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Wong KT, Robinson WS, Merigan TC. Synthesis of viral-specific ribonucleic Acid in rubella virus-infected cells. J Virol 2010; 4:901-3. [PMID: 16789124 PMCID: PMC375955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.6.901-903.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolayers of BHK-21/W1-2 cells were pulsed with (3)H-uridine at different times after infection with rubella virus, and viral-specific cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid species were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Wong
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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2
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Wetmur JG, Ruyechan WT, Douthart RJ. Denaturation and renaturation of Penicillium chrysogenum mycophage double-stranded ribonucleic acid in tetraalkylammonium salt solutions. Biochemistry 1981; 20:2999-3002. [PMID: 6788075 DOI: 10.1021/bi00514a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The base composition dependence of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) melting was studied by observing the structure and widths of melting transitions for Penicillium chrysogenum mycophage RNA as well as differences in melting temperatures of two RNAs of different base composition. Double-stranded RNA melting is independent of base compositions in 3.5 M Et4NCl and 4.6 M Me4NCl, where the melting temperatures are 25 and 92 degrees C, respectively. Double-stranded RNA renaturation rate constants are reported in Et4NCl solutions. The nucleation rate constant is about 10 times lower than that for double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. Analyses of renaturation kinetics results lead to the conclusion that each of the three similar but separable RNA segments of Penicillium chrysogenum mycophage is unique.
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Madansky CH, Bratt MA. Noncytopathic mutants of Newcastle disease virus are defective in virus-specific RNA synthesis. J Virol 1981; 37:317-27. [PMID: 7218426 PMCID: PMC171009 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.317-327.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied virus-specific RNA synthesis in cells infected by six noncytopathic (nc) mutants of the Australia-Victoria wild-type strain (AV-WT) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (19). The rates of NDV-specific RNA synthesis in mutant infection were three to sevenfold lower than those observed in wild-type infection. Velocity sedimentation of this NDV-specific RNA revealed that the lower rates of synthesis in mutant infection correlated with reduced accumulation of 18S and 35S mRNA. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-urea gels showed that accumulation of all of the 18S mRNA species was reduced and no new species could be detected. Primary transcription appeared unaltered in mutant infection. Cells infected with two naturally occurring avirulent strains of NDV also showed less accumulation of 18S mRNA. Electrophoresis of this RNA resulted in patterns which differed from those obtained with RNA from either AV-WT or nc mutant infection. Complementation for RNA accumulation between the nc mutants and RNA- temperature-sensitive mutants of AV-WT (32) suggested a common defect in the nc mutants. Analysis of plaque-forming revertants of five of the nc mutants revealed that viral RNA synthetic capacity, cell killing, and plaque-forming ability correlated absolutely. These results suggest that viral RNA synthesis and cytopathogenicity may be causally related. In addition, several of the plaque-forming (and cell-killing) revertants were found to be unable to induce fusion from within in infected cell cultures. This result, coupled with the finding that several of the nc mutants are capable of wild-type levels of fusion from within, suggests that the ability to cause such fusion does not correlate with the ability to kill cells.
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Khristova ML, Sokolova MV, Yaroslavtseva NG, Busse TL, Kharitonenkov IG. Secondary structures of influenza and Sendai Virus RNAs. Arch Virol 1980; 66:241-53. [PMID: 6255897 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The secondary structures of influenza and Sendai virus RNAs were investigated by thermal denaturation, circular dichroism and proflavine binding methods. In 0.1 M NaCl about 60% of the bases of both RNAs were involved in secondary structure. The melting temperatures (Tm) of both viral RNAs were linear functions of the logarithm of the sodium ion concentration in solution, but under all ionic conditions the melting temperatures of Sendai virus RNA were higher than those of influenza virus RNA. At all ionic strengths the melting range of Sendai virus RNA was less than influenza virus RNA, indicating that the helical regions in Sendai virus RNA were longer than those in influenza virus RNA. Although Sendai virus RNA had a higher thermal stability than influenza virus RNA, hyperchromicity and circular dichroism data showed that Sendai virus RNA had less G+C content (34%) within the double stranded regions than influenza virus RNA (48%). The binding isotherms of Sendai and influenza virus RNA-proflavine complexes were studied at different ionic strengths. The number of binding sites of proflavine with influenza virus RNA were significantly lower than those with Sendai virus RNA. These results demonstrate the essential difference between the secondary and tertiary structures of the RNAs under study.
