2
|
Ma X, Jia C, Chu M, Fu D, Lei Q, Ding X, Wu X, Guo X, Pei J, Bao P, Yan P, Liang C. Transcriptome and DNA Methylation Analyses of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying with Longissimus dorsi Muscles at Different Stages of Development in the Polled Yak. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120970. [PMID: 31779203 PMCID: PMC6947547 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation modifications are implicated in many biological processes. As the most common epigenetic mechanism DNA methylation also affects muscle growth and development. The majority of previous studies have focused on different varieties of yak, but little is known about the epigenetic regulation mechanisms in different age groups of animals. The development of muscles in the different stages of yak growth remains unclear. In this study, we selected the longissimus dorsi muscle tissue at three different growth stages of the yak, namely, 90-day-old fetuses (group E), six months old (group M), and three years old (group A). Using RNA-Seq transcriptome sequencing and methyl-RAD whole-genome methylation sequencing technology, changes in gene expression levels and DNA methylation status throughout the genome were investigated during the stages of yak development. Each group was represented by three biological replicates. The intersections of expression patterns of 7694 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (padj < 0.01, |log2FC| > 1.2) at each of the three developmental periods. Time-series expression profile clustering analysis indicated that the DEGs were significantly arranged into eight clusters which could be divided into two classes (padj < 0.05), class I profiles that were downregulated and class II profiles that were upregulated. Based on this cluster analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that DEGs from class I profiles were significantly (padj < 0.05) enriched in 21 pathways, the most enriched pathway being the Axon guidance signaling pathway. DEGs from the class II profile were significantly enriched in 58 pathways, the pathway most strongly enriched being Metabolic pathway. After establishing the methylation profiles of the whole genomes, and using two groups of comparisons, the three combinations of groups (M-vs.-E, M-vs.-A, A-vs.-E) were found to have 1344, 822, and 420 genes, respectively, that were differentially methylated at CCGG sites and 2282, 3056, and 537 genes, respectively, at CCWGG sites. The two sets of data were integrated and the negative correlations between DEGs and differentially methylated promoters (DMPs) analyzed, which confirmed that TMEM8C, IGF2, CACNA1S and MUSTN1 were methylated in the promoter region and that expression of the modified genes was negatively correlated. Interestingly, these four genes, from what was mentioned above, perform vital roles in yak muscle growth and represent a reference for future genomic and epigenomic studies in muscle development, in addition to enabling marker-assisted selection of growth traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ma
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Congjun Jia
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Min Chu
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Donghai Fu
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Qinhui Lei
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.M.); (C.J.); (M.C.); (D.F.); (Q.L.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (X.G.); (J.P.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-0931-2115288 (P.Y.); +86-0931-2115271 (C.L.)
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory for Yak Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction Engineering of Gansu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
- Correspondence: (P.Y.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-0931-2115288 (P.Y.); +86-0931-2115271 (C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nawrotzki R, Fischman DA, Mikawa T. Antisense suppression of skeletal muscle myosin light chain-1 biosynthesis impairs myofibrillogenesis in cultured myotubes. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1995; 16:45-56. [PMID: 7751404 DOI: 10.1007/bf00125309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the alkali or essential light chains of skeletal muscle myosin are not required for actin-activated myosin ATPase activity, these myosin subunits are necessary for force transmission with in vitro actin motility assays and are believed to stabilize the alpha-helical neck region of myosin subfragment-1. To probe the functions of the essential light chains during myofibril assembly, we used recombinant DNA procedures to deplete this light chain in cultured muscle. Retroviral expression vectors were constructed which encoded the exon-1 sequence of the myosin light chain-1 gene in antisense orientation. These vectors were applied to myogenic cells from embryonic chick and quail pectoralis muscle. Colonies expressing antisense RNA were selected in growth medium containing the neomycin analogue G-418, plus 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and triggered to differentiate by removal of the latter. Expression of antisense myosin light chain-1 mRNA impaired