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Tsugawa Y, Kato H, Fujita T, Shimotohno K, Hijikata M. Critical role of interferon-α constitutively produced in human hepatocytes in response to RNA virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89869. [PMID: 24587086 PMCID: PMC3935935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses are known to infect human liver and cause the hepatitis, but the interferon (IFN) response, a first-line defense against viral infection, of virus-infected hepatocytes is not clearly defined yet. We investigated innate immune system against RNA viral infection in immortalized human hepatocytes (HuS-E/2 cells), as the cells showed similar early innate immune responses to primary human hepatocytes (PHH). The low-level constitutive expression of IFN-α1 gene, but not IFN-β and IFN-λ, was observed in both PHH and HuS-E/2 cells in the absence of viral infection, suggesting a particular subtype(s) of IFN-α is constitutively produced in human hepatocytes. To examine the functional role of such IFN-α in the antiviral response, the expression profiles of innate immune-related genes were studied in the cells with the treatment of neutralization against type I IFN receptor 2 (IFNAR2) or IFN-α itself to inhibit the constitutive IFN-α signaling before and after virus infection. As the results, a clear reduction of basal level expression of IFN-inducible genes was observed in uninfected cells. When the effect of the inhibition on the cells infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) was examined, the significant decrease of IFN stimulated gene expression and the enhancement of initial HCV replication were observed, suggesting that the steady-state production of IFN-α plays a role in amplification of antiviral responses to control the spread of RNA viral infection in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Tsugawa
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kato A, Kiyotani K, Kubota T, Yoshida T, Tashiro M, Nagai Y. Importance of the anti-interferon capacity of Sendai virus C protein for pathogenicity in mice. J Virol 2007; 81:3264-71. [PMID: 17215288 PMCID: PMC1866026 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02590-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sendai virus (SeV) C protein blocks signal transduction of interferon (IFN), thereby counteracting the antiviral actions of IFN. Using HeLa cell lines expressing truncated or mutated SeV C proteins, we found that the C-terminal half has anti-IFN capacity, and that K(151)A, E(153)A, and R(154)A substitutions in the C protein eliminated this capacity. Here, we further created the mutant virus SeV Cm*, in which K(151)A, E(153)K, and R(157)L substitutions in the C protein were introduced without changing the amino acid sequence of overlapped P, V, and W proteins. SeV Cm* was found to lack anti-IFN capacity, as expected. While the growth rate and final yield of SeV Cm* were inferior to those of the wild-type SeV in IFN-responsive, STAT1-positive 2fTGH cells, SeV Cm* grew equivalently to the wild-type SeV in IFN-nonresponsive, STAT1-deficient U3A cells. SeV Cm* was thus shown to maintain multiplication capacity, except that it lacked anti-IFN capacity. Intranasally inoculated SeV Cm* could propagate in the lungs of STAT1(-/-) mice but was cleared from those of STAT1(+/+) mice without propagation. It was found that the anti-IFN capacity of the SeV C protein was indispensable for pathogenicity in mice. Conversely, the results show that the innate immunity contributed to elimination of SeV in early stages of infection in the absence of anti-IFN capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Kato A. [Sendai virus proteins counteracting the host innate immunity]. Uirusu 2005; 54:179-88. [PMID: 15745155 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.54.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of Sendai virus (SeV) genome was determined in the 1980's. During the analysis of its cDNA, two mRNAs were found to be transcribed from the P gene; one encoding P protein, the other encoding V protein. In addition, C protein was found to be translated from both/ mRNAs. Though the function of V and C proteins was being unknown for a while, the reverse-genetic technique of paramyxoviruses developed at the latter half of the 1990's gave the light on studying them. The V or C protein-knockout-SeV can be made successfully, indicating that the V and C proteins are nonessential for virus growth, However, V knockout-SeV was cleared from the mouse lungs at the one day post inoculation, and C knockout-SeV was cleared immediately after the inoculation. Both V and C proteins were thus appeared to be important for counteracting host innate immunity generated in the early phase of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Nagai Y, Kato A. Accessory genes of the paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, as a focus of active investigation by reverse genetics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004; 283:197-248. [PMID: 15298171 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, comprises several genera each containing important human and animal pathogens. They possess in common six basal genes essential for viral replication and, in addition, a subset of accessory genes that are largely unique to each genus. These accessory genes are either encoded in one or more alternative overlapping frames of a basal gene, which are accessed transcriptionally or translationally, or inserted before or between the basal genes as one or more extra genes. However, the question of how the individual accessory genes contribute to actual viral replication and pathogenesis remained unanswered. It was not even established whether they are dispensable or indispensable for the viral life cycle. The plasmid-based reverse genetics of the full-length viral genome has now come into wide use to demonstrate that most, if not all, of these putative accessory genes can be disrupted without destroying viral infectivity, conclusively defining them as indeed dispensable accessory genes. Studies on the phenotypes of the resulting gene knockout viruses have revealed that the individual accessory genes greatly contribute specifically and additively to the overall viral fitness both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagai
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikouyama, Kosugi-machi, 939-0363, Toyama, Japan.
