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van der Meer J, Hin V, van Oort P, van de Wolfshaar KE. A simple DEB-based ecosystem model. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac057. [PMID: 35949258 PMCID: PMC9358698 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A minimum stoichiometric carbon and nitrogen model of an entire ecosystem based on Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is presented. The ecosystem contains nutrients, producers, consumers, decomposers and detritus. All three living groups consist of somatic structure and either one (consumers and decomposers) or two (producers) reserve compartments, hence the living matter is described by seven state variables. Four types of detritus are distinguished. As the system is closed for matter, the dynamics of the nutrients carbon dioxide and ammonium follow automatically from the dynamics of the other 11 state variables. All DEB organisms in the model are V1-morphs, which means that surface area of each organism is proportional to volume. The resulting ontogenetic symmetry implies that complicated modelling of size structure is not required. The DEB V1-morph model is explained in detail, and the same holds for the idea of synthesizing units, which plays a key role in DEB modelling. First results of system dynamics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van der Meer
- Wageningen Marine Research, Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands, , +31 317 488105
| | - Vincent Hin
- Wageningen Marine Research, Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands, , +31 317 488105
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Raupach MJ, Barco A, Steinke D, Beermann J, Laakmann S, Mohrbeck I, Neumann H, Kihara TC, Pointner K, Radulovici A, Segelken-Voigt A, Wesse C, Knebelsberger T. The Application of DNA Barcodes for the Identification of Marine Crustaceans from the North Sea and Adjacent Regions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139421. [PMID: 26417993 PMCID: PMC4587929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last years DNA barcoding has become a popular method of choice for molecular specimen identification. Here we present a comprehensive DNA barcode library of various crustacean taxa found in the North Sea, one of the most extensively studied marine regions of the world. Our data set includes 1,332 barcodes covering 205 species, including taxa of the Amphipoda, Copepoda, Decapoda, Isopoda, Thecostraca, and others. This dataset represents the most extensive DNA barcode library of the Crustacea in terms of species number to date. By using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), unique BINs were identified for 198 (96.6%) of the analyzed species. Six species were characterized by two BINs (2.9%), and three BINs were found for the amphipod species Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 (0.4%). Intraspecific distances with values higher than 2.2% were revealed for 13 species (6.3%). Exceptionally high distances of up to 14.87% between two distinct but monophyletic clusters were found for the parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, supporting the results of previous studies that indicated the existence of an overlooked sea louse species. In contrast to these high distances, haplotype-sharing was observed for two decapod spider crab species, Macropodia parva Van Noort & Adema, 1985 and Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus, 1761), underlining the need for a taxonomic revision of both species. Summarizing the results, our study confirms the application of DNA barcodes as highly effective identification system for the analyzed marine crustaceans of the North Sea and represents an important milestone for modern biodiversity assessment studies using barcode sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Raupach
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Barco
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinke
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Beermann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Silke Laakmann
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Inga Mohrbeck
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Hermann Neumann
- Department for Marine Research, Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Terue C. Kihara
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Karin Pointner
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Adriana Radulovici
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Segelken-Voigt
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, V. School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Christina Wesse
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Thomas Knebelsberger
- German Center of Marine Biodiversity (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
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Predator lipids induce paralytic shellfish toxins in bloom-forming algae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6395-400. [PMID: 25918403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420154112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among microscopic planktonic organisms underpin the functioning of open ocean ecosystems. With few exceptions, these organisms lack advanced eyes and thus rely largely on chemical sensing to perceive their surroundings. However, few of the signaling molecules involved in interactions among marine plankton have been identified. We report a group of eight small molecules released by copepods, the most abundant zooplankton in the sea, which play a central role in food webs and biogeochemical cycles. The compounds, named copepodamides, are polar lipids connecting taurine via an amide to isoprenoid fatty acid conjugate of varying composition. The bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum responds to pico- to nanomolar concentrations of copepodamides with up to a 20-fold increase in production of paralytic shellfish toxins. Different copepod species exude distinct copepodamide blends that contribute to the species-specific defensive responses observed in phytoplankton. The signaling system described here has far reaching implications for marine ecosystems by redirecting grazing pressure and facilitating the formation of large scale harmful algal blooms.
