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Wang LT, Idris AH, Kisalu NK, Crompton PD, Seder RA. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite proteins as an emerging tool for malaria prevention. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1530-1545. [PMID: 39198635 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite various public health strategies, malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites remains a major global health challenge that requires development of new interventions. Extended half-life human monoclonal antibodies targeting the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein on sporozoites, the infective form of malaria parasites, prevent malaria in rodents and humans and have been advanced into clinical development. The protective epitopes on the circumsporozoite protein targeted by monoclonal antibodies have been defined. Cryogenic electron and multiphoton microscopy have enabled mechanistic structural and functional investigations of how antibodies bind to the circumsporozoite protein and neutralize sporozoites. Moreover, innovations in bioinformatics and antibody engineering have facilitated enhancement of antibody potency and durability. Here, we summarize the latest scientific advances in understanding how monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein prevent malaria and highlight existing clinical data and future plans for how this emerging intervention can be used alone or alongside existing antimalarial interventions to control malaria across at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Yanik S, Venkatesh V, Gordy JT, Gabriel-Alameh M, Meza J, Li Y, Glass E, Flores-Garcia Y, Tam Y, Chaiyawong N, Sarkar D, Weissman D, Markham R, Srinivasan P. Immature dendritic cell-targeting mRNA vaccine expressing PfCSP enhances protective immune responses against Plasmodium liver infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4656309. [PMID: 39041038 PMCID: PMC11261966 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4656309/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Resurgence in malaria has been noted in 2022 with 249 million clinical cases resulting in 608,000 deaths, mostly in children under five. Two vaccines, RTS, S, and more recently R21, targeting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) are recommended by the WHO but are not yet widely available. Strong humoral responses to neutralize sporozoites before they can infect the hepatocytes are important for vaccine-mediated protection. Suboptimal protection conferred by these first-generation vaccines highlight the need for approaches to improve vaccine-induced immune responses. With the recent success of mRNA-LNP vaccines against COVID-19, there is growing interest in leveraging this approach to enhance malaria vaccines. Here, we present the development of a novel chemokine fusion mRNA vaccine aimed at boosting immune responses to PfCSP by targeting the immunogen to immature dendritic cells (iDC). Vaccination of mice with mRNA encoding full-length CSP fused to macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP3α) encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles (LNP) elicited robust CD4+ T cell responses and enhanced antibody titers against NANP repeat epitopes compared to a conventional CSP mRNA-LNP vaccine. Importantly, the CSP-MIP3α fusion vaccine provided significantly greater protection against liver infection upon challenge with P. berghei PfCSP transgenic sporozoites. This enhanced protection was associated with multifunctional CD4+ T cells levels and anti-NANP repeat titers. This study highlights the potential to augment immune responses to PfCSP through iDC targeting and bolster protection against malaria liver infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Yanik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Varsha Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James T Gordy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Jacob Meza
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yangchen Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Glass
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ying Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nattawat Chaiyawong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deepti Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Richard Markham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Prakash Srinivasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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3
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Amen A, Yoo R, Fabra-García A, Bolscher J, Stone WJR, Bally I, Dergan-Dylon S, Kucharska I, de Jong RM, de Bruijni M, Bousema T, Richter King C, MacGill RS, Sauerwein RW, Julien JP, Poignard P, Jore MM. Target-agnostic identification of human antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sexual forms reveals cross stage recognition of glutamate-rich repeats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.03.565335. [PMID: 37961136 PMCID: PMC10635103 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Circulating sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) can be transmitted from humans to mosquitoes, thereby furthering the spread of malaria in the population. It is well established that antibodies (Abs) can efficiently block parasite transmission. In search for naturally acquired Ab targets on sexual stages, we established an efficient method for target-agnostic single B cell activation followed by high-throughput selection of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive to sexual stages of Pf in the form of gamete and gametocyte extract. We isolated mAbs reactive against a range of Pf proteins including well-established targets Pfs48/45 and Pfs230. One mAb, B1E11K, was cross-reactive to various proteins containing glutamate-rich repetitive elements expressed at different stages of the parasite life cycle. A crystal structure of two B1E11K Fab domains in complex with its main antigen, RESA, expressed on asexual blood stages, showed binding of B1E11K to a repeating epitope motif in a head-to-head conformation engaging in affinity-matured homotypic interactions. Thus, this mode of recognition of Pf proteins, previously described only for PfCSP, extends to other repeats expressed across various stages. The findings augment our understanding of immune-pathogen interactions to repeating elements of the Plasmodium parasite proteome and underscore the potential of the novel mAb identification method used to provide new insights into the natural humoral immune response against Pf . Impact Statement A naturally acquired human monoclonal antibody recognizes proteins expressed at different stages of the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle through affinity-matured homotypic interactions with glutamate-rich repeats.