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Etkind PR, Cross RK, Lamb RA, Merz DC, Choppin PW. In vitro synthesis of structural and nonstructural proteins of Sendai and SV5 viruses. Virology 1980; 100:22-33. [PMID: 6243200 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Colonno RJ, Stone HO. Methylation of messenger RNA of Newcastle disease virus in vitro by a virion-associated enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:2611-5. [PMID: 1058477 PMCID: PMC432819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified Newcastle disease virus contains an enzyme that incorporates the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine into RNA synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase). Incorporation of radioactivity from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine was totally dependent upon RNA synthesis. The methylation reaction was completely inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, suggesting the transfer of only the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine to RNA products. Velocity sedimentation and hybridization of the in vitro product RNA indicated that both [3H]methyl and [32P]GMP labels resided in single-stranded 18S RNA molecules which were virus specific. Approximately 1 to 2 methyl groups were incorporated per RNA molecule. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of product RNA after alkaline hydrolysis suggested that the 5' terminus was the site of methylation.
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Hammarskjöld B, Norrby E. A comparison between virion RNA of measles virus and some other paramyxoviruses. Med Microbiol Immunol 1974; 160:99-104. [PMID: 4444688 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Isolation and comparative study of the nucleocapsids of measles and canine distemper viruses from infected cells. Virology 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Both complementary strands are found in 50S Sendai virion RNA. 50S Sendai virion RNA has been shown to consist of unequal amounts of a single population of plus and minus strands by annealing studies.
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Weiss SR, Bratt MA. Polyadenylate sequences on Newcastle disease virus mRNA synthesized in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 1974; 13:1220-30. [PMID: 4833608 PMCID: PMC355441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.6.1220-1230.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyadenylate [poly(A)] sequences are associated with the 35 and 50S Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-specific RNAs as well as all six to seven of the 18-22S NDV-specific messenger RNAs extracted from infected chicken embryo cells. The poly(A) associated with the 18-22S RNA has an average size of 120 to 130 nucleotides. The 18-22S RNA synthesized in vitro by NDV's virion-bound polymerase contains six to seven species of the same size and relative proportions as its intracellular counterpart. This in vitro synthesized 18-22S RNA also contains covalently linked poly(A) sequences which, although variable in size, are usually larger and more heterogeneous than those from the infected cell. In vitro RNA synthesis is supported not only by magnesium (at an optimal concentration of mM) but by manganese (at an optimal concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mM) as well. However, the major product made in the presence of manganese, although sedimenting at 18 to 22S, differs somewhat from the product made in the presence of magnesium.
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Lewandowski LJ, Lief FS, Verini MA, Pienkowski MM, ter Meulen V, Koprowski H. Analysis of a viral agent isolated from multiple sclerosis brain tissue: characterization as a parainfluenzavirus type 1. J Virol 1974; 13:1037-45. [PMID: 4363249 PMCID: PMC355412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.5.1037-1045.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A virus originally isolated from cell cultures obtained by lysolecithin-induced fusion of human multiple sclerosis brain cells with CV-1 cells has been analyzed for its antigenic, RNA, and polypeptide compositions, and for selective biological properties. Our findings establish that this isolate, designated 6/94 virus, contains a 50S RNA genome and is, as yet, indistinguishable from Sendai virus in its antigenic and total polypeptide compositions. Despite these similarities, the 6/94 and Sendai viruses differ in certain phenotypic properties. 6/94 virus is markedly less cytocidal for chick fibroblasts, especially at 37 C and, after beta-propiolactone inactivation, it possesses a greater capacity for cell fusion and a lower toxicity than does comparably treated Sendai virus. In addition, 6/94 virus shows greater hemolytic activity.
