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Zhang B, Ma S, Rachmin I, He M, Baral P, Choi S, Gonçalves WA, Shwartz Y, Fast EM, Su Y, Zon LI, Regev A, Buenrostro JD, Cunha TM, Chiu IM, Fisher DE, Hsu YC. Hyperactivation of sympathetic nerves drives depletion of melanocyte stem cells. Nature 2020; 577:676-681. [PMID: 31969699 PMCID: PMC7184936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Empirical and anecdotal evidence have associated stress with accelerated hair greying (formation of unpigmented hairs)1,2, but the scientific evidence linking the two is scant. Here, we report that acute stress leads to hair greying through fast depletion of melanocyte stem cells (MeSCs). Combining adrenalectomy, denervation, chemogenetics3,4, cell ablation, and MeSC-specific adrenergic receptor knockout, we found that stress-induced MeSC loss is independent of immune attack or adrenal stress hormones. Rather, hair greying results from activation of the sympathetic nerves that innervate the MeSC niche. Upon stress, sympathetic nerve activation leads to burst release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which drives quiescent MeSCs into rapid proliferation, followed by differentiation, migration, and permanent depletion from the niche. Transient suppression of MeSC proliferation prevents stress-induced hair greying. Our studies demonstrate that acute stress-induced neuronal activity can drive rapid and permanent loss of somatic stem cells, and illustrate an example in which somatic stem cell maintenance is directly influenced by the overall physiological state of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology and Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Megan He
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pankaj Baral
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sekyu Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William A Gonçalves
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yulia Shwartz
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eva M Fast
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiqun Su
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology and Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Tambeli CH, Oliveira MCG, Clemente JT, Pelegrini-da-Silva A, Parada CA. A novel mechanism involved in 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced nociception: The indirect activation of primary afferents. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1517-24. [PMID: 16750893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that 5-hydroxytryptamine induces nociception by an indirect action on the primary afferent nociceptor in addition to its previously described direct action. Injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the s.c. tissue of the hind paw of rats produced nociceptive flinch behavior and inflammatory cell migration, that were significantly reduced by the nonspecific selectin inhibitor fucoidan. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced nociception was also significantly reduced by local blockade of the 5-HT3 receptor by tropisetron, by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin and by local blockade of the beta1-adrenergic receptor or of the D1 receptor by atenolol or SCH 23390, respectively. Neither guanethidine depletion of norepinephrine in the sympathetic terminals nor local blockade of the beta2-adrenergic receptor by ICI-118,551 significantly reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced nociception. Taken together, these findings indicate that 5-hydroxytryptamine induces nociception by a novel, indirect and norepinephrine-independent mechanism mediated by neutrophil migration and local release of prostaglandin and dopamine. Furthermore, to test whether dopamine acts on beta1-adrenergic and/or D1 receptor to contribute to 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced nociception, dopamine was s.c. injected either alone or combined with atenolol or with SCH 23390. S.c.-injected dopamine also produced a dose-dependent nociceptive behavior that was significantly reduced by both SCH 23390 and atenolol. Based on that it is proposed that dopamine, once released, activates D1 and beta1-adrenergic receptors to contribute to 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Tambeli
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 901 Limeira Avenue, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-900, Brazil.
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Malmberg AB, Hedley LR, Jasper JR, Hunter JC, Basbaum AI. Contribution of alpha(2) receptor subtypes to nerve injury-induced pain and its regulation by dexmedetomidine. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:1827-36. [PMID: 11309255 PMCID: PMC1572746 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that noradrenaline contributes to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain produced by trauma to a peripheral nerve. It is, however, unclear which subtype(s) of alpha adrenergic receptors (AR) may be involved. In addition to pro-nociceptive actions of AR stimulation, alpha(2) AR agonists produce antinociceptive effects. Here we studied the contribution of the alpha(2) AR subtypes, alpha(2A), alpha(2B) and alpha(2C) to the development of neuropathic pain. We also examined the antinociceptive effect produced by the alpha(2) AR agonist dexmedetomidine in nerve-injured mice. The studies were performed in mice that carry either a point (alpha(2A)) or a null (alpha(2B) and alpha(2C)) mutation in the gene encoding the alpha(2) AR. To induce a neuropathic pain condition, we partially ligated the sciatic nerve and measured changes in thermal and mechanical sensitivity. Baseline mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds were similar in all mutant and wild-type mice; and, after peripheral nerve injury, all mice developed comparable hypersensitivity (allodynia) to thermal and mechanical stimulation. Dexmedetomidine reversed the allodynia at a low dose (3 microg kg(-1), s.c.) and produced antinociceptive effects at higher doses (10 - 30 microg kg(-1)) in all groups except in alpha(2A) AR mutant mice. The effect of dexmedetomidine was reversed by intrathecal, but not systemic, injection of the alpha(2) AR antagonist RS 42206. These results suggest that neither alpha(2A), alpha(2B) nor alpha(2C) AR is required for the development of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury, however, the spinal alpha(2A) AR is essential for the antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Malmberg
- Department of Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, CA 94143, USA.