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Naghizadeh M, Singh SK, Plieskatt J, Ofori EA, Theisen M. Production and Purification of Plasmodium Circumsporozoite Protein in Lactococcus lactis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:109-121. [PMID: 38315362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites of which Plasmodium falciparum contributed to an estimated 247 million cases worldwide in 2021 (WHO malaria report 2022). The P. falciparum Circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) covers the surface of the sporozoite which is critical to cell invasion in the human host. PfCSP is the leading pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate and forms the basis of the RTS'S (Mosquirix®) malaria vaccine. However, high-yield production of full-length PfCSP with proper folding has been challenging. Here, we describe expression and purification of full-length PfCSP (containing 4 NVDP and 38 NANP repeats) with proper conformation by a simple three-step procedure in the Lactococcus lactis expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naghizadeh
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susheel K Singh
- Biotherapeutic and Vaccine Research Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jordan Plieskatt
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ebenezer Addo Ofori
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Xia M, Vago F, Han L, Huang P, Nguyen L, Boons GJ, Klassen JS, Jiang W, Tan M. The αTSR Domain of Plasmodium Circumsporozoite Protein Bound Heparan Sulfates and Elicited High Titers of Sporozoite Binding Antibody After Displayed by Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3087-3107. [PMID: 37312932 PMCID: PMC10259582 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s406314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria is a devastating infectious illness caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on Plasmodium sporozoites binds heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors for liver invasion, a critical step for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Methods In this study, we characterized the αTSR domain that covers region III and the thrombospondin type-I repeat (TSR) of the CSP using various biochemical, glycobiological, bioengineering, and immunological approaches. Results We found for the first time that the αTSR bound heparan sulfate (HS) glycans through support by a fused protein, indicating that the αTSR is a key functional domain and thus a vaccine target. When the αTSR was fused to the S domain of norovirus VP1, the fusion protein self-assembled into uniform S60-αTSR nanoparticles. Three-dimensional structure reconstruction revealed that each nanoparticle consists of an S60 nanoparticle core and 60 surface displayed αTSR antigens. The nanoparticle displayed αTSRs retained the binding function to HS glycans, indicating that they maintained authentic conformations. Both tagged and tag-free S60-αTSR nanoparticles were produced via the Escherichia coli system at high yield by scalable approaches. They are highly immunogenic in mice, eliciting high titers of αTSR-specific antibody that bound specifically to the CSPs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites at high titer. Discussion and Conclusion Our data demonstrated that the αTSR is an important functional domain of the CSP. The S60-αTSR nanoparticle displaying multiple αTSR antigens is a promising vaccine candidate potentially against attachment and infection of Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Frank Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Ludwig J, Scally SW, Costa G, Hoffmann S, Murugan R, Lossin J, Prieto K, Obraztcova A, Lobeto N, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Lebas C, Collin N, Binter S, Kellam P, Levashina EA, Wardemann H, Julien JP. Glycosylated nanoparticle-based PfCSP vaccine confers long-lasting antibody responses and sterile protection in mouse malaria model. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:52. [PMID: 37029167 PMCID: PMC10080175 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective and durable vaccine remains a central goal in the fight against malaria. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the major surface protein of sporozoites and the target of the only licensed Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01. However, vaccine efficacy is low and short-lived, highlighting the need for a second-generation vaccine with superior efficacy and durability. Here, we report a Helicobacter pylori apoferritin-based nanoparticle immunogen that elicits strong B cell responses against PfCSP epitopes that are targeted by the most potent human monoclonal antibodies. Glycan engineering of the scaffold and fusion of an exogenous T cell epitope enhanced the anti-PfCSP B cell response eliciting strong, long-lived and protective humoral immunity in mice. Our study highlights the power of rational vaccine design to generate a highly efficacious second-generation anti-infective malaria vaccine candidate and provides the basis for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ludwig
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen W Scally
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giulia Costa