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Kolakofsky D, Spahr PF, Koprowski H. Comparison of 6-94 virus and Sendai virus RNA by RNA-RNA hybridization. J Virol 1974; 13:935-6. [PMID: 4362518 PMCID: PMC355393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.4.935-936.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic RNA of 6/94 virus, an agent isolated from the brains of multiple sclerosis patients, was studied for sequence homology by RNA-RNA hybridization with closely related Sendai virus and another paramyxovirus virus, Newcastle disease virus. It was found that the genomic RNA of 6/94 virus hybridizes equally as well to the virus-specific 18S RNA found in Sendai-infected cells as that of Sendai virus.
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Kiley MP, Gray RH, Payne FE. Replication of measles virus: distinct species of short nucleocapsids in cytoplasmic extracts of infected cells. J Virol 1974; 13:721-8. [PMID: 4132672 PMCID: PMC355359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.3.721-728.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic extracts of Vero cells infected with wild-strain Edmonston measles virus were found to contain two and probably three distinct species of nucleocapsids. Species sedimenting at 200 and 110S contained RNA which sedimented at 50 and 16 to 18S, respectively. The third nucleocapsid species which sedimented at 170S was not present in all experiments and was not characterized in detail. Essentially all 200 and 170S, as well as a portion of the 110S, nucleocapsids were membrane associated and probably present in part in cell-associated virions. Five of six plaque purified strains derived from wild-type Edmonston virus produced only 200S nucleocapsids. One of these five plaque-purified strains subsequently produced both 200 and 110S nucleocapsids after being passaged by using undiluted inocula. These results suggest that measles virus may produce distinct classes of defective virus containing short nucleocapsids and subgenomic viral RNA.
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Kolakofsky D, Boy de la Tour E, Delius H. Molecular weight determination of Sendai and Newcastle disease virus RNA. J Virol 1974; 13:261-8. [PMID: 4359293 PMCID: PMC355292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.261-268.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular weights of Sendai and Newcastle disease virus RNA were estimated by sedimentation in sucrose gradients and by length measurements in the electron microscope under both denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. Sedimentation analyses under denaturing conditions yielded molecular weight estimates of 2.3 x 10(6) to 2.6 x 10(6), whereas length measurements yielded estimates of 5.2 x 10(6) to 5.6 x 10(6) for both denatured and nondenatured viral RNA. It would appear that the conditions of denaturation used (99% dimethyl sulfoxide at 26 C, and reaction with 1.1 M formaldehyde for 10 min at 60 C) do not equally denature parainfluenza virus RNA and other RNAs, such as cellular rRNA, 45S rRNA precursor, and R17 RNA.
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Portner A, Marx PA, Kingsbury DW. Isolation and characterization of Sendai virus temperature-sensitive mutants. J Virol 1974; 13:298-304. [PMID: 4359296 PMCID: PMC355297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.298-304.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of Sendai virus, a paramyxovirus, were isolated and partially characterized. The mutants replicated in chicken embryo lung cells at 30 C, but not at 38 C; wild-type virus grew equally well at both temperatures. Complementation tests divided the mutants into seven groups. Six groups synthesized neither infectious virus nor RNA when incubated at 38 C from the beginning of infection. Temperature shift-up experiments demonstrated that three of these complementation groups were blocked in early steps required for RNA synthesis, but these gene functions were not needed throughout the replicative cycle. In contrast, the other three RNA-negative complementation groups were defective throughout the replicative cycle in functions required for virus-specific RNA synthesis. Only one mutant, which complemented all of the above, synthesized RNA but not infectious virus when placed at 38 C; the hemagglutinin of this mutant functioned only at the permissive temperature.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Centrifugation, Zonal
- Chick Embryo
- Culture Techniques
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorouracil
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/analysis
- Lung
- Mutagens
- Mutation
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- Nitrosoguanidines
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/analysis
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/enzymology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/growth & development
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Temperature
- Tritium
- Uridine/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Virus Replication
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Abstract
Polypeptides corresponding in electrophoretic mobility to virion polypeptides 1, 3, and 5 were made in a reticulocyte cell-free system to which 18S RNA from Sendai virus-infected cells was added. Immune precipitation was used to select relevant polypeptides from endogenous products. The cell-free product corresponding to virion polypeptide 3 (the nucleocapsid structure unit) was the most abundant; its tryptic peptides comigrated electrophoretically with tryptic peptides of polypeptide 3 isolated from virions. Other sedimenting classes of RNA from infected cells were tested; only the 28S fraction showed slight activity. Virion 50S RNA was inactive. These findings support the hypothesis that complementary RNA transcripts of paramyxovirion RNA are the templates for viral proteins.
