 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zamir, Elson and their co-workers have shown that 30 S ribosomal subunits are reversibly inactivated by depletion of monovalent or divalent cations. We have re-investigated the conformation of 16 S rRNA in the active and inactive forms of the 30 S subunit, using a strategy that is designed to eliminate reversible ion-dependent conformational effects that are unrelated to the heat-dependent Zamir-Elson transition. A combination of structure-specific chemical probes enables us to monitor the accessibility of pyrimidines at N-3 and purines at N-1 and N-7. Chemically modified bases are identified by end-labeling followed by analine-induced strand scission (in some cases preceded by hybrid selection), or by primer extension using synthetic DNA oligomers. These studies show the following: The transition from the active to the inactive state cannot be described as a simple loosening or unfolding of native structure, such as that which is observed under conditions of more severe ion depletion. Instead, it has the appearance of a reciprocal interconversion between two differently structured states; some bases become more reactive toward the probes, whilst others become less reactive as a result of inactivation. Changes in reactivity are almost exclusively confined to the "decoding site" centered at positions 1400 and 1500, but significant differences are also detected at U723 and G791 in the central domain. This may reflect possible structural and functional interactions between the central and 3' regions of 16 S rRNA. The inactive form also shows significantly decreased reactivity at positions 1533 to 1538 (the Shine-Dalgarno region), in agreement with earlier findings. The principal changes in reactivity involve the universally conserved nucleotides G926, C1395, A1398 and G1401. The three purines show reciprocal behavior at their N-1 versus N-7 positions. G926 loses its reactivity at N-1, but becomes highly reactive at N-7 as a result of the transition of the inactive state. In contrast, A1398 and G1401 become reactive at N-1, but lose their hyper-reactivity at N-7. The possible structural and functional implications of these findings are discussed.
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Studies on the structure and function of 16S ribosomal RNA using structure-specific chemical probes. J Biosci 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02702773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Högenauer G, Ruf C. Ribosomal binding region for the antibiotic tiamulin: stoichiometry, subunit location, and affinity for various analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 19:260-5. [PMID: 6751216 PMCID: PMC181405 DOI: 10.1128/aac.19.2.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium dialysis experiments with a highly purified preparation of labeled tiamulin, a semisynthetic derivative of the antibiotic pleuromutilin, and Escherichia coli ribosomes allowed the determination of two binding sites for the drug. The binding reaction showed a cooperative effect. Of the two subunits, the 50S particle was able to bind the antibiotic in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Hence, the 50S subunit contributed predominantly to the binding energy which held the antibiotic to the ribosomes. The 30S subunit, showing no strong affinity for the drug, may be needed for the generation of the second binding site in the 70S particle. If depleted of ammonium ions, 70S ribosomes lost their binding capacity for the antibiotic. The attachment sites for tiamulin could be restored by heating the ribosomes to 40 degrees C in the presence of either ammonium ions or the antibiotic. Other pleuromutilin derivatives displaced labeled tiamulin from its ribosomal binding sites. By quantifying this competition, the relative affinity of various pleuromutilin derivatives for E. coli ribosomes was determined. The binding correlated with the minimal inhibitory concentrations of these compounds against E. coli. When compared with the minimal inhibitory concentrations of these compounds against E. coli. When compared with the minimal inhibitory concentrations against E. coli. When compared with the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus, the correlation was less strict, but the same trend prevailed. These results suggest that the antibacterial activities of various pleuromutilin derivatives on a given test organism are mainly determined by the strength of binding to the ribosomes within the bacterial cell.