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandro Hoffmann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajagopal Murugan
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Lossin
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine Prieto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Obraztcova
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Lobeto
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Celia Lebas
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Spela Binter
- Kymab a Sanofi Company, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab a Sanofi Company, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Eradication of malaria remains one of the main aims of medicine. Despite progress in malaria treatment, mortality rate remains high, especially in the poorest parts of the world. Therefore, prevention through vaccines is fundamental and recent approval of the first effective vaccine reinforced this assumption. However, since the parasite cycle is complex, being composed of three stages, different types of vaccine targeting stage-specific antigens shall be developed. Moreover, the beneficial effect on vaccinated subjects can be tuned using compositions targeting different disease stages. AREA COVERED : We analysed the malaria vaccine patent landscape describing the most significant patents published after 2016, classified according to the different parasite stages targeted focusing on selected protein antigens or epitopes. We searched "malaria vaccine" on Patentscope and Espacenet. EXPERT OPINION : Pre-erythrocytic vaccines were boosted by RTS,S approval, but its partial efficacy, limited to sporozoites, calls for compositions active against other disease stages. In particular, multi-antigens vaccines could be more effective than single-stage ones, as they would activate an immune response more similar to that acquired in endemic regions. Furthermore, vaccine storage is another factor to be taken into account given the climate of the areas where malaria is widespread. More advanced technologies can lead to more effective and safer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quagliata
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Kucharska I, Binter Š, Murugan R, Scally SW, Ludwig J, Prieto K, Thai E, Costa G, Li K, Horn GQ, Flores-Garcia Y, Bosch A, Sicard T, Rubinstein JL, Zavala F, Dennison SM, Tomaras GD, Levashina EA, Kellam P, Wardemann H, Julien JP. High-density binding to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein repeats by inhibitory antibody elicited in mouse with human immunoglobulin repertoire. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010999. [PMID: 36441829 PMCID: PMC9762590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) can prevent infection and disease. PfCSP contains multiple central repeating NANP motifs; some of the most potent anti-infective antibodies against malaria bind to these repeats. Multiple antibodies can bind the repeating epitopes concurrently by engaging into homotypic Fab-Fab interactions, which results in the ordering of the otherwise largely disordered central repeat into a spiral. Here, we characterize IGHV3-33/IGKV1-5-encoded monoclonal antibody (mAb) 850 elicited by immunization of transgenic mice with human immunoglobulin loci. mAb 850 binds repeating NANP motifs with picomolar affinity, potently inhibits Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) in vitro and, when passively administered in a mouse challenge model, reduces liver burden to a similar extent as some of the most potent anti-PfCSP mAbs yet described. Like other IGHV3-33/IGKV1-5-encoded anti-NANP antibodies, mAb 850 primarily utilizes its HCDR3 and germline-encoded aromatic residues to recognize its core NANP motif. Biophysical and cryo-electron microscopy analyses reveal that up to 19 copies of Fab 850 can bind the PfCSP repeat simultaneously, and extensive homotypic interactions are observed between densely-packed PfCSP-bound Fabs to indirectly improve affinity to the antigen. Together, our study expands on the molecular understanding of repeat-induced homotypic interactions in the B cell response against PfCSP for potently protective mAbs against Pf infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Špela Binter
- Kymab Ltd., The Bennet Building (B930) Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rajagopal Murugan
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Institute (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen W. Scally
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Ludwig
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Institute (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine Prieto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elaine Thai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Costa
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gillian Q. Horn
- Department of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Bosch