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Kato A, Cortese-Grogan C, Moyer SA, Sugahara F, Sakaguchi T, Kubota T, Otsuki N, Kohase M, Tashiro M, Nagai Y. Characterization of the amino acid residues of sendai virus C protein that are critically involved in its interferon antagonism and RNA synthesis down-regulation. J Virol 2004; 78:7443-54. [PMID: 15220418 PMCID: PMC434076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.14.7443-7454.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV) encodes two accessory proteins, V and C, in the alternative reading frames in the P gene that are accessed transcriptionally (V) or translationally (C). The C protein is expressed as a nested set of four C-coterminal proteins, C', C, Y1, and Y2, that use different initiation codons. Using HeLa cell lines constitutively expressing the various C proteins, we previously found that the smallest (the 175-residue Y2) of the four C proteins was fully capable of counteracting the antiviral action of interferons (IFNs) and inhibiting viral RNA synthesis and that the C-terminal half of 106 residues was sufficient for both of these inhibitory functions (A. Kato et al., J. Virol. 75:3802-3810, 2001, and A. Kato et al., J. Virol. 76:7114-7124, 2002). Here, we further generated HeLa cell lines expressing the mutated C (Cm) proteins with charged amino acids substituted for alanine residues at either positions 77 and 80; 114 and 115; 139 and 142; 151, 153, and 154; 156; or 173, 175, and 176. We found that only the mutations at positions 151, 153, and 154 abolished IFN antagonism. All the Cm proteins lost the ability to bind with STAT1 under our assay conditions, regardless of their ability to inhibit IFN signaling. On the other hand, the Cm proteins that altered the tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 always retained IFN antagonism. Thus, the abnormality of phosphorylation or dephosphorylation appeared to be a cause of the IFN antagonism by SeV C. Regarding viral RNA synthesis inhibition, all mutants but the mutant with replacements at positions 114 and 115 greatly reduced the inhibitory activity, indicating that anti-RNA synthesis by the C protein is governed by amino acids scattered across its C-terminal half. Thus, amino acid sequence requirements differ greatly between IFN antagonism and RNA synthesis inhibition. In addition, we confirmed that another SeV accessory protein, V, does not antagonize IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNalpha/beta) are an important part of innate immunity to viral infections because they induce an antiviral response and limit viral replication until the adaptive response clears the infection. Since the nonstructural proteins of several paramyxoviruses inhibit the IFNalpha/beta response, we chose to explore the role of the C protein of measles virus (MV) in such inhibition. Previous studies have suggested that the MV C protein may serve as a virulence factor, but its role in the pathogenesis of MV remains undefined. In the present study, a recombinant MV strain that does not express the C protein (MV C-) and its parental strain (Ed Tag) were used. Growth of MV C- was restricted in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and HeLa cells, but in the presence of neutralizing antibodies to IFNalpha/beta, MV C- produced titers that were equivalent to those of Ed Tag. In addition, expression of the MV C protein from plasmid DNA inhibited the production of an IFNalpha/beta responsive reporter gene and, to a lesser extent, inhibited an IFNgamma responsive reporter gene. The ability of the MV C protein to suppress the IFNalpha/beta response was confirmed using a biologic assay. After IFNbeta stimulation, HeLa cells infected with Ed Tag produced five-fold less IFNalpha/beta than cells infected with MV C-. While the mechanism of inhibition remains unclear, these data suggest that the MV C protein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MV by inhibiting IFNalpha/beta signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Shaffer
