Interconversion of CrO2 formed by decomposition of chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate

Solid–gas reactions in synthetic chemistry: what can we learn from reaction pathways?

The knowledge of reaction pathways in the preparation of solids is usually rather scarce, which hinders synthesis planning and process control. This is particularly true for metastable compounds, which are a challenge for chemical synthesis, especially in the solid state. In situ studies can help in exploring the energy landscape around their local minimum by investigating formation and decomposition. Screening the multi-parameter space in synthetic chemistry is much more efficient using in as compared to ex situ methods. Studying solid–gas reactions in situ is demanding due to the oftentimes harsh conditions as for temperature and gas pressure. Examples are given for a variety of solids and applications, e.g., metal hydrides (hydrogen storage, hydrogenation – decomposition – desorption – recombination), intermetallics (heterogeneous catalysis), metal nitrides, nitride oxides and oxides (magnetic materials, photocatalysts). Many new metastable compounds with intriguing properties were discovered by such in situ studies in flowing or static gas atmosphere (H2, Ar, NH3, air) at elevated pressures and temperatures using a variety of in situ methods such as X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, thermal analysis, environmental scanning electron microscopy, Raman, NMR, UV-VIS and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The potential of unravelling reaction pathways of solid–gas reactions for improving syntheses and controlling chemical processes is demonstrated.

The bibliography includes 48 references.

Based on a talk given at the 5th EUCHEMS Inorganic Chemistry Conference (EICC-5, Moscow, Russia, 2019).

Ultrathin Chromium Oxide Films on the W(100) Surface

Ultrathin chromium oxide films were prepared on a W(100) surface under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions and investigated in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction. The results show that, at Cr coverage of less than 1 monolayer, CrO2 is formed by oxidizing pre-deposited Cr at 300-320 K in approximately 10(-7) mbar oxygen. However, an increase of temperature causes formation of Cr2O3. At Cr coverage above 1 monolayer, only Cr2O3 is detected.