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L. Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Department of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., The Bennet Building (B930) Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Institute (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Ruberto AA, Bourke C, Vantaux A, Maher SP, Jex A, Witkowski B, Snounou G, Mueller I. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites reveals stage- and species-specific transcriptomic signatures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010633. [PMID: 35926062 PMCID: PMC9380936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax sporozoites reside in the salivary glands of a mosquito before infecting a human host and causing malaria. Previous transcriptome-wide studies in populations of these parasite forms were limited in their ability to elucidate cell-to-cell variation, thereby masking cellular states potentially important in understanding malaria transmission outcomes. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, we performed transcription profiling on 9,947 P. vivax sporozoites to assess the extent to which they differ at single-cell resolution. We show that sporozoites residing in the mosquito’s salivary glands exist in distinct developmental states, as defined by their transcriptomic signatures. Additionally, relative to P. falciparum, P. vivax displays overlapping and unique gene usage patterns, highlighting conserved and species-specific gene programs. Notably, distinguishing P. vivax from P. falciparum were a subset of P. vivax sporozoites expressing genes associated with translational regulation and repression. Finally, our comparison of single-cell transcriptomic data from P. vivax sporozoite and erythrocytic forms reveals gene usage patterns unique to sporozoites. Conclusions/Significance In defining the transcriptomic signatures of individual P. vivax sporozoites, our work provides new insights into the factors driving their developmental trajectory and lays the groundwork for a more comprehensive P. vivax cell atlas. Plasmodium vivax is the second most common cause of malaria worldwide. It is particularly challenging for malaria elimination as it forms both active blood-stage infections, as well as asymptomatic liver-stage infections that can persist for extended periods of time. The activation of persister forms in the liver (hypnozoites) are responsible for relapsing infections occurring weeks or months following primary infection via a mosquito bite. How P. vivax persists in the liver remains a major gap in understanding of this organism. It has been hypothesized that there is pre-programming of the infectious sporozoite while it is in the salivary-glands that determines if the cell’s fate once in the liver is to progress towards immediate liver stage development or persist for long-periods as a hypnozoite. The aim of this study was to see if such differences were distinguishable at the transcript level in salivary-gland sporozoites. While we found significant variation amongst sporozoites, we did not find clear evidence that they are transcriptionally pre-programmed as has been suggested. Nevertheless, we highlight several intriguing patterns that appear to be P. vivax specific relative to non-relapsing species that cause malaria prompting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Ruberto
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Caitlin Bourke
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| | - Steven P. Maher
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Jex
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| | - Georges Snounou
- Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT) Department, Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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10
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Tryptophan C-mannosylation is critical for Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4400. [PMID: 35906227 PMCID: PMC9338275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan C-mannosylation stabilizes proteins bearing a thrombospondin repeat (TSR) domain in metazoans. Here we show that Plasmodium falciparum expresses a DPY19 tryptophan C-mannosyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum and that DPY19-deficiency abolishes C-glycosylation, destabilizes members of the TRAP adhesin family and inhibits transmission to mosquitoes. Imaging P. falciparum gametogenesis in its entirety in four dimensions using lattice light-sheet microscopy reveals defects in ΔDPY19 gametocyte egress and exflagellation. While egress is diminished, ΔDPY19 microgametes still fertilize macrogametes, forming ookinetes, but these are abrogated for mosquito infection. The gametogenesis defects correspond with destabilization of MTRAP, which we show is C-mannosylated in P. falciparum, and the ookinete defect is concordant with defective CTRP secretion on the ΔDPY19 background. Genetic complementation of DPY19 restores ookinete infectivity, sporozoite production and C-mannosylation activity. Therefore, tryptophan C-mannosylation by DPY19 ensures TSR protein quality control at two lifecycle stages for successful transmission of the human malaria parasite. Here, Lopaticki et al. show that Plasmodium falciparum expresses a Dpy19 C-mannosyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum that glycosylates TSR domains. Functional characterization shows that PfDpy19 plays a critical role in transmission through mosquitoes as PfDpy19-deficiency abolishes C-glycosylation and destabilizes proteins relevant for gametogenesis and oocyst formation.