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Zelazna-Kowalska I. [3H] dihydrostreptomycin accumulation and binding to ribosomes in Rhizobium mutants with different levels of streptomycin resistance. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:8-12. [PMID: 72064 PMCID: PMC221819 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.1.8-12.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium trifolii B1, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer, is sensitive to streptomycin (10 microgram/ml) and spontaneously produces spheroplast-like forms during cultivation. Streptomycin-resistant mutants selected with high doses of antibiotic (1,000 microgram/ml) showed pleiotropic changes, including loss of spheroplast formation and infectivity to plants, whereas mutants selected with low doses of streptomycin (10 to 100 microgram/ml) retained properties of parent strain B1 (I. Zelazna-Kowalska, Acta Microbiol. Pol., in press). The present studies revealed that strain B1 and its mutant with a high level of streptomycin resistance, B1 strH, accumulated the antibiotic at similar rates. Mutant B1 strL, with a low level of streptomycin resistance (up to 100 microgram/ml), accumulated the antibiotic at a lower rate. Ribosomes isolated from strains B1 and B2 strL bound [3H]dihydrostreptomycin, whereas those from strain B1 strH did not. These observations indicate that, in R. trifolii B1, mutation to a high level of streptomycin resistance affects ribosomal structure, whereas low-level resistance involves a change in membrane permeability.
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Lando D, Cousin MA, Ojasoo T, Raymond JP. Paromomycin and dihydrostreptomycin binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 66:597-606. [PMID: 60235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paromomycin binds specifically to a single type of binding site on the 70-S streptomycin-sensitive Escherichia coli ribosome. This site is different from that of dihydrostreptomycin since paromomycin binds to streptomycin-resistant ribosomes and sine dihydrostreptomycin does not compete for paromomycin binding. Paromomycin binding, unlike dihydrostreptomycin binding, is independent of changes in ribosome concentration but influenced by magnesium ion concentration. Moreover, paromomycin does not bind to the 30-S subunit of the streptomycin-sensitive ribosome, except in the presence of dihydrostreptomycin, which probably induces the conformational changes necessary for a paromomycin binding site. This induction does not occur with streptomycin-resistant ribosomes. Neither antibiotic binds to the 50-S subunit. In general, binding of the one antibiotic increases the number of sites available for binding of the other. Both antibiotics exhibit marked non-specific binding at high antibiotic/ribosome ratios. Competition studies have enabled the classification of other aminoglycosides according to their ability to compete for the paromomycin and dihydrostreptomycin binding sites. Derivatives structurally related to paromomycin compete for its binding, the degree of competition being related to antibacterial activity, but do not compete for dihydrostreptomycin binding; they, on the contrary, increase the number of dihydrostreptomycin binding sites. Neither gentamicin nor kanamycin derivatives, which induce a high level of misreading, nor kasugamycin and spectinomycin, which do not induce misreading, compete for paromomycin or dihydrostreptomycin binding sites. Other sites may be involved in the binding of these aminoglycosides and in inducing misreading.
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Litman DJ, Beekman A, Cantor CR. Further studies on the identity of proteins at the subunit interface of the 70 S E. coli ribosome. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:523-31. [PMID: 779659 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Spitnik-Elson P, Elson D. Studies on the ribosome and its components. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 17:77-98. [PMID: 778925 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Schwartzbach SD, Schiff JA. Chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes of Euglena: selective binding of dihydrostreptomycin to chloroplast ribosomes. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:334-41. [PMID: 4138802 PMCID: PMC245768 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.1.334-341.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrostreptomycin binds preferentially to chloroplast ribosomes of wild-type Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Pringsheim. The K(diss) for the wild-type chloroplast ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex is 2 x 10(-7) M, a value comparable with that found for the Escherichia coli ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex. Chloroplast ribosomes isolated from the streptomycin-resistant mutant Sm(1) (r)BNgL and cytoplasmic ribosomes from wild-type have a much lower affinity for the antibiotic. The K(diss) for the chloroplast ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex of Sm(1) (r) is 387 x 10(-7) M, and the value for the cytoplasmic ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex of the wild type is 1,400 x 10(-7) M. Streptomycin competes with dihydrostreptomycin for the chloroplast ribosome binding site, and preincubation of streptomycin with hydroxylamine prevents the binding of streptomycin to the chloroplast ribosome. These results indicate that the inhibition of chloroplast development and replication in Euglena by streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin is related to the specific inhibition of protein synthesis on the chloroplast ribosomes of Euglena.