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Huebert KB, Peck MA. A day in the life of fish larvae: modeling foraging and growth using quirks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98205. [PMID: 24901937 PMCID: PMC4046954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces “Quirks,” a generic, individual-based model synthesizing over 40 years of empirical and theoretical insights into the foraging behavior and growth physiology of marine fish larvae. In Quirks, different types of larvae are defined by a short list of their biological traits, and all foraging and growth processes (including the effects of key environmental factors) are modeled following one unified set of mechanistic rules. This approach facilitates ecologically meaningful comparisons between different species and environments. We applied Quirks to model young exogenously feeding larvae of four species: 5.5-mm European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), 7-mm Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), 13-mm Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), and 7-mm European sprat (Sprattus sprattus). Modeled growth estimates explained the majority of variability among 53 published empirical growth estimates, and displayed very little bias: 0.65%±1.2% d−1 (mean ± standard error). Prey organisms of ∼67% the maximum ingestible prey length were optimal for all larval types, in terms of the expected ingestion per encounter. Nevertheless, the foraging rate integrated over all favorable prey sizes was highest when smaller organisms made up >95% of the prey biomass under the assumption of constant normalized size spectrum slopes. The overall effect of turbulence was consistently negative, because its detrimental influence on prey pursuit success exceeded its beneficial influence on prey encounter rate. Model sensitivity to endogenous traits and exogenous environmental factors was measured and is discussed in depth. Quirks is free software and open source code is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus B. Huebert
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Myron A. Peck
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Laakmann S, Gerdts G, Erler R, Knebelsberger T, Martínez Arbizu P, Raupach MJ. Comparison of molecular species identification for North Sea calanoid copepods (Crustacea) using proteome fingerprints and DNA sequences. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 13:862-76. [PMID: 23848968 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calanoid copepods play an important role in the pelagic ecosystem making them subject to various taxonomic and ecological studies, as well as indicators for detecting changes in the marine habitat. For all these investigations, valid identification, mainly of sibling and cryptic species as well as early life history stages, represents a central issue. In this study, we compare species identification methods for pelagic calanoid copepod species from the North Sea and adjacent regions in a total of 333 specimens. Morphologically identified specimens were analysed on the basis of nucleotide sequences (i.e. partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and complete 18S rDNA) and on proteome fingerprints using the technology of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). On all three molecular approaches, all specimens were classified to species level indicated by low intraspecific and high interspecific variability. Sequence divergences in both markers revealed a second Pseudocalanus species for the southern North Sea identified as Pseudocalanus moultoni by COI sequence comparisons to GenBank. Proteome fingerprints were valid for species clusters irrespective of high intraspecific variability, including significant differences between early developmental stages and adults. There was no effect of sampling region or time; thus, trophic effect, when analysing the whole organisms, was observed in species-specific protein mass spectra, underlining the power of this tool in the application on metazoan species identification. Because of less sample preparation steps, we recommend proteomic fingerprinting using the MALDI-TOF MS as an alternative or supplementary approach for rapid, cost-effective species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laakmann
- Senckenberg Research Institute, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
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Fauchald P, Skov H, Skern-Mauritzen M, Johns D, Tveraa T. Wasp-waist interactions in the North Sea ecosystem. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22729. [PMID: 21829494 PMCID: PMC3145753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a “wasp-waist” ecosystem, an intermediate trophic level is expected to control the abundance of predators through a bottom-up interaction and the abundance of prey through a top-down interaction. Previous studies suggest that the North Sea is mainly governed by bottom-up interactions driven by climate perturbations. However, few studies have investigated the importance of the intermediate trophic level occupied by small pelagic fishes. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the numeric interactions among 10 species of seabirds, two species of pelagic fish and four groups of zooplankton in the North Sea using decadal-scale databases. Linear models were used to relate the time series of zooplankton and seabirds to the time series of pelagic fish. Seabirds were positively related to herring (Clupea harengus), suggesting a bottom-up interaction. Two groups of zooplankton; Calanus helgolandicus and krill were negatively related to sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring respectively, suggesting top-down interactions. In addition, we found positive relationships among the zooplankton groups. Para/pseudocalanus was positively related to C. helgolandicus and C. finmarchicus was positively related to krill. Conclusion/Significance Our results indicate that herring was important in regulating the abundance of seabirds through a bottom-up interaction and that herring and sprat were important in regulating zooplankton through top-down interactions. We suggest that the positive relationships among zooplankton groups were due to selective foraging and switching in the two clupeid fishes. Our results suggest that “wasp-waist” interactions might be more important in the North Sea than previously anticipated. Fluctuations in the populations of pelagic fish due to harvesting and depletion of their predators might accordingly have profound consequences for ecosystem dynamics through trophic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Fauchald
- Department of Arctic Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
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Rejomon G, Kumar PKD, Nair M, Muraleedharan KR. Trace metal dynamics in zooplankton from the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2010; 25:622-633. [PMID: 19852074 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) concentrations in zooplankton from the mixed layer were investigated at 8 coastal and 20 offshore stations in the western Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon of 2003. The ecotoxicological importance of trace metal uptake was apparent within the Bay of Bengal zooplankton. There was a distinct spatial heterogeneity of metals, with highest concentrations in the upwelling zones of the southeast coast, moderate concentrations in the cyclonic eddy of the northeast coast, and lowest concentrations in the open ocean warm gyre regions. The average trace metal concentrations (μg g⁻¹) in coastal zooplankton (Fe, 44894.1 ± 12198.2; Co, 46.2 ± 4.6; Ni, 62.8 ± 6.5; Cu, 84.9 ± 6.7; Zn, 7546.8 ± 1051.7; Cd, 46.2 ± 5.6; Pb, 19.2 ± 2.6) were higher than in offshore zooplankton (Fe, 3423.4 ± 681.6; Co, 19.5 ± 3.81; Ni, 25.3 ± 7.3; Cu, 29.4 ± 4.2; Zn, 502.3 ± 124.3; Cd, 14.3 ± 2.9; Pb, 3.2 ± 2.0). A comparison of average trace metal concentrations in zooplankton from the Bay of Bengal showed enrichment of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in coastal zooplankton may be related to metal absorption from primary producers, and differences in metal concentrations in phytoplankton from coastal waters (upwelling zone and cyclonic eddy) compared with offshore waters (warm gyre). Zooplankton showed a great capacity for accumulations of trace metals, with average concentration factors of 4 867 929 ± 569 971, 246 757 ± 51 321, 337 180 ± 125 725, 43 480 ± 11 212, 1 046 371 ± 110 286, 601 679 ± 213 949, and 15 420 ± 9201 for Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb with respect to dissolved concentrations in coastal and offshore waters of the Bay of Bengal. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rejomon
- National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR), Regional Centre, Cochin, India
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Stegert C, Kreus M, Carlotti F, Moll A. Parameterisation of a zooplankton population model for Pseudocalanus elongatus using stage durations from laboratory experiments. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12 The North Sea Large Marine Ecosystem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0461(02)80064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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12
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Reid PC, Edwards M. Long-term changes in the pelagos, benthos and fisheries of the North Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03043021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Tidal stirring gradients, interacting with seasonal variation in photosynthetically active radiation, sea-surface heating, and wind stirring, are proposed as the most important controls on plankton in the southern North Sea. The hypothesis, in the form of a numerical model, is tested against observations during 1988/89 of seasonal cycles and spatial variation in phyto- and zoo-plankton. The importance of the tidal mixing front, and the effects of residual circulation and nutrient-rich river discharges, are discussed, and estimates given of microplankton community production and its fate.
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Trace Metals in Mesozooplankton of the North Sea: Concentrations in Different Taxa and Preliminary Results on Bioaccumulation in Copepod Collectives (Calanus finmarchicus/C. helgolandicus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19960810115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tett P, Walne A. Observations and simulations of hydrography, nutrients and plankton in the southern North Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00785326.1995.10431514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Broekhuizen N, Heath M, Hay S, Gurney W. Modelling the dynamics of the North Sea's Mesozooplankton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(95)90054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hansen FC. Trophic interactions between zooplankton andPhaeocystis cf.globosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02368356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mills DK, Tett PB, Novarino G. The spring bloom in the south western North Sea in 1989. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(94)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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