- Measles Virus Section, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Park MS, García-Sastre A, Cros JF, Basler CF, Palese P. Newcastle disease virus V protein is a determinant of host range restriction. J Virol 2003; 77:9522-32. [PMID: 12915566 PMCID: PMC187425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9522-9532.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the V protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) functions as an alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) antagonist (M. S. Park, M. L. Shaw, J. Muñoz-Jordan, J. F. Cros, T. Nakaya, N. Bouvier, P. Palese, A. García-Sastre, and C. F. Basler, J. Virol. 77:1501-1511, 2003). We now show that the NDV V protein plays an important role in host range restriction. In order to study V functions in vivo, recombinant NDV (rNDV) mutants, defective in the expression of the V protein, were generated. These rNDV mutants grow poorly in both embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) compared to the wild-type (wt) rNDV. However, insertion of the NS1 gene of influenza virus A/PR8/34 into the NDV V(-) genome [rNDV V(-)/NS1] restores impaired growth to wt levels in embryonated chicken eggs and CEFs. These data indicate that for viruses infecting avian cells, the NDV V protein and the influenza NS1 protein are functionally interchangeable, even though there are no sequence similarities between the two proteins. Interestingly, in human cells, the titer of wt rNDV is 10 times lower than that of rNDV V(-)/NS1. Correspondingly, the level of IFN secreted by human cells infected with wt rNDV is much higher than that secreted by cells infected with the NS1-expressing rNDV. This suggests that the IFN antagonist activity of the NDV V protein is species specific. Finally, the NDV V protein plays an important role in preventing apoptosis in a species-specific manner. The rNDV defective in V induces apoptotic cell death more rapidly in CEFs than does wt rNDV. Taken together, these data suggest that the host range of NDV is limited by the ability of its V protein to efficiently prevent innate host defenses, such as the IFN response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Gotoh B, Komatsu T, Takeuchi K, Yokoo J. Paramyxovirus strategies for evading the interferon response. Rev Med Virol 2002; 12:337-57. [PMID: 12410527 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two genera, the Respirovirus (Sendai virus (SeV) and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV3) and the Rubulavirus (simian virus (SV) 5, SV41, mumps virus and hPIV2), of the three in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae inhibit interferon (IFN) signalling to circumvent the IFN response. The viral protein responsible for the inhibition is the C protein for respirovirus SeV and the V protein for the rubulaviruses, both of which are multifunctional accessory proteins expressed from the P gene. SeV suppresses IFN-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) at an early phase of infection and further inhibits the downstream signalling without degrading any of the signalling components in most cell lines. On the contrary, the Rubulavirus V protein targets Stat1 or Stat2 for degradation. Proteasome-mediated degradation appears to be involved in most cases. Studies on the molecular mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses evade the IFN response will offer important information for modulating the JAK-STAT pathway, designing novel antiviral drugs and recombinant live vaccines, and improving paramyxovirus expression vectors for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gotoh
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaizuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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Abstract
A new role of the Paramyxovirus accessory proteins has been uncovered. The P gene of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae encodes accessory proteins including the V and/or C protein by means of pseudotemplated nucleotide addition (RNA editing) or by overlapping open reading frame. The Respirovirus (Sendai virus and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV)3) and Rubulavirus (simian virus (SV)5, SV41, mumps virus and hPIV2) circumvent the interferon (IFN) response by inhibiting IFN signaling. The responsible genes were mapped to the C gene for SeV and the V gene for rubulaviruses. On the other hand, wild type measles viruses isolated from clinical specimens suppress production of IFN, although responsible viral factors remain to be identified. Both human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) counteract the antiviral effect of IFN with inhibiting neither IFN signaling nor IFN production. Bovine RSV NS1 and NS2 proteins cooperatively antagonize the antiviral effect of IFN. Studies on the molecular mechanism by which viruses circumvent the host IFN response will not only illustrate co-evolution of virus strategies of immune evasion but also provide basic information useful for engineering novel antiviral drugs as well as recombinant live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gotoh
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University, Japan.