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Miskin R, Zamir A. Inhibition of interconversion of ribosomes between forms active and inactive in 30 S subunit functions by aminoglycoside antibiotics. J Mol Biol 1974; 87:135-9. [PMID: 4610152 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Expert-Bezançon A, Guérin MF, Hayes DH, Legault L, Thibault J. Preparation of E. coli ribosomal subunits without loss of biological activity. Biochimie 1974; 56:77-89. [PMID: 4603143 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Zamir A, Miskin R, Vogel Z, Elson D. The inactivation and reactivation of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Methods Enzymol 1974; 30:406-26. [PMID: 4605275 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(74)30042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Teraoka H, Tanaka K. Effect of polyamines on the binding of dihydrostreptomycin and N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes from Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 40:423-9. [PMID: 4131255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Harris R, Symons R. On the molecular mechanism of action of certain substrates and inhibitors of ribosomal peptidyl transferase. Bioorg Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(73)90028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Chang FN, Flaks JG. Binding of dihydrostreptomycin to Escherichia coli ribosomes: characteristics and equilibrium of the reaction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972; 2:294-307. [PMID: 4133236 PMCID: PMC444310 DOI: 10.1128/aac.2.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of dihydrostreptomycin to ribosomes and ribosomal subunits of a number of different Escherichia coli strains was studied, and the Mg(2+) and pH dependence, as well as the effect of salts and polynucleotides, was determined. The only requirement for binding with ribosomes and subunits from susceptible strains was 10 mm Mg(2+). Monovalent salts weakened the binding in a manner similar to the effects on ribonucleic acid secondary structure, and this was antagonized to some extent by increased amounts of Mg(2+). Bound dihydrostreptomycin could be readily exchanged by streptomycin and any antibiotically active derivative, but not by fragments of the antibiotic or any other aminoglycoside. With native (run-off) 70S ribosomes from streptomycin-susceptible strains, the binding was rapid and relatively temperature independent over the range from 0 to 37 C. Polynucleotides did not stimulate the binding. With concentrations of dihydrostreptomycin up to 10(-5)m, greater than 95% of native 70S ribosomes bound exactly 1 molecule of the antibiotic tightly, with a K(diss) for the bound complex at 25 C of 9.4 x 10(-8)m. The following thermodynamic parameters were found for the binding with 70S ribosomes at 25 C:DeltaG degrees = -9.6 kcal/mole, DeltaH degrees = -6.2 kcal/mole, and DeltaS degrees = +11.4 entropy units/mole. Differences in affinity for the antibiotic were found between ribosomes of K-12 strains and those of other E. coli strains. There was insignificant binding to 70S ribosomes or subunits from streptomycin-resistant or -dependent strains, and to 50S subunits from susceptible strains. The binding to 30S subunits from susceptible strains was weaker by an order of magnitude than that to the 70S particle, with a K(diss) at 25 C of 10(-6)m. Polyuridylic acid stimulated this binding slightly but did not influence the affinity of the bound molecule. At antibiotic concentrations above 10(-5)m, streptomycin-susceptible 70S and 30S particles bound additional molecules of the antibiotic, and binding also occurred to ribosomes from streptomycin-resistant and -dependent strains, as well as to 50S subunits from all strains. K(diss) for all of these binding equilibria were [Formula: see text] 10(-4)m. This weaker non-specific binding coincided with the beginning of aggregation phenomena involving the particles, and occurred at sites distinct from the single site which binds the antibiotic tightly. This latter site was completely lost after the one-step mutation to high-level resistance or dependence.
