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Mittal R, Ashraf A, Gupta M, Shah M. Scar endometriosis: the menace of surgery. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad413. [PMID: 37457862 PMCID: PMC10339375 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Caesarean scar endometriosis (CSE) is a rare type of abdominal wall endometriosis and is frequently missed on initial presentation. A case of CSE diagnosed and treated by surgical excision is presented. Although rare, CSE should be considered a possibility in the differential diagnoses of pain and mass at scar site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Mittal
- MM Medical College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aabid Ashraf
- Correspondence address. GAMC, As Safat Distt, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966559421756; E-mail:
| | - Monika Gupta
- MM Medical College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mausam Shah
- MM Medical College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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2
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Poudel D, Acharya K, Dahal S, Adhikari A. A case of scar endometriosis in cesarean scar: A rare case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 102:107852. [PMID: 36584626 PMCID: PMC9827051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scar endometriosis is a rare entity characterized by presence of functional endometrial tissue in the site of surgical scar. Cesarean section scar is the most common reported site. We herein report a case of cesarean scar endometriosis in a 43-years-old female patient. CASE PRESENTATION A 43 year old female, with history of lower segment cesarean section 8 years back, presented to our center with complains of pain and palpable lump during menstruation, at the site of cesarean scar. On ultrasonography she was said to have some pathology in her previous surgical scar site. On MRI, a soft tissue mass measuring 25 × 35 mm within the subcutaneous tissue of anterior abdominal wall on the left side was seen. She was planned for surgical removal of the tissue. DISCUSSION Scar endometriosis is a rare entity. The iatrogenic implantation of the hormone sensitive endometrial tissue into the edge of the wound during surgery best explains its occurrence. They usually present as a painful nodule in the site of surgical scar that undergoes cyclic variation with the menstrual cycle. Diagnosis can be confirmed by radiography. Treatment options can be medical and surgical, the latter being more effective and the preferred one. CONCLUSION Scar endometriosis often mimics with variety of clinical conditions, so high degree of suspicion is necessary. Efforts should be aimed at minimizing the transfer of endometrial tissue into the subcutaneous area. Gloves replacement prior to closure can avoid the implantation of endometrial tissue into the abdominal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptee Poudel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kshitiz Acharya
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | - Ashmita Adhikari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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3
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Maillard C, Cherif Alami Z, Squifflet JL, Luyckx M, Jadoul P, Thomas V, Wyns C. Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulvo-Perineal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review. Front Surg 2021; 8:637180. [PMID: 34046423 PMCID: PMC8148344 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.637180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe the available knowledge on vulvo-perineal endometriosis including its diagnosis, clinical management and recurrence rate. Methods: We followed the PRISMA guidelines for Systematic Reviews and our study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020202441). The terms “Endometriosis” and “Perineum” or “Vulva” were used as keywords. Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed, Embase and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Papers in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French or Italian from inception to July 30, 2020 were considered. Reference lists of included articles and other literature source such as Google Scholar were also manually scrutinized in order to identify other relevant studies. Two independent reviewers screened potentially eligible studies according to inclusion criteria. Results: Out of 539 reports, 90 studies were eligible including a total of 283 patients. Their mean age was 32.7 ± 7.6 years. Two hundred sixty-three (95.3%) presenting with vulvo-perineal endometriosis have undergone either episiotomy, perineal trauma or vaginal injury or surgery. Only 13 patients (4.7%) developed vulvo-vaginal endometriosis spontaneously i.e., without any apparent condition favoring it. The reasons that motivated the patients to take medical advice were vulvo-perineal cyclical pain increasing during menstruations (98.2% of the patients, n = 278). Out of the 281 patients for whom a clinical examination was described, 274 patients (97.5%) showed a vulvo-perineal nodule, mass or swelling while six presented with bluish cutaneous lesions (2.1%) and 1 with bilateral polyps of the labia minora (0.4%). All but one patients underwent surgical excision of their lesions but only 88 patients (28.1%) received additional hormonal therapy. The recurrence rate was 10.2% (29 patients) considering a median follow-up period of 10 months (based on 61 studies). Conclusion: In conclusion, vulvo-perineal endometriosis is a rare entity with approximately 300 cases reported in the literature since 1923. With the available knowledge shown in this systematic review, we encourage all practitioners to think about perineal endometriosis in case of perineal cyclical pain with or without previous perineal damage. Diagnosis should be done with clinical exam, perineal ultrasound and pelvic MRI when available. In case of anal sphincter involvement, perianal ultrasound should be performed. Surgical excision of the lesion should be realized in order to remove the lesion and to confirm the diagnosis histologically. Hormonal treatment could be proposed to attempt to decrease the size of a large lesion before surgery or to avoid recurrence of the lesion. As evidence-based approach to the diagnosis, treatment and recurrence rate of affected patients remains a challenge given its low prevalence, the variations in management found in the articles included and the limited quality of available studies, we suggest that a prospective database on vulvo-perineal endometriosis should be generated to increase knowledge but also awareness among healthcare professionals and optimize patients' care. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020202441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Maillard