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Nishio M, Tsurudome M, Ito M, Kawano M, Komada H, Ito Y. High resistance of human parainfluenza type 2 virus protein-expressing cells to the antiviral and anti-cell proliferative activities of alpha/beta interferons: cysteine-rich V-specific domain is required for high resistance to the interferons. J Virol 2001; 75:9165-76. [PMID: 11533180 PMCID: PMC114485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.19.9165-9176.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza type 2 virus (hPIV-2)-infected HeLa (HeLa-CA) cells and hPIV-2 V-expressing HeLa (HeLa-V) cells show high resistance to alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) irrespective of whether vesicular stomatitis virus or Sindbis virus is used as a challenge virus. When Sindbis virus is used, these cells show high susceptibility to human IFN-gamma. Furthermore, the multiplication of HeLa-V cells is not inhibited by IFN-alpha/beta. HeLa cells expressing the N-terminally truncated V protein show resistance to IFN-alpha/beta, showing that the IFN resistance determinant maps to the cysteine-rich V-specific domain. A complete defect of Stat2 is found in HeLa-CA and HeLa-V cells, whereas the levels of Stat1 expression are not significantly different among HeLa, HeLa-CA, HeLa-P, and HeLa-V cells, indicating that IFN-alpha/beta resistance of HeLa-CA and HeLa-V cells is due to a defect of Stat2. HeLa-SV41V cells show high resistance to all IFNs, and no expression of Stat1 can be detected. Stat2 mRNA is fully detected in HeLa-V cells. Stat2 was scarcely pulse-labeled in the HeLa-V cells, indicating that synthesis of Stat2 is suppressed or Stat2 is very rapidly degraded in HeLa-V cells. The V protein suppresses the in vitro translation of Stat2 mRNA more extensively than that of Stat1 mRNA. An extremely small amount of Stat2 can be detected in HeLa-V cells treated with proteasome inhibitors. The half-life of Stat2 is approximately 3.5 and 2 h in uninfected and hPIV-2-infected HeLa cells, respectively. This study shows that synthesis of Stat2 may be suppressed and Stat2 degradation is also enhanced in hPIV-2-infected HeLa and HeLa-V cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu-Shi, Mie-Ken 514-8507, Japan
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Hara T, Hattori S, Kawakita M. Isolation and characterization of mouse FM3A cell mutants which are devoid of Newcastle disease virus receptors. J Virol 1989; 63:182-8. [PMID: 2535724 PMCID: PMC247671 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.1.182-188.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A method was developed to select host cell mutants which did not permit the replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and 14 isolates of NDV-nonpermissive mutants of mouse FM3A cells were obtained. All these isolates were judged to be deficient in NDV receptors, since their ability to adsorb 3H-labeled NDV virions was markedly decreased. They were tested for genetic complementation in pairs by cell fusion and shown to fall into a single recessive complementation group, which was designated as Had-1. Vesicular stomatitis virus was able to replicate in this mutant to produce infectious progeny, but the glycoprotein of the released virion was abnormal in size, suggesting a defective processing of the asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains in the mutant cell. The Had-1 mutant was resistant to wheat germ agglutinin, but sensitive to a Griffonia simplicifolia lectin, GS-II, which recognizes terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues. The altered sensitivity to these plant lectins compared with that of the parental FM3A cells indicates that sialylated sugar chains on the cell surface are almost absent from the Had-1 cells, thereby rendering the cells NDV receptor deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hara
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Crespi M, Chiu MN, Struthers JK, Schoub BD, Lyons SF. Effect of interferon on Vero cells persistently infected with Sendai virus compared to Vero cells persistently infected with SSPE virus. Arch Virol 1988; 98:235-51. [PMID: 2831857 DOI: 10.1007/bf01322172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections with Sendai and SSPE virus were established in Vero cells. Sequential passages of these cells were monitored by immunofluorescence and for their sensitivity to the antiviral and antiproliferative effects of interferon (IFN). The cells rapidly developed resistance to the antiviral effect of IFN as judged by the inability of IFN to inhibit the replication of exogenous Sindbis virus. This decrease was accompanied by a reduction in the induction of the 2'-5' oligo A synthetase. Both cell lines were resistant to the antiproliferative effect of IFN. A decrease or absence of IFN receptors on the surface of the cells was not found to be the cause of their resistance to IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crespi
- National Institute for Virology, Sandringham, South Africa
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Yoshida T, Hamaguchi M, Naruse H, Nishikawa K, Nagai Y. Characterization of the virus isolated from HeLa cells persistently infected with Sendai virus (HVJ). Microbiol Immunol 1983; 27:207-11. [PMID: 6306411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb03575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kimura Y, Yoshii S, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Growth of poliovirus in HeLa cells persistently infected with HVJ (Sendai virus). Microbiol Immunol 1980; 24:39-49. [PMID: 6244478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1980.tb00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The growth of poliovirus in a HeLa cell culture persistently infected with the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ, the Sendai strain of parainfluenza 1 virus) (HeLaHVJ) was studied. Plaques produced by poliovirus on HeLaHVJ cell monolayers were hazier, smaller and fewer than those on HeLa cells. HeLaHVJ cells were indistinguishable from normal HeLa cells with respect to adsorption rate and penetration efficiency of poliovirus. Extracellular yields of poliovirus in HeLaHVJ cells were lower, and the cytopathic changes were less than those in normal HeLa cells, while cell-associated virus growth in HeLaHVJ cells was nearly equal to that in HeLa cells. HeLaHVJ cells responded more effectively to the action of magnesium chloride, which facilitates virus release from infected cells, resulting in an cytopathic effects. No reduction in poliovirus yield could be detected in HeLa cells acutely infected with HVJ. The relationship between the inhibition of the release of poliovirus from HeLaHVJ cells and the persistent infection of the cells with HVJ is discussed.