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Gillette JR. Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH: a short history. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000; 40:18-41. [PMID: 10836126 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology (LCP) began in 1950 as the Section of Pharmacology within the National Heart Institute, the National Institutes of Health. Its first chief was Bernard B. Brodie, considered by many to be one of the fathers of modern pharmacology. Since its inception, LCP has made many significant contributions to the fields of pharmacology and toxicology. LCP was among the first to study (a) the effects of drugs on the turnover of serotonin and norepinephrine in brain and other tissues, (b) the absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract and their passage across the blood-brain barrier, (c) the oxidation and reduction of drugs and other foreign compounds by liver microsomal enzymes (later known as the cytochrome P450 enzymes) and inhibitors and inducers of these enzymes, (d) the formation of toxic chemically reactive metabolites of drugs and other foreign compounds, and (e) mechanisms of immunological responses. Approximately 300 scientists worked in LCP during its existence, and they and their collaborators published more than 1,300 papers. This is a short history of the people who worked in it and of their contributions to biomedical sciences.
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Malmberg AB, Basbaum AI. Partial sciatic nerve injury in the mouse as a model of neuropathic pain: behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Pain 1998; 76:215-22. [PMID: 9696476 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The generation of knock-out and transgenic mice offers a promising approach to the identification of novel biochemical factors that contribute to persistent pain conditions. To take advantage of these mice, however, it is important to demonstrate that the traditional models of persistent pain, which were largely developed for studies in the rat, can be used in the mouse. Here, we combined behavioral and anatomical methods to characterize the pathophysiology of a partial nerve injury-evoked pain condition in the 'normal' mouse. In male C57BL6 mice we tied a tight ligature around 1/3 to 1/2 of the diameter of the sciatic nerve and evaluated the time-course and magnitude of the ensuing mechanical and thermal allodynia. We also used immunocytochemistry to analyze nerve injury-induced changes in substance P (SP) and NK-1 (SP) receptor expression in the spinal cord. As in the rat, partial nerve injury markedly decreased paw withdrawal thresholds to both mechanical and thermal stimuli on the injured side. We detected threshold changes one day after the injury. The thermal allodynia resolved by 49 days, but the mechanical allodynia persisted for the duration of the study (70 days). We found no changes contralateral to the nerve injury. Sympatholytic treatment with guanethidine significantly reduced both the thermal and mechanical allodynia. We observed a reduction of SP immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horn on the injured side at 7 and 14, but not at 3 or 70 days after the nerve injury, and we observed an increase of NK-1 receptor expression at 3, 7, 14 and 42, but not at 70 days after the injury. We conclude that partial injury to the sciatic nerve produces a comparable allodynia and neurochemical plasticity in the rat and mouse. These results establish a valuable model for future studies of the biochemical basis of neuropathic pain in mice with specific gene modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Malmberg
- Department of Anatomy, W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA.