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11
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Zheng H, Lu X, Li K, Zhu F, Zhao C, Liu T, Ding Y, Fu Y, Zhang K, Zhou T, Dai J, Wu Y, Xu W. ATG Ubiquitination Is Required for Circumsporozoite Protein to Subvert Host Innate Immunity Against Rodent Malaria Liver Stage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815936. [PMID: 35222391 PMCID: PMC8864237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs) of liver stage malaria parasite in the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) are encountered with robust host innate immunity, EEFs can still survive and successfully complete the infection of hepatocytes, and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we showed that sporozoite circumsporozoite protein (CSP) translocated from the parasitophorous vacuole into the hepatocyte cytoplasm significantly mediated the resistance to the killing of EEFs by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Attenuation of IFN-γ-mediated killing of EEFs by CSP was dependent on its ability to reduce the levels of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in hepatocytes. The ATGs downregulation occurred through its enhanced ubiquitination mediated by E3 ligase NEDD4, an enzyme that was upregulated by CSP when it translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus of hepatocytes via its nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain. Thus, we have revealed an unrecognized role of CSP in subverting host innate immunity and shed new light for a prophylaxis strategy against liver-stage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taoli Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jigang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- The Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
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12
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Wang LT, Hurlburt NK, Schön A, Flynn BJ, Flores-Garcia Y, Pereira LS, Kiyuka PK, Dillon M, Bonilla B, Zavala F, Idris AH, Francica JR, Pancera M, Seder RA. The light chain of the L9 antibody is critical for binding circumsporozoite protein minor repeats and preventing malaria. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110367. [PMID: 35172158 PMCID: PMC8896312 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L9 is a potent human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that preferentially binds two adjacent NVDP minor repeats and cross-reacts with NANP major repeats of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on malaria-infective sporozoites. Understanding this mAb's ontogeny and mechanisms of binding PfCSP will facilitate vaccine development. Here, we isolate mAbs clonally related to L9 and show that this B cell lineage has baseline NVDP affinity and evolves to acquire NANP reactivity. Pairing the L9 kappa light chain (L9κ) with clonally related heavy chains results in chimeric mAbs that cross-link two NVDPs, cross-react with NANP, and more potently neutralize sporozoites in vivo compared with their original light chain. Structural analyses reveal that the chimeric mAbs bound minor repeats in a type-1 β-turn seen in other repeat-specific antibodies. These data highlight the importance of L9κ in binding NVDP on PfCSP to neutralize sporozoites and suggest that PfCSP-based immunogens might be improved by presenting ≥2 NVDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lais S Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patience K Kiyuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Kucharska I, Hossain L, Ivanochko D, Yang Q, Rubinstein JL, Pomès R, Julien JP. Structural basis of Plasmodium vivax inhibition by antibodies binding to the circumsporozoite protein repeats. eLife 2022; 11:e72908. [PMID: 35023832 PMCID: PMC8809896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global health burden, with Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) responsible for the majority of infections worldwide. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the most abundant protein on the surface of Plasmodium sporozoites, and antibodies targeting the central repeat region of CSP can prevent parasite infection. Although much has been uncovered about the molecular basis of antibody recognition of the PfCSP repeats, data remains scarce for PvCSP. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for peptides comprising the PvCSP repeats from strains VK210 and VK247 to reveal how the PvCSP central repeats are highly disordered, with minor propensities to adopt turn conformations. Next, we solved eight crystal structures to unveil the interactions of two inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 2F2 and 2E10.E9, with PvCSP repeats. Both antibodies can accommodate subtle sequence variances in the repeat motifs and recognize largely coiled peptide conformations that also contain isolated turns. Our structural studies uncover various degrees of Fab-Fab homotypic interactions upon recognition of the PvCSP central repeats by these two inhibitory mAbs, similar to potent mAbs against PfCSP. These findings augment our understanding of host-Plasmodium interactions and contribute molecular details of Pv inhibition by mAbs to unlock structure-based engineering of PvCSP-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Lamia Hossain
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Danton Ivanochko
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Qiren Yang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Régis Pomès
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Immunology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
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14
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Vaccination in a humanized mouse model elicits highly protective PfCSP-targeting anti-malarial antibodies. Immunity 2021; 54:2859-2876.e7. [PMID: 34788599 PMCID: PMC9087378 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Repeat antigens, such as the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), use both sequence degeneracy and structural diversity to evade the immune response. A few PfCSP-directed antibodies have been identified that are effective at preventing malaria infection, including CIS43, but how these repeat-targeting antibodies might be improved has been unclear. Here, we engineered a humanized mouse model in which B cells expressed inferred human germline CIS43 (iGL-CIS43) B cell receptors and used both vaccination and bioinformatic analysis to obtain variant CIS43 antibodies with improved protective capacity. One such antibody, iGL-CIS43.D3, was significantly more potent than the current best-in-class PfCSP-directed antibody. We found that vaccination with a junctional epitope peptide was more effective than full-length PfCSP at recruiting iGL-CIS43 B cells to germinal centers. Structure-function analysis revealed multiple somatic hypermutations that combinatorically improved protection. This mouse model can thus be used to understand vaccine immunogens and to develop highly potent anti-malarial antibodies.