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Kaverin NV, Varich NL, Smirnov YA. Sedimentational pattern of virus-specific RNA synthesized in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells treated with amino acid analogues. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 41:191-8. [PMID: 4737973 DOI: 10.1007/bf01252765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Duesberg PH, Vogt PK. Gel electrophoresis of avian leukosis and sarcoma viral RNA in formamide: comparison with other viral and cellular RNA species. J Virol 1973; 12:594-9. [PMID: 4355856 PMCID: PMC356667 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.3.594-599.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Class a and class b 30 to 40S RNA subunits obtained by heat dissociation from the 60 to 70S RNA complex of avian tumor viruses were compared with several RNA standards by electrophoresis in formamide-polyacrylamide gels. Class a RNA was found to have a lower electrophoretic mobility and hence probably a higher molecular weight than class b RNA. The absolute molecular weight of class a and b RNA could not be determined with accuracy, because the relationship between logarithm of molecular weight and mobility of the RNA standards was not linear. The size of class a RNA fell into the range of 2.4 x 10(6) to 3.4 x 10(6) daltons and that of class b into the range of 2.2 x 10(6) to 2.9 x 10(6) daltons, depending on the standards used. The possible biological significance of this difference is discussed.
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Winston SH, Rustigian R, Bratt MA. Persistent infection of cells in culture by measles virus. 3. Comparison of virus-specific RNA synthesized in primary persistent infection in HeLa cells. J Virol 1973; 11:926-32. [PMID: 4576519 PMCID: PMC355200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.6.926-932.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pattern of actinomycin D-resistant RNA synthesis was examined during primary infection of HeLa cells by virulent Edmonston measles virus and in two HeLa clones persistently infected by the same strain of virus. One of these clones, K11, produces infectious virus of low virulence for HeLa cells, and the other, K11A-HG-1, has thus far failed to yield infectious virus. The patterns of virus-specific RNA synthesized in these three types of infection are qualitatively similar to each other and to the patterns of virus-specific RNA synthesis in other paramyxovirus infections. There were, however, quantitative differences. In addition, virions of the virulent Edmonston strain of measles virus were found to contain high-molecular-weight RNA with a sedimentation constant identical to that of Newcastle disease virus.
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Kolakofsky D, Bruschi A. Molecular weight determination of Sendai RNA by dimethyl sulfoxide gradient sedimentation. J Virol 1973; 11:615-20. [PMID: 4350707 PMCID: PMC355155 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.5.615-620.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular weight of the large RNA of Sendai virus has been determined by sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients containing 99% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to be 2.3 x 10(6). Sendai RNA recovered from 99% DMSO was found to cosediment with nondenatured Sendai RNA at 46 to 48s in ordinary sucrose gradients. The molecular weight value of 2.3 x 10(6) is considerably smaller than the estimates of 6 x 10(6) to 7 x 10(6) determined under nondenaturing conditions, suggesting a unique structure for Sendai RNA.
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Bukrinskaya A. Nucleocapsids of Large Rna Viruses as Functionally Active Units in Transcription. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Portner A, Bussell RH. Measles virus ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis: effects of 6-azauridine and cycloheximide on viral replication. J Virol 1973; 11:46-53. [PMID: 4630800 PMCID: PMC355059 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.1.46-53.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycloheximide and 6-azauridine were employed to study the time course of measles virus protein and nucleic acid syntheses in AV3 cells. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) essential for infectivity was first detected at 6 hr and increased concurrently with the formation of essential protein. Maximum levels of virus-specific RNA and protein were present by 18 hr, a time when only 5% of progeny virus was detected. Essential RNA and protein syntheses preceded the formation of infectious virus by at least 10 to 12 hr. The time course of RNA and protein syntheses essential for the formation of complement-fixing (CF) antigen and salt-dependent agglutinin (SDA) was also determined. RNA synthesis essential for the formation of SDA was first detected at 2 hr and was present maximally by 6 hr, whereas SDA-protein increased concurrently with the protein essential for infectivity. This suggested that the last protein essential for infectivity may be SDA. RNA synthesis essential for the formation of CF antigen was first detected at 4 hr, while CF-protein increased at 5 hr and preceded SDA-protein and protein essential for infectivity by approximately 3 hr. Reversal of inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide indicated that early protein synthesis (1 to 3 hr) was required for the formation of infectious virus. The data suggest that the relatively long eclipse period observed with measles virus is related to a long maturation period rather than to late formation of early proteins, viral RNA, or structural proteins.