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zineb Cherif Alami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinique Saint-Jean, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Squifflet
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Luyckx
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Group - De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Jadoul
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viju Thomas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Wyns
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Doroftei B, Armeanu T, Maftei R, Ilie OD, Dabuleanu AM, Condac C. Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: Two Case Reports and Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:727. [PMID: 33371515 PMCID: PMC7767517 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Abdominal wall endometriosis, also known as scar endometriosis, is a rare condition that is becoming increasingly common. The recent rise in incidence is attributed primarily to the surge of cesarean births, figures that could be influenced in a positive manner considering the improvements brought towards the ultrasound diagnostic methods that have been made in recent years. Materials and Methods: Here we report the cases of two Caucasian women of 38- (G2P2) and 36-years old (G1P1), both subjected to an ultrasound examination due to a specific symptomatic panel reported during anamnesis. Independently of the current status, in the first patient, there were no reported symptom-specific associations with endometriosis, but she had a known history of mild hereditary thrombophilia; the second woman suffered from two conditions positively associated with endometriosis. Results: In both cases, abnormal structures were revealed, with the diagnostic(s) of endometriosis being histologically confirmed based on a set of features observed during the investigation. Conclusions: This paper aims to highlight the importance of reducing cesarean births and to consider the diagnosis of scar endometriosis in women with a history of obstetric or gynaecological surgeries who present with cyclic, recurrent abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Doroftei
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, no 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.D.); (R.M.); (A.-M.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street, no 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street, no 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | - Theodora Armeanu
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street, no 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street, no 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Maftei
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, no 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.D.); (R.M.); (A.-M.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street, no 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street, no 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu-Dumitru Ilie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, no 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Dabuleanu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, no 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.D.); (R.M.); (A.-M.D.)
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street, no 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street, no 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Condac
- Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University, Victoriei Avenue, no 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania;
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5
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Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Diagnostic Enigma-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2019. [PMID: 31032131 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6831545.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal wall endometriomas are quite uncommon. They are usually misdiagnosed by both the surgeon and the gynaecologist. Awareness of the details of this rare condition is therefore essential for prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. Introduction Endometriosis though a condition commonly seen in the pelvic region can also occur at extrapelvic sites giving rise to a diagnostic dilemma. Abdominal wall endometrioma is one such complex variant of extrapelvic endometriosis with an incidence of less than 2% following gynaecologic operations. Case Report A case of abdominal wall endometrioma diagnosed clinically and treated by wide surgical resection is presented to highlight the importance of clinical evaluation in the diagnosis of this condition. Discussion The etiopathogenesis, presentation, investigations, and management are discussed briefly. Conclusion Clinical evaluation confirmed by supportive imaging is diagnostic. Wide local excision is the mainstay of treatment.
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6
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Vagholkar K, Vagholkar S. Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Diagnostic Enigma-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2019; 2019:6831545. [PMID: 31032131 PMCID: PMC6457300 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6831545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal wall endometriomas are quite uncommon. They are usually misdiagnosed by both the surgeon and the gynaecologist. Awareness of the details of this rare condition is therefore essential for prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. INTRODUCTION Endometriosis though a condition commonly seen in the pelvic region can also occur at extrapelvic sites giving rise to a diagnostic dilemma. Abdominal wall endometrioma is one such complex variant of extrapelvic endometriosis with an incidence of less than 2% following gynaecologic operations. CASE REPORT A case of abdominal wall endometrioma diagnosed clinically and treated by wide surgical resection is presented to highlight the importance of clinical evaluation in the diagnosis of this condition. DISCUSSION The etiopathogenesis, presentation, investigations, and management are discussed briefly. CONCLUSION Clinical evaluation confirmed by supportive imaging is diagnostic. Wide local excision is the mainstay of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Vagholkar
- Department of Surgery, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai 400706, MS, India