muscle development. In the antisense cultures there were more mononucleated cells, fewer and smaller myotubes which had poorly developed myofibrils and high levels of diffusely staining myosin heavy chain, not apparent in control myotubes. Protein synthesis in the myotube cultures was analyzed by 35S-methionine labelling and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Except for a suppression of approximately 80% of myosin light chain-1f synthesis, the overall pattern of protein synthesis was not altered significantly. These studies suggest that retardation of myosin light chain-1f accumulation inhibits or delays myofibrillogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nawrotzki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakayama S, Moncrief ND, Kretsinger RH. Evolution of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins. II. Domains of several subfamilies have diverse evolutionary histories. J Mol Evol 1992; 34:416-48. [PMID: 1602495 DOI: 10.1007/bf00162998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the first report in this series we described the relationships and evolution of 152 individual proteins of the EF-hand subfamilies. Here we add 66 additional proteins and define eight (CDC, TPNV, CLNB, LPS, DGK, 1F8, VIS, TCBP) new subfamilies and seven (CAL, SQUD, CDPK, EFH5, TPP, LAV, CRGP) new unique proteins, which we assume represent new subfamilies. The main focus of this study is the classification of individual EF-hand domains. Five subfamilies--calmodulin, troponin C, essential light chain, regulatory light chain, CDC31/caltractin--and three uniques--call, squidulin, and calcium-dependent protein kinase--are congruent in that all evolved from a common four-domain precursor. In contrast calpain and sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (SARC) each evolved from its own one-domain precursor. The remaining 19 subfamilies and uniques appear to have evolved by translocation and splicing of genes encoding the EF-hand domains that were precursors to the congruent eight and to calpain and to SARC. The rates of evolution of the EF-hand domains are slower following formation of the subfamilies and establishment of their functions. Subfamilies are not readily classified by patterns of calcium coordination, interdomain linker stability, and glycine and proline distribution. There are many homoplasies indicating that similar variants of the EF-hand evolved by independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nakayama
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Donalies M, Cramer M, Ringwald M, Starzinski-Powitz A. Expression of M-cadherin, a member of the cadherin multigene family, correlates with differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:8024-8. [PMID: 1840697 PMCID: PMC52438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.18.8024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins, a multigene family of transmembrane glycoproteins, mediate Ca(2+)-dependent intercellular adhesion. They are thought to be essential for the control of morphogenetic processes, including myogenesis. Here we report the identification and characterization of the cDNA of another member of the cadherin family, M-cadherin (M for muscle), from differentiating muscle cells. The longest open reading frame of the cDNAs isolated contains almost the entire coding region of the mature M-cadherin as determined by sequence homology to the known cadherins. M-cadherin mRNA is present at low levels in myoblasts and is upregulated in myotube-forming cells. In mouse L cells (fibroblasts), M-cadherin mRNA is undetectable. This expression pattern indicates that M-cadherin is part of the myogenic program and may provide a trigger for terminal muscle differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Donalies
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rotter M, Zimmerman K, Poustka A, Soussi-Yanicostas N, Starzinski-Powitz A. The human embryonic myosin alkali light chain gene: use of alternative promoters and 3' non-coding regions. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:1497-504. [PMID: 2027757 PMCID: PMC333907 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.7.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have found evidence that the human embryonic myosin alkali light chain (MLC1 emb) gene has two functional promoters and that its mRNAs exhibit heterogeneity in their 3'untranslated regions (UTR). To study this more in detail we have isolated and characterized the human MLC1emb gene. We focussed in particular on 2 kilobases of 5'flanking region and the alternative 3'UTRs. RNA primer extension and S1 mapping analyses revealed that the MLC1emb gene can indeed be driven either by a proximal or a distal promoter, both in fetal and adult cardiac tissue. These MLC1emb RNAs can contain either the proximal or distal 3'UTR. In contrast to this, in fetal as well as adult masseter muscle MLC1emb mRNA is predominantly transcribed from the proximal promoter and contains mainly the distal 3'UTR. These results explain the known heterogeneity of MLC1emb mRNAs. Finally, we present evidence that the murine MLC1emb gene also contains a functional distal promoter element which has hitherto been undetected.
Collapse
|