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Yeh J, Iwasaki Y. Isolation and characterization of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus nucleocapsids. J Virol 1972; 10:1220-7. [PMID: 4118868 PMCID: PMC356604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.6.1220-1227.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleocapsids from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus-infected CV-1 cells were concentrated by differential centrifugation employing sucrose cushion techniques and further purified by centrifugation through a linear CsCl density gradient. The bouyant density of (3)H-uridine-labeled nucleocapsids in CsCl was found to be 1.31 g/cm(3). Ultraviolet absorption spectra of the purified SSPE nucleocapsid showed an absorption maximum at 260 to 265 nm and a 280/260 ratio that corresponded to a nucleic acid content of approximately 4.3%. Negatively stained preparations of SSPE nucleocapsids were found to have a width of 18 +/- 1 nm, a periodicity of 5 to 6 nm, and a length between 1-1.4 mum, with the greatest number at 1.3 mum.
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Kolakofsky D. Transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase and transfer ribonucleic acid in Sendai virions. J Virol 1972; 10:555-9. [PMID: 4342057 PMCID: PMC356497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.3.555-559.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sendai virions contain both transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) nucleotidyltransferase and its substrate, tRNA missing its CCA-OH end.
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Abstract
Virus-specific complementary ribonucleic acid (RNA) from cells infected with Sendai virus was isolated by a procedure involving hybridization with virion RNA and isopycnic centrifugation of the RNA hybrids. The complementary RNA contained adenylate-rich sequences which sedimented at about 4S.
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Hutchinson JE, Mahy BW. RNA polymerase activity in virions of parainfluenza 1 virus (Sendai). ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 37:203-10. [PMID: 4337544 DOI: 10.1007/bf01268002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Kaverin NV, Varich NL. Sedimentation and hybridization analysis of virus-specific RNA in the course of Newcastle disease virus replication cycle. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 38:183-91. [PMID: 4677131 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Blair CD, Brennan PJ. Effect of Sendai virus infection on lipid metabolism in chick embryo fibroblasts. J Virol 1972; 9:813-22. [PMID: 4337166 PMCID: PMC356378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.9.5.813-822.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism in the "abortive" system, Sendai virus-infected primary chick embryo fibroblasts, was examined by using (32)P-orthophosphate, (14)C-glucose, and (14)C-glycerol as precursors. Incorporation of radioactivity from (32)P-orthophosphate and (14)C-glucose into lipid was increased in infected cells. Synthesis of all individual phospholipids was about equally stimulated. There was also evidence for increased lipid synthesis in more productively infected monkey kidney cells. Incorporation of (14)C-glycerol when at a high level in the medium was also increased. However, when this precursor was supplied in minute quantities of high specific activity, incorporation was inhibited. Even though incorporation of radioactivity from (14)C-glucose was stimulated during long labeling periods, the uptake of this precursor during short pulses was inhibited in infected cells. The phenomenon of increased labeling of triglyceride in infected chick cells under certain conditions is discussed, in conjunction with the other effects, in terms of related changes in other virus-infected systems.