| | - Suvarna Vagholkar
- Department of Surgery, D. Y. Patil University School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai 400706, MS, India
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7
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Merlot B, Ploteau S, Abergel A, Rubob C, Hocke C, Canis M, Fritel X, Roman H, Collinet P. [Extragenital endometriosis: Parietal, thoracic, diaphragmatic and nervous lesions. CNGOF-HAS Endometriosis Guidelines]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29530553 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
According to some studies, extragenital endometriosis represents 5% of the localisations. Its prevalence seems to be underestimated. The extra pelvic localisation can make the diagnosis more difficult. Nevertheless, the recurrent and catamenial symptomatology can evoke this pathology. Surgery seems to be the unique efficient treatment for parietal lesions. Pain linked to nervous lesions (peripheric and sacral roots) seems to be underestimated and difficult to diagnose because of various localisations. Neurolysis seems to have encouraging results. Diaphragmatic lesions are often discovered either incidentally during laparoscopy, or by pulmonary symptomatology as recurrent catamenial pneumothorax or cyclic thoracic pain. Surgical treatment seems as well to be efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Merlot
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, clinique Tivoli, 220, rue Mandron, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - S Ploteau
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 8, boulevard Jean-Monnet, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - A Abergel
- Médecine de la reproduction, clinique Jean-Villar, avenue Maryse-Bastié, 33520 Bruges, France
| | - C Rubob
- Clinique de gynécologie, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, université Lille-Nord-de-France, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C Hocke
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique et médecine de la reproduction, centre Aliénor-d'Aquitaine, groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - M Canis
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique et reproduction humaine, CHU Estaing, 1, place Lucie-Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - X Fritel
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Inserm CIC 1402, université de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - H Roman
- Centre expert de diagnostic et prise en charge multidisciplinaire de l'endométriose, clinique gynécologique et obstétricale, CHU Charles-Nicolle, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen, France
| | - P Collinet
- Clinique de gynécologie, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, université Lille-Nord-de-France, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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8
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Chauhan V, Pujani M, Singh K, Chawla R, Ahuja R. Scar Endometriosis with Rudimentary Horn: An Unusual and Elucidative Report of a Case Diagnosed on Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry. J Midlife Health 2018; 8:196-199. [PMID: 29307985 PMCID: PMC5753504 DOI: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_69_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the endometrial cavity. Scar endometriosis, also known as spontaneous abdominal wall endometriosis, is an unusual clinical presentation which often goes unnoticed. It usually develops after pelvic operations. The incidence has been estimated to be only 0.03%–0.15% of all cases of endometriosis. It can be either asymptomatic or present as abdominal wall pain at the site of surgical incision. It is most commonly diagnosed clinically or on ultrasonography. The treatment of choice predominantly remains surgical excision. We present a case of a 24-year-old female (known case of bicornuate uterus) who presented with chief complaints of abdominal pain for 1 month and 6 months after metroplasty. The patient was clinically diagnosed as a case of scar endometriosis with rudimentary horn and fistulous tract and taken up for surgery. Both the scar tissue and fistulous tract were removed and histopathology revealed only endometrial glands without stroma or hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Diagnosis of scar endometriosis was established on positive immunohistochemistry for estrogen and progesterone receptor in endometrial glands. Timely diagnosis and surgical excision of scar endometriosis along with close follow-up are necessary to prevent complications and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Mukta Pujani
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kanika Singh
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Raina Chawla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rashmi Ahuja
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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9
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A Retrospective Study of 17 Patients who Had Excision of Abdominal wall Endometriosis after Caesarean Section over an 11-Year Period. JOURNAL OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC PAIN DISORDERS 2017. [DOI: 10.5301/jeppd.5000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of our study was to retrospectively learn about the incidence of abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) after caesarean section (CS) in our Perinatal Centre (Perinatal Centre of the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child), one of the largest in the Czech Republic. Methods This is a retrospective review of hospital records on 18,454 caesarean deliveries between 2003 and 2014. Results A total of 17 cases of caesarean scar endometriosis (also known as AWE) were identified. The median age was 36.0 (33.5-43.5) years. In 10 patients, the cyclic pain was present. The median interval between CS and first symptoms was 3.0 (1.0-6.5) years. Ultrasound supported the diagnosis by the identification of hypoechogenic lesions in all patients. The median interval between symptoms development and surgical excision was 1.0 year (1.0-4.0 years). Excision was the mode of treatment. Excisions with clear margins (15 cases) were curative to all those patients. Two patients with involved margins had recurrences at 6 and 8 months, respectively, and were treated with a second resection with no further surgery. No malignant transformation cases were identified. Conclusions Physicians should be highly suspicious of CS scar endometriosis, especially after uterine surgery. Complete excision is the only curative treatment.