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Iinuma M, Nishiyama Y, Hamaguchi M, Yoshida T, Nagai Y, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Isolation and characterization of heat-resistant (HR) mutants of Newcastle disease virus. Microbiol Immunol 1979; 23:1179-88. [PMID: 537521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1979.tb00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-resistant (HR) mutants (MR 70 and HR 74) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which exhibited significantly higher thermostability in their infectivity than wild-type virus were isolated and characterized. They differ from each other in their plaque morphology; HR 70 produces small turbid plaques, whereas those of HR 74 are large and clear. Cytopathogenicity of these mutants is much lower than that of the wild-type virus in cultured cells such as CEF, LLCMK2 and HeLa cells. Moreover, these HR mutants exhibited extended mean embryo survival times. Synthesis of cellular RNA's and proteins in cells infected with HR mutants was not significantly reduced under conditions in which synthesis of these macromolecules was strongly reduced in cells infected with wild-type virus. No significant differences were observed between HR mutants and wild-type virus in their other phenotypic characteristics such as the capacity for interferon production, growth characteristics at a low multiplicity of infection, and cleavage of viral glycoproteins in infected cells. From these findings, it was suggested that the inhibitory effect of virus infection on cellular macromolecular synthesis is a possible determinant of cytopathogenicity of NDV.
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Iinuma M, Maeno K, Nagura H, Matsumoto T. Enhancement of fusion from within by antiviral antibody in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus. Microbiol Immunol 1979; 23:1037-41. [PMID: 514096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1979.tb00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kimura Y, Orvell C, Norrby E. Characterization of the polypeptides synthesized in cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant derived from an HVJ (Sendai virus) carrier culture. Arch Virol 1979; 61:23-33. [PMID: 229793 DOI: 10.1007/bf01320588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides in cells infected with the wild-type virus of HVJ (HVJ-W) (haemagglutinating virus of Japan--the Sendai strain of parainfluenza 1 virus) and with a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant (HVJ-pB) derived from an HVJ carrier culture has been analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At the permissive temperature (32 degrees C), all of the known virus structural polypeptides were identified in cells infected with each strain of virus and in addition to the non-structural polypeptides B and C, another polypeptide at the region with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 27,000 (26 to 27K) could be detected in infected cells. At the non-permissive temperature (38 degrees C), the synthesis of the polypeptide M was markedly restrained in cells infected with HVJ-pB, while other major virus polypeptides were present in approximately comparable amounts to cells infected with the wild-type virus. A non-structural polypeptide with a molecular weight of 105K was dominant in ts mutant infected cells at higher temperatures and disappeared after temperature-shift from 38 degrees to 32 degrees C. The production of the non-structural polypeptides B and 27K was also temperature-sensitive. The molecular weights of the polypeptides B, M and 27K in HVJ-pB infected cells were larger than those of the corresponding polypeptides in HVJ-W infected cells. The synthesis of the M protein in HVJ-prinfected cells started just after lowering the incubation temperature and the newly made M protein was successfully incorporated into virus particles.
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Maeda A, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M. Isolation and characterization of defective interfering particle of Newcastle disease virus. Microbiol Immunol 1978; 22:775-84. [PMID: 752096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1978.tb00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus grown in embryonated eggs was separated and purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation into two distinct type of particles, B and T, the former being normal virus particles with high activities of hemagglutination, hemolysis, neuraminidase and infectivity, the latter being non-infectious virus particles with low activities of hemolysis and neuraminidase but high hemagglutination activity. B and T particles were shown to share a common antigen by immunodiffusion test. T particles were deficient in viral RNA, since they contained only 13s RNA in a small amount, whereas B particles possessed a large amount of 57s RNA and a small amount of 13s RNA. T particles interfered with the multiplication of normal Newcastle disease virus in primary cultures of chick embryo cells.