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Shir Y, Seltzer Z. Effects of sympathectomy in a model of causalgiform pain produced by partial sciatic nerve injury in rats. Pain 1991; 45:309-320. [PMID: 1876441 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report we presented a novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders, produced in rat by a unilateral ligation of about half of the sciatic nerve. The model is characterized by rapid onset of behaviors suggesting spontaneous pain and disordered responses to non-noxious and noxious stimuli. These include reduced withdrawal thresholds to repetitive touch in the partially deafferented skin ('touched-evoked hyperesthesia'), touch-evoked allodynia, reduced withdrawal thresholds to noxious thermal stimuli and exaggerated responses to noxious heat and mechanical stimuli ('thermal hyperalgesia'). Some of these disorders are seen at mirror image sites on the hind limb opposite the lesion. These disorder start within hours after partial nerve injury, last many months and are very similar to causalgia in humans following partial nerve injury. Since sympathetic efferent activity is known to aggravate causalgia in humans and sympathectomy is known to relieve it, we studied the effect of changing sympathetic outflow in the rat model. Reversible sympathectomy was carried out using guanethidine injected intraperitoneally in 3 experiments, each at a different time in relation to the partial nerve injury. We found that: (1) sympathectomy performed several months postoperatively alleviated the sensory disorders bilaterally; (2) sympathectomy prior to nerve injury partially prevented the appearance of thermal hyperalgesia but did not affect hyperesthesia to repetitive touch; and (3) sympathectomy at the time of nerve injury aggravated the sensory disorders during the first few days. As maintenance and production of the sensory disorders in this animal model depended on sympathetic nervous outflow, we conclude that the rats were suffering from a syndrome analogous to sympathetically maintained causalgia in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Shir
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Hadassah University Hospital, JerusalemIsrael Physiology Branch, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel
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Seltzer Z, Shir Y. Sympathetically-maintained causalgiform disorders in a model for neuropathic pain: a review. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1991; 2:17-61. [PMID: 1786259 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1991.2.1-2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Partial nerve injury is the main cause of sympathetically maintained causalgiform pain disorders in humans. We present here an animal model of this condition, produced in rats by a unilateral ligation of about half of the sciatic nerve. Starting hours after the operation and for several months thereafter, the rats developed signs of spontaneous pain, touch-evoked allodynia and hyperesthesia, and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the partially denervated as well as the intact contralateral foot. These disorders were maintained by the sympathetic outflow and disappeared following postoperative sympathectomy. In neonatally capsaicinated rats we found that touch-evoked allodynia and hyperesthesia were mediated by A-fibers whereas thermal hyperalgesia was mediated by C-fibers. These disorders were not due to receptor sensitization of remaining afferent fibers by prostaglandins. We found strain differences and genetic inheritance of these causalgiform disorders which were correlated with the expression of autotomy to hind-paw denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Seltzer
- Physiology Branch, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Ferreira J, Gil L, Stutzin A, Orrego F. Effects of guanethidine on electron transport and proton movements in rat heart, brain and liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:2507-12. [PMID: 2990489 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Guanethidine at 5-25 mM concentrations was found to induce up to 79% inhibition of ADP-stimulated (state III) oxygen consumption in isolated rat heart, brain or liver mitochondria, when the added substrate was glutamate or succinate, but the inhibition was considerably lower (24% or less) when respiration was supported by ascorbate plus tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD). Comparable results were seen regarding ADP-stimulated proton uptake, where even greater inhibition (up to 94% with glutamate or succinate, but not ascorbate plus TMPD) was found. Similar but somewhat less marked effects were also seen in resting (state IV) respiration and on the acceptor control ratio (state III/state IV respiration). 2,4-Dinitrophenol was unable to relieve guanethidine-induced inhibition of electron transport. These results indicate that guanethidine inhibits primarily mitochondrial electron transport itself, and that the site where such inhibition is more marked is located in the span between ubiquinone and cytochrome c of the respiratory chain. It is, therefore, suggested that active guanethidine uptake by noradrenergic neurons can lead to a high drug concentration in their cytoplasm and hence to mitochondrial alterations that can contribute to the pharmacological effect of this drug. Our results demonstrate the interaction between guanethidine and the electron transport chain of mitochondria derived from different tissues and, therefore, support this hypothesis.