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10
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Gachabayov M, Horta R, Afanasyev D, Gilyazov T. Abdominal wall endometrioma: Our experience in Vladimir, Russia. Niger Med J 2016; 57:329-333. [PMID: 27942100 PMCID: PMC5126745 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.193858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endometriosis is defined as an estrogen-dependent, benign inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial implants. Abdominal wall endometrioma (AWE) being a rare entity is a benign tumor defined as ectopic functional, endometrial tissue located in the abdominal wall. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective study of 23 female patients treated with AWE in four departments of three centers in Vladimir city, Russia, from January 2010 to December 2014 was performed. Results: In twenty patients (87%), AWE was symptomatic, and in three patients (13%), AWE was asymptomatic. Esquivel triad presented in 17 patients (74%), and modified Esquivel triad existed in 20 patients (87%). All 23 patients were operated, and AWE excision was performed. Recurrence occurred in 4 cases (17.4%) and was associated with postoperative pain and seroma. Conclusion: Postoperative pain for more than 7 days and seroma (on ultrasonography) seem to be associated with recurrence of AWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Gachabayov
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Roman Horta
- Department of Gynecology, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Afanasyev
- Ambulatory Surgery Center, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital No. 5, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Timur Gilyazov
- Department of General Surgery, Oblast Clinical Hospital, Vladimir, Russia
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11
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Sinha R, Macedo C. A cyclical cyst of the umbilicus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 38:686-8. [PMID: 23758487 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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12
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Uzunçakmak C, Güldaş A, Özçam H, Dinç K. Scar endometriosis: a case report of this uncommon entity and review of the literature. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:386783. [PMID: 23762683 PMCID: PMC3665185 DOI: 10.1155/2013/386783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar endometriosis is an infrequent type of extrapelvic endometriosis that is rather close together with obstetrical and gynecological surgeries. It is mostly confused with other dermatological or surgical conditions and delays the diagnosis. We report a case of a 50-year-old woman presenting with scar endometriosis 23 years after her last lower segment caesarean section. The epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of the situation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Uzunçakmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Güldaş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasene Özçam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Dinç
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Mistrangelo M, Gilbo N, Cassoni P, Micalef S, Faletti R, Miglietta C, Brustia R, Bonnet G, Gregori G, Morino M. Surgical scar endometriosis. Surg Today 2013; 44:767-72. [PMID: 23307296 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common disorder in females of reproductive age. Surgical scar endometrioma after cesarean section develops in 1-2% of patients, and usually presents as a tender and painful abdominal wall mass. The diagnosis is suggested by pre or perimenstrual pelvic pain and is often established only by histology. In this retrospective observational cohort study, we reviewed the medical records of five patients with a histopathological diagnosis of scar endometriosis. A scar mass was found on a previous Pfannenstiel incision in four patients and in a median cesarean section in one patient. The mean age at diagnosis (38.6 years, median 38) was older than reported elsewhere. A histological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis in all cases. During the follow-up period (mean 34.6 months), local recurrence (n = 1) and pelvic recurrence (n = 1) were treated surgically. Surgery is the treatment of choice for surgical scar endometriosis. Excision with histologically proven free surgical margins of 1 cm is mandatory to prevent recurrence. As scar endometriosis may be associated with pelvic localization, explorative abdominal laparoscopy may be indicated to exclude the intraperitoneal spread of the disease in symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mistrangelo
- Department of Digestive and Colorectal Surgery, Centre of Minimal Invasive Surgery, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Cso A.M. Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy,
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14
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Al-Jabri K. Endometriosis at caesarian section scar. Oman Med J 2012; 24:294-5. [PMID: 22216383 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2009.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition which is sometimes presented to general surgeons as a lump in the abdomen. It can pose a diagnostic dilemma and should be in the differential diagnosis of lumps in the abdomen in females. Diagnosis is usually made following histological examination. This is a case report of abdominal wall endometriosis following caesarian section. This report discusses and evaluates the incidence, pathophysiology, course, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifa Al-Jabri
- Department of General Surgery, Buraimi Hospital, Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman
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15
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Goel P, Devi L, Tandon R, Saha PK, Dalal A. Scar endometriosis – A series of six patients. Int J Surg 2011; 9:39-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Córdova S. Cutaneous endometriosis: review of 15 cases diagnosed at a single institution. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 283:1041-4. [PMID: 20422419 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and/or stroma outside the uterine cavity. The main location is the ovary, but it has been described in many other extragenital locations, mainly the intestinal wall and the epiplon, but also the lung and the skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this report we review the cases of cutaneous endometriosis diagnosed at Fundación Jiménez Díaz in Madrid in the last decade. RESULTS In this time period we have seen 376 specimens with endometriosis, 330 from ovarian origin, 11 cases involving the appendix, 3 affecting the uterine cervix, 3 involving the epiplon, 1 in an ileal lymph node, 5 in the small intestine, 6 in the large intestine, 2 affecting the lung (with recurring pneumothorax) and 15 involving the skin. CONCLUSION We comment on the features of the patients with cutaneous endometriosis and their gynaecological history.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fernández-Aceñero
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Singh M, Sivanesan K, Ghani R, Granger K. Caesarean scar endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 279:217-9. [PMID: 18470521 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-008-0672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caesarean section incidence is rising and caesarean scar endometriosis could be encountered more in the day to day clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present three cases of caesarean scar endometriosis which were managed in our unit with excision biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Complete excision is both diagnostic and therapeutic. FNAC could be a tool to exclude malignancy and allows a quick diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK.