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Tanaka J, Ogura H, Fukuda S, Hatano M. Effect of double infection of cowpox virus-infected cells with paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) on formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. Microbiol Immunol 1978; 22:765-73. [PMID: 88002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1978.tb00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen (CPV S-ag) was significantly enhanced by double infection with HVJ (Sendai virus). Simultaneous double infection, superinfection with HVJ and superinfection with CPV of cells persistently infected with HVJ similarly enhanced the formation of CPV S-ag, while pre-infection with HVJ was ineffective. To be effective, cells must be infected at a m.o.i. of greater than or equal to 1.0 and HVJ gene functions had to be expressed. The HVJ-infected cell extracts had an ability to accelerate uncoating (or degradation) of CPV, causing an early increase and a subsequent decrease in the infectivity of CPV. This activity reached a maximum 4--6 hr after HVJ infection, the increase paralleling enhancement of the total activity of several cellular enzymes. Addition of puromycin abolished the increase of these activities and the formation of CPV S-ag. Thus, the double infection with HVJ of CPV-infected cells induces an enhancement of CPV S-ag formation presumably as a consequence of activation of cellular enzymes which in turn accelerates uncoating of CPV.
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Ito Y, Nishiyama Y, Shimokata K, Nagata I, Kunii A. Temperature sensitivity of interferon susceptibility in L cells persistently infected with hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ). Virology 1978; 89:342-5. [PMID: 210578 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Iinuma M, Maeno K, Matsumoto T, Hoshino M. Restitution of hemagglutinating activity to spikeless particles of HVJ (Sendai virus) by glycoprotein components of Newcastle disease virus. Microbiol Immunol 1977; 21:379-89. [PMID: 198639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1977.tb00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spikeless particles of HVJ (Sendai virus) lacking in hemagglutinating (HA) activity were obtained by enzymatic digestion of virions with trypsin followed by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient. When they were mixed with glycoprotein components of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained by treatment of purified virions with deoxycholate (DOC), the mixture showed hemagglutination reaction, which was inhibited by anti-NDV serum, but not by anti-HVJ serum. Sedimentation profile of the HA active agents was then examined by centrifugation of the mixture of spikeless particles of HVJ (labeled with 3H-uridine) and glycoproteins of NDV (labeled with 14C-amino acid mixture). The results showed that the peak of HA activity had both of the radioactivities, and that the sedimentation rate of the HA was faster than that of spikeless HVJ but slower than that of intact HVJ. Electron micrographs of such HA active structures showed that they were morphologically closely similar to intact virion of HVJ, although they had neither hemolytic activity nor infectivity. The mixture of spikeless HVJ and glycoproteins of HVJ or NDV which were removed from virions by proteolytic enzymes, on the other hand, did not show any detectable hemagglutinating activity.
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Tanaka J, Ogura H, Hatano M. Cellular proteases increased in paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) carrier cells possibly responsible for enhanced formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. Arch Virol 1977; 53:87-99. [PMID: 15532 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cowpox virus (CPV) growth and its S-ag (cell surface antigen) formation in HVJ (Sendai virus) carrier cells pre-treated with Actinomycin D or Puromycin were not affected as much as those in parent cells. These suggest the different cellular functions of carrier cells. The activity of carrier cell extracts causing a characteristic degradation of CPV reacted with them in vitro disappeared after the pre-incubation of extracts with hemoglobin or casein. Measurements of cellular protease activities including lysosomal enzymes demonstrated significant increases in the carrier cell extracts compared to those in parent cells; The CPV, thus reacted in vitro with the extracts or lysosomal fraction from carrier cells, acquired more rapidly and markedly the enhanced ability of S-ag formation parallel to virus infectivity alteration in the reaction. These results indicate that the enhancement of CPV S-ag formation in the HVJ carrier cells may be due to their increased cellular enzymes, possibly proteolytic ones, capable of promoting the first step of CPV uncoating or degradation in the cells.
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Toyama S, Toyama S, Uetake H. Altered cell-fusion capacity in lines of KB cells resistant to Sendai virus-induced cytolysis. Virology 1977; 76:503-15. [PMID: 190765 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kratzsch V, Hall WW, Nagashima K, ter Meulen V. Biological and biochemical characterization of a latent subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus infection in tissue culture. J Med Virol 1977; 1:139-54. [PMID: 611155 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation describes the biological and biochemical properties of a persistent SSPE virus infection. Persistently infected cells were derived by cocultivation of infected brain cells and uninfected Vero cells, and cultures were maintained by normal subculturing methods. No infectious virus was ever released from these cultures, and all attempts to induce infectious virus release were unsuccessful. Biological assays showed that infected cells contained nucleocapsid and salt-dependent hemagglutinin antigens, whereas the normal hemagglutinin appeared not to be present. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated the presence of both intranuclear and cytoplasmic nucleocapsids together with the release of virus particles (defective?) from the cell membrane. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that approximately 90% of the intracellular genomic RNA was defective or subgenomic although a small quantity of infectious genomes was present. It is proposed that the large quantities of defective genomes in the infected cells are the major factor in the maintenance of this persistent infection.