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Abstract
1 In chloralose-anaesthetized dogs pretreated with guanethidine and pancuronium, electrical stimulation (0.2 to 5 Hz) of the peripheral end of the cut tibial nerve caused a frequency-dependent increase in femoral blood flow which was restricted to the paw pads. 2 This neurogenic vasodilatation was not attenuated by atropine, mepyramine plus burimamide, indomethacin or propranolol. It was, however, attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by intra-arterial administration of the dopamine receptor antagonist, ergometrine (0.05 to 0.5 mg). 3 The effect of ergometrine could not be explained by non-specific effects on axonal conduction or transmission or by vasospasm of the blood vessels of the paw-pads. 4 In dogs with intact tibial nerves, a pharmacologically similar dilator response localized to the paw-pads could be elicited by electrical stimulation of loci in the ipsilateral diencephalon and midbrain. This response was not due to inhibition of adrenergic vasomotor tone and was abolished by systemic ganglion blockade or by tibial nerve section as well as by femoral arterial administration of ergometrine. 5 It is suggested that the vasculature of the canine paw pads is innervated by a population of autonomic axons which utilize dopamine or a related substance as a transmitter substance and activation of which causes vasodilation.
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Bell C, Lang WJ, Laska F. Dopamine-containing axons supplying the arterio-venous anastomoses of the canine paw pad. J Neurochem 1978; 31:1329-33. [PMID: 702177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lewis MJ. The uptake and overflow of radiolabelled beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents by the isolated vas deferens of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1977; 60:595-600. [PMID: 20192 PMCID: PMC1667393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1. A comparison of uptake into and overflow from the isolated vas deferens of the rat has been made between [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA), [14C]-D-sorbitol and three radio-labelled beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, [14C]-practolol, [14C]-(+/-)-propranolol and [3H]-penbutolol. 2. The accumulation of [3H]-NA after 30 min incubation was reduced by desmethylimipramine (DMI) 1 X 10(-8)M and was also reduced in vasa from rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). This was not so with [14C]-D-sorbitol. 3. 6-OHDA pretreatment of the rats reduced the uptake of [3H]-penbutolol after 30 min incubation but not that of [4C]-propranolol or [14C]-practolol. DMI 1 X 10(-8)M did not alter the tissue uptake of [14C]-propranolol, [14C]-practolol or [3H]-penbutolol. 4. Electrical stimulation of vasa preloaded with [3H]-NA caused a significantly greater increase in [3H]-NA overflow than during the resting, unstimulated periods. No such increase in overflow was observed with [14C]-sorbitol or any of the three beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents use. 5. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent penbutolol was shown to possess adrenergic neurone blocking activity in the isolated vas deferens of the rat. 6. It is concluded that any effect that practolol or (+/-)-propranolol have on noradrenergic neurones is brought about without the need for these drugs to gain access to the interior of the neurone.
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Jandhyala BS, Clarke DE, Buckley JP. Effects of prolonged administration of certain antihypertensive agents. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63:1497-513. [PMID: 4612132 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600631004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Heath JW, Evans BK, Gannon BJ, Burnstock G, James VB. Degeneration of adrenergic neurons following guanethidine treatment: an ultrastructural study. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1972; 11:182-97. [PMID: 4628152 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jacquot C, Bralet J, Cohen Y, Valette G. [The tissular distribution of ephedrine and parahydroxyephedrine in the normal or sympathectomized rat by hydroxydopamine]. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:1317-27. [PMID: 5038676 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
1. The uptake of guanethidine by adrenergic neurones has been studied indirectly by testing the ability of various procedures to prevent or reverse adrenergic neurone blockade in the periarterially stimulated isolated ileum preparation.2. Adrenergic neurone blockade was prevented but not reversed by equilibration with guanethidine (3.3 x 10(-6)M) at low temperatures (10 degrees C), in the absence of sodium or in the presence of tetrodotoxin (0.3 x 10(-6)M) or noradrenaline (1.2 x 10(-3)M).3. Calcium (5 x 10(-2)M) both prevented and, to some extent, reversed the adrenergic neurone blocking action of guanethidine.4. Equilibration with guanethidine in the presence of mersalyl (0.6 x 10(-7)M) or in the absence of potassium or calcium could neither prevent nor reverse adrenergic neurone blockade.