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Chang FN, Flaks JG. Binding of dihydrostreptomycin to Escherichia coli ribosomes: kinetics of the reaction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972; 2:308-19. [PMID: 4133237 PMCID: PMC444311 DOI: 10.1128/aac.2.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations were carried out on the binding of dihydrostreptomycin to purified (and reassociated) 70S ribosomes and 30S subunits from streptomycin-susceptible strains, and the results were compared with those of similar studies with native (run-off) 70S ribosomes. At 0 C, only a small fraction of purified 70S ribosomes and 30S sub-units bound 1 molecule of the antibiotic tightly, and at a rate comparable to the binding occurring with native 70S ribosomes. At temperatures of 10 C and above, there was a temperature-dependent increase in the extent of antibiotic binding to purified 70S and 30S particles up to a maximum of 1 molecule/ribosomal particle, but the kinetics of binding was slow in comparison to that taking place at 0 C. These and other results suggest that a major fraction of 30S subunits and purified (or reassociated) 70S ribosomes are inactive in binding the antibiotic. This has been localized to an instability of the free 30S subunit, which in solution at 0 C has a half-life of 5 hr or less. Inactive 30S or 70S particles could be thermally activated, with the latter being identical in their streptomycin-binding properties to native 70S ribosomes. The activation kinetics were slow in comparison to the binding kinetics for the antibiotic and were indicative of a conformational change in ribosomal structure. There thus appears to be a reversible transition between active and inactive forms of the ribosomal particles for streptomycin binding, but additional binding sites for the antibiotic are not created by the transitions. The active form of the 30S subunit can be stabilized in the presence of polyuridylic acid, but much more effectively by association with the 50S subunit to form a 70S ribosome. The kinetics of dihydrostreptomycin binding were studied in both directions of the reaction, and the reaction in the direction of binding was found to be several orders of magnitude faster than that of the reverse, or debinding, direction. The kinetics of the exchange of bound dihydrostreptomycin with the free antibiotic were also determined and shown to have rate constants that are very similar to those of the debinding reaction, which is the rate-limiting step. It appears likely that the exchange reaction is proceeding via the same reaction pathway. The temperature dependence of the kinetics of dissociation of the bound complex was much greater than that in the direction of binding and accounted for most of the temperature dependence of the binding equilibrium. From the determined thermodynamic and activation parameters, it appears likely that binding of the antibiotic induces a conformational change in ribosomal structure to one that is less ordered than the native particle. Heterogeneity has been found in the kinetics of binding and of exchange, with a fraction of the 70S population showing slower kinetics for both directions of the reaction.
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Kaufmann Y, Zamir A. Aminoacyl-transfer RNA binding to active 30 s subunits: effect of 50 s subunits and a new role for elongation factor T. J Mol Biol 1972; 69:357-72. [PMID: 4562707 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Miskin R, Zamir A. Effect of streptomycin on ribosome interconversion, a possible basis for the action of the antibiotic. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 238:78-80. [PMID: 4505414 DOI: 10.1038/newbio238078a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Kaufmann Y, Miskin R, Zamir A. In vivo inactivation of some ribosomal functions in a potassium depleted mutant of E. coli. FEBS Lett 1972; 22:315-318. [PMID: 11946626 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaufmann
- Department of Biochemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Lelong JC, Cousin MA, Gros F, Miskin R, Vogel Z, Groner Y, Revel M. Protection of Escherichia coli ribosomes against streptomycin by purified initiation factors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 27:174-80. [PMID: 4114949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Teraoka H, Tanaka K. Influence of the 50S ribosomal subunit on the ability of the 30S ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli to bind dihydrostreptomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46:93-8. [PMID: 4108193 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Lenfant M. [Dihydrostreptomycin fixation on the ribosomes of E. coli]. Biochimie 1972; 54:283-5. [PMID: 4117578 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(72)80113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Vogel Z, Vogel T, Zamir A, Elson D. Correlation between the peptidyl transferase activity of the 50 s ribosomal subunit and the ability of the subunit to interact with antibiotics. J Mol Biol 1971; 60:339-46. [PMID: 4938734 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Inactivation and reactivation of ribosomal subunits: amino acyl-transfer RNA binding activity of the 30 s subunit of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1971; 60:347-64. [PMID: 4938735 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Vogel Z, Vogel T, Zamir A, Elson D. The protection by 70 S ribosomes of N-acyl-aminoacyl-tRNA against cleavage by peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase and its use to assay ribosomal association. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 21:582-92. [PMID: 4938621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Weissbach H, Redfield B, Brot N. Aminoacyl-tRNA-Tu-GTP interaction with ribosomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 145:676-84. [PMID: 4942109 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(71)80028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Miskin R, Zamir A, Elson D. Inactivation and reactivation of ribosomal subunits: the peptidyl transferase activity of the 50 s subunit of Escherihia coli. J Mol Biol 1970; 54:355-78. [PMID: 4924204 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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