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Portner A, Kingsbury DW. Identification of transcriptive and replicative intermediates in Sendai virus-infected cells. Virology 1972; 47:711-25. [PMID: 4335074 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Brostrom MA, Bruening G, Bankowski RA. Comparison of neuraminidases of paramyxoviruses with immunologically dissimilar hemagglutinins. Virology 1971; 46:856-65. [PMID: 4332979 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Portner A, Kingsbury DW. Homologous interference by incomplete Sendai virus particles: changes in virus-specific ribonucleic acid synthesis. J Virol 1971; 8:388-94. [PMID: 4331647 PMCID: PMC376211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.4.388-394.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Incomplete Sendai virus particles (I particles) interfered with the replication of several strains of infectious Sendai virions (standard virus) but not with the replication of Newcastle disease virus, mumps virus, or Sindbis virus. I particles did not induce interferon, and ultraviolet irradiation of I particles abolished their ability to interfere. Protein synthesis was not necessary to establish interference. The degree of interference depended on the interval between exposure of cells to the I particles and challenge by standard virus, and this was reflected in the degree of inhibition of virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in infected cells. The most dramatic change was decreased accumulation of 50S virus-specific RNA in infected cells. RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S were not as markedly reduced in total amount, but hybridization experiments showed that a substantial portion of these slowly sedimenting RNA species were plus strands, presumably representing replicas of the RNA species in I particles. When I particles in insufficient numbers to interfere were added to cells as late as 8 hr after standard virus, there were no obvious changes in virus-specific RNA species in the cells; however, significant amounts of 19 and 25S RNA species, representing progeny of the I particles, appeared in the culture medium. It was concluded that interference was an intracellular event affecting an early step in virus replication. Competition by I particles for cell sites or substrates needed by standard virus seemed a less likely mechanism of interference than competition for enzymes specified by standard virus.
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34
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East JL, Kingsbury DW. Mumps virus replication in chick embryo lung cells: properties of ribonucleic acids in virions and infected cells. J Virol 1971; 8:161-73. [PMID: 4329967 PMCID: PMC356227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.2.161-173.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) species in mumps virions and in infected cells were compared. The predominant RNA species in virions labeled with (3)H-uridine sedimented at 50S; RNA species sedimenting at 28, 18, and about 10S were also present. The virion-associated RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S contained some nucleotide sequences similar to 50S virion RNA. Although mumps virus replication was severely inhibited by high concentrations of actinomycin D, some virus was made, and virus-specific RNA species accumulated in infected cells. Mumps virus resembled other paramyxoviruses in inducing, in infected cells, synthesis not only of 50S RNA but also of slower sedimenting RNA species with a peak distribution at about 18S, complementary in base sequences to 50S virion RNA. In addition, base sequences of the parental type were relatively abundant in the RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S; these may represent precursors of the slowly sedimenting RNA species associated with virions. Ribonuclease-resistant RNA was detected in infected cells; this may represent replicative or transcriptive intermediates. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide severely depressed accumulation of labeled 50S RNA in infected cells but did not interfere with accumulation of RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S. Actinomycin D treatment had a similar effect. Annealing of genomes and virus-induced complementary RNA species of Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, and mumps virus did not reveal any base sequence homologies.
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35
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Abstract
After dissociation of purified Sendai virus with the neutral detergent Nonidet P-40 and 2-mercaptoethanol, it catalyzed the incorporation of ribonucleoside triphosphates into an acid-insoluble product. The enzyme activity was associated with viral nucleocapsid as well as whole virions. The reaction product was ribonucleic acid (RNA) which annealed specifically with virion RNA. Sedimentation of the (3)H-RNA reaction product revealed two components, a 45S component with properties of double-stranded RNA and 4 to 6S component which appeared to be mostly single-stranded RNA.
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36
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Robinson WS. Sendai virus RNA synthesis and nucleocapsid formation in the presence of cycloheximide. Virology 1971; 44:494-502. [PMID: 4332964 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Zaslavsky VG, Zaides VM, Volkova MY, Kaverin NV, Bucrinskaya AG. Virus-specific informosome components in the extracts of newcastle disease virus infected cells. FEBS Lett 1971; 14:133-136. [PMID: 11945738 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V G. Zaslavsky
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR
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38
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Parfanovich M, Hammarskjöld B, Norrby E. Synthesis of virus-specific RNA in cells infected with two different variants of measles virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 35:38-44. [PMID: 5002147 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Huang AS, Baltimore D, Bratt MA. Ribonucleic acid polymerase in virions of Newcastle disease virus: comparison with the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase. J Virol 1971; 7:389-94. [PMID: 4323712 PMCID: PMC356129 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.3.389-394.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The virions of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) contained an enzyme that catalyzed the incorporation of ribonucleotides into ribonucleic acid (RNA). Optimal conditions for this polymerase activity were identical to the conditions for the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) polymerase, and both enzymes were active for longer times at 32 C than at 37 C. However, the specific activity of the NDV polymerase was less than 3% that of the VSV polymerase. Product RNA species from the NDV and VSV polymerase reactions annealed specifically to the homologous virion RNA species. Transcriptive intermediates containing product RNA attached to the respective virion RNA could be identified in both systems.