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Kimura Y, Ito Y, Nagata I, Yoshi S, Maeno K. Surface antigens on HeLa cells persistently infected with HVJ (Sendai virus). Arch Virol 1976; 51:275-83. [PMID: 184762 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surface antigens of HeLaHVJ cells, a cell line persistently infected with HVJ, were studied by fluorescent antibody staining. After absorption with concentrated HVJ virions and HeLa cells, anti-HeLaHVJ antiserum was able to demonstrate specific surface fluorescence on HeLaHVJ cells, while this serum no longer reacted with original HeLa cells nor with HVJ virions. During cytolytic infection of HeLa cells with HVJ, this specific surface antigen appeared at an early stage of infection prior to the appearance of newly synthesized HVJ viral antigens and moreover appeared in spite of the inhibition of viral protein synthesis. This antigen was detected neither on HeLa cells infected with other myxoviruses except HVJ nor on various other kinds of cells infected with HVJ. The specific surface antigen was still found on the HeLaHVJ cell surface after incubation at 38 degrees C for two days, while HVJ structural antigens on the cell surface no longer could be detected. Mild short-term treatment of HeLa cells with trypsin, neuraminidase from vibrio cholerae, phospholipase-C and hyaluronidase failed to expose specific antigen. The antigen was distinguishable from the Forssman and human blood type antigens. The mechanism of appearance of a new antigen on the surface of HeLaHVJ cells remains unclear.
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28
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Rima RK, Martin SJ. Persistent infection of tissue culture cells by RNA viruses. Med Microbiol Immunol 1976; 162:89-119. [PMID: 934025 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the characteristics of cultured cells persistently infected with RNA viruses, other than leuko viruses are described. The roles that the host cell, interferon, virus mutants and defective interfering particles may play in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection are discussed. It is proposed that the interaction of viruses with certain types of host cells can lead to persistent infection. The differences in virus-host interactions may be attributable to differences in membrane properties of various cells. Defective interfering particles may play a role in the establishment of persistent infections in cells which normally undergo lytic virus development. Mutant types of virus appear to be prominent in the virus released from persistently infected cells, but the role that various mutants play in the maintenance of persistent infections remains unclear.
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Ito Y, Nishiyama Y, Shimokata K, Kimura Y, Nagata I, Kunii A. Interferon production in L cells persistently infected with hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ). Virology 1976; 71:463-70. [PMID: 180662 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Nagai Y, Yoshida T, Yoshii S, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Modification of normal cell surface by smooth membrane preparations from BHK-21 cells infected with Newcastle disease virus. Med Microbiol Immunol 1975; 161:175-88. [PMID: 1101009 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smooth membrane fractions were prepared from the cytoplasmic extract of BHK-21 cells infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). These membranes exhibited high hemagglutinating, neuraminidase, and hemolytic activity but little infectivity, suggesting that they might be precursors for viral envelope. When such membranes were adsorbed to the monolayers of uninfected BHK-21 cells at 4 degrees C and then incubated at elevated temperature for a couple of hours, the cells became highly hemadsorptive even in the presence of cycloheximide. This phenomenon occurred between 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C, and was maximal at 31 degrees C, where approximately 4 times more erythrocytes were adsorbed than to the cells incubated at 4 degrees C. Immunofluorescent staining suggested that diffusion of viral antigens might occurred rapidly over the entire surface of the cells. Cell fractions containing virions induced hemadsorption in uninfected cells, too. However, induction occurred now at 31 degrees C and was maximal at 37 degrees C, and erythrocytes appeared to be adsorbed not to the entire surface of the monolayer but restricted areas of the cells. The diffusion of viral antigens on the cell surface was not so significant under these conditions. On the basis of these findings the possible role of the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in virus replication is discussed.