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Maître L, Staehelin M. Guanethidine uptake and noradrenaline depletion in noradrenaline storage particles of the rat heart. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:1233-42. [PMID: 5118120 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mylecharane EJ, Raper C. Prejunctional actions of some beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists in the vas deferens preparation of the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 39:128-38. [PMID: 4392958 PMCID: PMC1703050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb09562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol, pronethalol, MJ 1999 and Ciba 39089-Ba reduced responses to field stimulation of the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens preparation without significantly affecting responses to exogenously added noradrenaline.2. This prejunctional blocking action of the drugs cannot be correlated with their action as beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or non-specific depressants.3. The blockade produced was more pronounced at low (5-20 Hz) than at high (50 Hz) frequencies of stimulation.4. The blockade was slow in onset, and once established was poorly reversed by washing the preparation over a period of 1 to 2 h.5. The blockade produced could be reversed by dexamphetamine and cocaine.6. These experiments suggest that the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists may have some actions which closely resemble those of the adrenergic neurone blocking agent guanethidine.
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Durant GJ, Roe AM, Green AL. The chemistry of guanidines and their actions at adrenergic nerve endings. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1970; 7:124-213. [PMID: 4992683 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
1. The effects of dexamphetamine were studied on the responses of rabbit ileum, rabbit ear artery and sheep spleen to sympathetic nerve stimulation after exposure to guanethidine and in the absence of guanethidine.2. In the absence of guanethidine, dexamphetamine enhanced the responses to sympathetic stimulation and, in the spleen, this was shown to be due to an increase in noradrenaline output. However, the increase in these responses was much less than the increase obtained in preparations treated with guanethidine.3. Cocaine, in a concentration which produced the same effect on noradrenaline uptake as the concentration of dexamphetamine used, was also effective in reversing the adrenergic neurone blocking actions of guanethidine.4. It is suggested that the antagonism between dexamphetamine and guanethidine is due to a reduction in the uptake of guanethidine by the nerve endings rather than to interaction of the two drugs at the receptor site for the adrenergic neurone blocking action of guanethidine.
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Obianwu HO, Stitzel R, Lundborg P. Subcellular distribution of [3H]amphetamine and [3H]guanethidine and their interaction with adrenergic neurons. J Pharm Pharmacol 1968; 20:585-94. [PMID: 4386544 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of [3H]amphetamine and [3H]guanethidine and their interaction with each other and with noradrenaline binding sites have been examined. The ratio p/(p + s) × 100, an indication of affinity for noradrenaline storage particles, for [3H]amphetamine and [3H]guanethidine was 12% and 57% respectively. Protriptyline, a substance which inhibits amine transport mechanism at the level of the cell membrane, i.e. the membrane pump, and reserpine, an agent which impairs incorporation of amines into the storage particles in the adrenergic nerve fibre, inhibited the uptake and storage respectively, of [3H]guanethidine more than that of [3H]amphetamine. Retention of [3H]guanethidine by rat salivary glands was markedly decreased by sympathetic denervation of the glands while that of [3H]amphetamine was not. The results suggest that guanethidine possesses a much higher affinity for noradrenaline binding sites than amphetamine.
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Lundborg P, Stitzel RE. Studies on the dual action of guanethidine in sympathetic nerves. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1968; 72:100-7. [PMID: 5655744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1968.tb03831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Boullin DJ. Evidence for intra-cellular guanethidine stores in the fat heart revealed after removal of calcium ions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1968; 32:145-55. [PMID: 5643292 PMCID: PMC1570287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Furst CJ. Studies on the distribution and excretion of a metabolite of guanethidine in the rat. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1968; 32:57-64. [PMID: 5640176 PMCID: PMC1570296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Boullin DJ. Reduction of C-guanethidine levels in rat heart and diaphragm by excess calcium. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1966; 28:289-95. [PMID: 19108223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1966.tb01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Cat colons were labelled with 3H-guanethidine by close intra-arterial injection. Two hr later the colons were removed and the vascular bed was perfused with Krebs solution containing 0, 2·5 or 5 mM calcium. The spontaneous efflux of 3H-guanethidine was not changed by alterations in the calcium concentration, but stimulation of the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves failed to enhance the output of 3H-guanethidine unless calcium was present in the perfusion fluid. It is concluded that extracellular calcium is essential for release of 3H-guanethidine by sympathetic nerve stimulation and that the neural release of the inactive transmitter substitute is related to the pharmacological action of the drug.
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