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40
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41
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Portner A, Kingsbury DW. Complementary RNAs in paramyxovirions and paramyxovirus-infected cells. Nature 1970; 228:1196-7. [PMID: 4321101 DOI: 10.1038/2281196a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Dubois MF, Daniel P, Mehran AR. L'acide ribonucl�ique du paramyxovirus parainfluenzae, type 3. Arch Virol 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01249885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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44
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Kingsbury DW, Portner A, Darlington RW. Properties of incomplete Sendai virions and subgenomic viral RNAs. Virology 1970; 42:857-71. [PMID: 4099084 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
MESH Headings
- Acrylates
- Animals
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Centrifugation, Zonal
- Chick Embryo
- Chromosomes/analysis
- Culture Techniques
- Electrophoresis
- Gels
- Genetics, Microbial
- Hemagglutinins, Viral
- Hybridization, Genetic
- Lung
- Microscopy, Electron
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/analysis
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/growth & development
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Polysaccharides
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Staining and Labeling
- Sucrose
- Tritium
- Uridine
- Virus Replication
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45
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Content J, Duesberg PH. Electrophoretic distribution of the proteins and glycoproteins of influenza virus and Sendai virus. J Virol 1970; 6:707-16. [PMID: 4322079 PMCID: PMC376186 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.6.707-716.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of influenza (WSN) and Sendai virus have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into five components. In both cases, three of these components were shown to be glycoproteins containing fucose, galactose, and glucosamine. Two protein components of each virus were probably free from these sugar residues, including the structural unit of the viral ribonucleoprotein (molecular weight of about 60,000 daltons).
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46
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Mekler LB, Shlyankevich MA, Shevliaghyn VJ. Sendai virus RNA as messenger RNA determining the synthesis of early virus specific proteins. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 30:309-15. [PMID: 4318623 DOI: 10.1007/bf01258361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/analysis
- Cell Line
- Chick Embryo
- Cricetinae
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts
- Genetic Code
- Genetics, Microbial
- Hemagglutination Tests
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/analysis
- Immune Sera
- Lactones/pharmacology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/drug effects
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/metabolism
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/radiation effects
- RNA, Messenger
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Sarcoma, Avian
- Tritium
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Uridine/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
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47
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Schincariol AL, Howatson AF. Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. I. Viral specific RNA and nucleoprotein in infected L cells. Virology 1970; 42:732-43. [PMID: 4320668 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Bratt MA, Gallaher WR. Comparison of fusion from within and fusion from without by Newcastle disease virus. IN VITRO 1970; 6:3-14. [PMID: 5535595 DOI: 10.1007/bf02616129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Mahy BW, Hutchinson JE, Barry RD. Ribonucleic acid polymerase induced in cells infected with Sendai virus. J Virol 1970; 5:663-71. [PMID: 4317110 PMCID: PMC376057 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.5.6.663-671.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase was induced in chick embryo fibroblast cells after infection with Sendai virus (parainfluenza 1 virus). The enzyme was associated with the microsomal fraction of infected cells and reached maximum detectable activity at 18 hr after virus infection. The activity of the enzyme in vitro was dependent on the presence of added magnesium ions and all four nucleoside triphosphates and was not inhibited by actinomycin D. The RNA synthesized by the enzyme in vitro was sensitive to ribonuclease and consisted of a complex mixture of RNA species including 34S, 24S, and 18S components. Similar RNA components were detected in the microsomal fraction of Sendai virus-infected cells by labeling with (3)H-uridine from 17 to 18 hr postinfection in the presence of actinomycin D. Of the RNA synthesized by Sendai virus-induced RNA polymerase in vitro, 98% became insensitive to ribonuclease after annealing with RNA extracted from purified Sendai virus particles.
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50
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Zhdanov VM, Bukrinskaya AG. Replicative forms of Sendai virus RNA. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 29:241-52. [PMID: 4316762 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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