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Sugamura K, Tozawa H, Homma M, Ishida N. Factors influencing the establishment of persistent infection of HVJ (Sendai virus)in L cells. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1974; 18:349-55. [PMID: 4374565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1974.tb00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Lytle CD, Benane SG, Bockstahler LE. Ultraviolet-enhanced reactivation of Herpes virus in human tumor cells. Photochem Photobiol 1974; 20:91-4. [PMID: 4369420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1974.tb06554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Ito Y, Kimura Y, Nagata I, Kunii A. Production of interferon-like substance by mouse spleen cells through contact with BHK cells persistently infected with HVJ. Virology 1974; 60:73-84. [PMID: 4366495 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Kisch AL, Gould I. Differences in the response of normal and transformed BHK21 cells to dual virus infection. Conditions affecting synergism between vesicular stomatitis virus and newcastle disease virus. Virology 1973; 56:1-11. [PMID: 4355526 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Kimura Y. Phenotypic mixing of vesicular stomatitis virus with HVJ (Sendai virus). JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1973; 17:373-81. [PMID: 4358173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1973.tb00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Iinuma M, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Studies on the assembly of Newcastle disease virus: an arginine-dependent step in virus replication. Virology 1973; 51:205-15. [PMID: 4567742 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Hoshino M, Maeno K, Iinuma M. Ultrastructural localization of newcastle disease virus surface antigen in infected HeLa cells as revealed by an enzyme-labelled antibody method. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:611-3. [PMID: 5064816 DOI: 10.1007/bf01931909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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Iinuma M. Superinfection of HVJ carrier HeLa cells with ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1972; 16:53-60. [PMID: 4339055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1972.tb00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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Iinuma M, Yoshida T, Nagai Y, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Subunits of NDV. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 1971; 46:663-77. [PMID: 4109525 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Toba M, Matumoto M. Mechanism of enhancement of Newcastle disease virus growth in cultured cells by co-infecting hog cholera virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 34:310-22. [PMID: 5000803 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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41
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Minagawa T. Studies on the persistent infection with measles virus in HeLa cells. I. Clonal analysis of cells of carrier cultures. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:325-31. [PMID: 4940414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Abstract
Puromycin and actinomycin D were used to treat a line of human conjunctiva cells persistently infected with mumps virus (C-M cells) in order to determine where virus synthesis is inhibited. Although 90% of the cells in C-M cultures are infected, little or no infectious virus is produced by most cells in a growing culture. Adding puromycin to inhibit protein synthesis resulted in the production of infectious virus. Thus, all the viral proteins needed for virus completion were made in the growing cells. When actinomycin D was added to growing cells, infectious virus was again produced. Since mumps virus synthesis is actinomycin D-insensitive, this suggested a host control of the virus. Interferon was not detected. The possible mechanisms of host control are discussed.
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43
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Matumoto M. Enhanced replication of Newcastle disease virus in cell culture co-infected with certain other viruses. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1968; 12:505-30. [PMID: 4303423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1968.tb00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Homma M, Ohira M, Ishida N. Specific chromosome aberrations in cells persistently infected with type 2 hemadsorption virus. Virology 1968; 34:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/1967] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Norrby E. A carrier cell line of measles virus in Lu 106 cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1967; 20:215-24. [PMID: 4299726 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Abstract
The hemadsorption-negative plaque test has revealed a new type of viral interference, termed intrinsic interference. Several unrelated types of noncytopathic viruses were shown to induce in infected host cells a state of interference unique in being directed solely against superinfection by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The NDV-refractory state arises only in those individual cells of a population actually infected by the inducing virus, and presumably results from the action of a protein(s) coded for by the viral genome. Thus, intrinsic interference differs fundamentally from that mediated by an extrinsic protein detectable under conditions favoring resistance to a broad spectrum of viruses and characteristic of interference induced by interferon, the latter being coded for by the cell genome. Intrinsic interference is defined as a viral genome-induced cellular state of resistance to challenge by high multiplicities of NDV, coexistent with a state of susceptibility to a broad spectrum of other viruses, similarly tested at high multiplicities. The capacity to induce intrinsic interference was demonstrated with rubella virus, Sindbis virus (arbovirus, group A), West Nile virus (arbovirus, group B), poliovirus (MEF, type 2), the lactic dehydrogenase virus (Riley's agent), and an unidentified nonhemadsorbing, noncytopathic adventitious virus. A state of intrinsic interference was also observed in the V5 line of mouse cells carrying a murine leukemia virus, probably resulting from some heretofore unsuspected contaminating virus. The molecular basis for intrinsic interference is not known, but it appears to involve a step in the NDV growth cycle beyond that of viral attachment, entry, and eclipse.
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47
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