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Oui, il faut opérer les patientes qui ont des lésions d’endométriose infiltrante ! « Préférez l’optimisme de la volonté au pessimisme de l’intelligence ! ». ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:218-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Victory R, Diamond MP, Johns DA. Villar's nodule: a case report and systematic literature review of endometriosis externa of the umbilicus. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007; 14:23-32. [PMID: 17218225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of umbilical endometriosis externa and systematically review the literature regarding this finding. In our case report, a 47-year-old woman with cyclic umbilical bleeding, pelvic pain, and no previous umbilical surgery developed a spontaneous umbilical endometrioma, cured by surgical resection and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. In our review, 122 patients with documented umbilical endometriomas from 1966 to the present and 109 cases reported before 1953 were analyzed. Procedures used for diagnosis and/or therapeutic intervention included umbilical biopsy or resection, abdominal wall repair, diagnostic and/or operative laparoscopy, adhesiolysis, hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Variables included patient age; race; medical and surgical history; past use of oral contraceptives; history of umbilical pain, bleeding, or swelling; duration of signs and symptoms; size and color of the lesion; diagnostic evaluations; and medical or surgical management. Mean age of the study population was 37.7 +/- 0.98 years. Up to 40% of patients with extrapelvic endometriosis present with umbilical endometriomas, with symptoms occurring an average of 17.8 +/- 3.9 months before presentation. Lesions averaged 2.3 +/- 0.2 cm in diameter; were predominantly brown (19.1%), blue (13.2%), or purple (10.3%); and patients frequently had with pain (77.93%), cyclical bleeding (47.1%), and swelling (88.2%). Most patients had no history of endometriosis (73.1%), and laparoscopic, umbilical trocar-related seeding was identified in only 5 patients. Three patients received medical management, and surgical management was invariably curative, though 1 patient required repeat surgical therapy. Umbilical endometriosis is a common manifestation of external endometriosis, representing primary or secondary endometriosis, with a typical presentation that has little variation. Laparoscopic endometrioid tissue excision can result in iatrogenic seeding to the umbilicus. Historical and physical findings are pathognomonic, thus justifying a formal name--Villar's nodule, after the initial reporting physician. Surgical intervention is recommended, but medical therapy may result in long-term symptom control with minimal malignancy risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahi Victory
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Dragoumis K, Mikos T, Zafrakas M, Assimakopoulos E, Stamatopoulos P, Bontis J. Endometriotic uterocutaneous fistula after cesarean section. A case report. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004; 57:90-2. [PMID: 14671417 DOI: 10.1159/000075384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis outside the pelvis is rare and most cases occur in surgical scars after operations involving the female genital tract. Fistulae involving the uterus are also very rare, usually being the result of postpartum and postoperative complications. In the present report, a case of a 44-year-old patient with an endometriotic uterocutaneous fistula is described. The patient presented 6 years after her fourth cesarean section with a painful nodule on the cesarean scar, which was bleeding during menstruation. The lesion extended to the uterine fundus, connecting the endometrial cavity with the skin. This is merely the second case of a uterocutaneous fistula to be reported in the literature and the first case developed on grounds of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dragoumis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokrateio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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CURRY TRACEW. Subcutaneous Endometriomas: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature. J Gynecol Surg 1998. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.1998.14.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
This article reviews extrapelvic endometriosis, emphasizing classic papers as well as recent research. Because of the nature of the existing literature, specifically case reports and retrospective analyses, this article is primarily descriptive in nature. Extrapelvic endometriosis is discussed based on some main areas of occurrence, including gastrointestinal, urinary, and thoracic; other areas are also reviewed. What is known about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of extrapelvic endometriosis is highlighted. Areas for future direction of research in the field are also identified.
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BADAWY SHAWKYZ, MROZIEWICZ ELIZABETH, FRIEDMAN DAVID, URAL SERDARH. Subcutaneous Endometriosis in Cesarean Section Scars. J Gynecol Surg 1996. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.1996.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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