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Klossner R, Groessl M, Schumacher N, Fux M, Escher G, Verouti S, Jamin H, Vogt B, Mohaupt MG, Gennari-Moser C. Steroid hormone bioavailability is controlled by the lymphatic system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9666. [PMID: 33958648 PMCID: PMC8102502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone progesterone accounts for immune tolerance in pregnancy. Enhanced progesterone metabolism to 6α-OH-pregnanolone occurs in complicated pregnancies such as in preeclampsia with preterm delivery or intrauterine growth restriction, and in cancer. As lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) promote tumor immunity, we hypothesized that human LECs modify progesterone bioavailability. Primary human LECs and mice lymph nodes were incubated with progesterone and progesterone metabolism was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Expression of steroidogenic enzymes, down-stream signal and steroid hormone receptors was assessed by Real-time PCR. The placental cell line HTR-8/SV neo was used as reference. The impact of the progesterone metabolites of interest was investigated on the immune system by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. LECs metabolize progesterone to 6α-OH-pregnanolone and reactivate progesterone from a precursor. LECs highly express 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and are therefore antiandrogenic and antiestrogenic. LECs express several steroid hormone receptors and PIBF1. Progesterone and its metabolites reduced TNF-α and IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. LECs modify progesterone bioavailability and are a target of steroid hormones. Given the global area represented by LECs, they might have a critical immunomodulatory control in pregnancy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Klossner
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Lindenhofgruppe, 3006, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Schumacher
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Fux
- Department for Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Escher
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Verouti
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Jamin
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Mohaupt
- Department of Medicine, Lindenhofgruppe, 3006, Bern, Switzerland.,Campus SLB, Sitem, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Carine Gennari-Moser
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Yolk free blastoderms of chick embryo were incubated 3 or 22 hours with labeled pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol-17 beta. Metabolites and unconverted substrates were found both in the incubation medium and in the cells. Enzymes responsible for identified conversions were: 17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17-20-desmolase, delta 5 3 beta- and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductase. The results suggest that the steroid metabolizing enzyme activities found may reflect a more general ability of early embryonic cells.
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