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15
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Gaudinski MR, Berkowitz NM, Idris AH, Coates EE, Holman LA, Mendoza F, Gordon IJ, Plummer SH, Trofymenko O, Hu Z, Campos Chagas A, O'Connell S, Basappa M, Douek N, Narpala SR, Barry CR, Widge AT, Hicks R, Awan SF, Wu RL, Hickman S, Wycuff D, Stein JA, Case C, Evans BP, Carlton K, Gall JG, Vazquez S, Flach B, Chen GL, Francica JR, Flynn BJ, Kisalu NK, Capparelli EV, McDermott A, Mascola JR, Ledgerwood JE, Seder RA. A Monoclonal Antibody for Malaria Prevention. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:803-814. [PMID: 34379916 PMCID: PMC8579034 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2034031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additional interventions are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by malaria. METHODS We conducted a two-part, phase 1 clinical trial to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of CIS43LS, an antimalarial monoclonal antibody with an extended half-life, and its efficacy against infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Part A of the trial assessed the safety, initial side-effect profile, and pharmacokinetics of CIS43LS in healthy adults who had never had malaria. Participants received CIS43LS subcutaneously or intravenously at one of three escalating dose levels. A subgroup of participants from Part A continued to Part B, and some received a second CIS43LS infusion. Additional participants were enrolled in Part B and received CIS43LS intravenously. To assess the protective efficacy of CIS43LS, some participants underwent controlled human malaria infection in which they were exposed to mosquitoes carrying P. falciparum sporozoites 4 to 36 weeks after administration of CIS43LS. RESULTS A total of 25 participants received CIS43LS at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of body weight, 20 mg per kilogram, or 40 mg per kilogram, and 4 of the 25 participants received a second dose (20 mg per kilogram regardless of initial dose). No safety concerns were identified. We observed dose-dependent increases in CIS43LS serum concentrations, with a half-life of 56 days. None of the 9 participants who received CIS43LS, as compared with 5 of 6 control participants who did not receive CIS43LS, had parasitemia according to polymerase-chain-reaction testing through 21 days after controlled human malaria infection. Two participants who received 40 mg per kilogram of CIS43LS and underwent controlled human malaria infection approximately 36 weeks later had no parasitemia, with serum concentrations of CIS43LS of 46 and 57 μg per milliliter at the time of controlled human malaria infection. CONCLUSIONS Among adults who had never had malaria infection or vaccination, administration of the long-acting monoclonal antibody CIS43LS prevented malaria after controlled infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; VRC 612 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04206332.).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antimalarials/administration & dosage
- Antimalarials/adverse effects
- Antimalarials/pharmacokinetics
- Antimalarials/therapeutic use
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Infusions, Intravenous/adverse effects
- Injections, Subcutaneous/adverse effects
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Middle Aged
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Gaudinski
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Nina M Berkowitz
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Azza H Idris
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Emily E Coates
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - LaSonji A Holman
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Floreliz Mendoza
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Ingelise J Gordon
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Sarah H Plummer
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Olga Trofymenko
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Zonghui Hu
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Manjula Basappa
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Naomi Douek
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Christopher R Barry
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Alicia T Widge
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Renunda Hicks
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Seemal F Awan
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Richard L Wu
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Somia Hickman
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Diane Wycuff
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Judy A Stein
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Christopher Case
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Brian P Evans
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Kevin Carlton
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Jason G Gall
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Sandra Vazquez
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Britta Flach
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Grace L Chen
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Joseph R Francica
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Edmund V Capparelli
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Adrian McDermott
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - John R Mascola
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
| | - Robert A Seder
- From the Vaccine Research Center (M.R.G., N.M.B., A.H.I., E.E.C., L.A.H., F.M., I.J.G., S.H.P., O.T., S.O., M.B., N.D., S.R.N., C.R.B., A.T.W., R.H., S.F.A., R.L.W., S.H., D.W., J.A.S., K.C., J.G.G., S.V., B.F., G.L.C., J.R.F., B.J.F., N.K.K., A.M., J.R.M., J.E.L., R.A.S.) and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (Z.H.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (M.R.G.), the Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (A.C.C., B.P.E.), and the Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (C.C.) - all in Maryland; and the School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego (E.V.C.)
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16
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Asghari A, Nourmohammadi H, Majidiani H, Shariatzadeh SA, Shams M, Montazeri F. In silico analysis and prediction of immunogenic epitopes for pre-erythrocytic proteins of the deadly Plasmodium falciparum. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104985. [PMID: 34214673 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the deadliest parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, with considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly due to the life-threatening Plasmodium falciparum. The present in silico investigation was performed to reveal the biophysical characteristics and immunogenic epitopes of the six pre-erythrocytic proteins of the P. falciparum using comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches. For this aim, different web servers were employed to predict subcellular localization, antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, physico-chemical properties, post-translational modification sites (PTMs), the presence of signal peptide and transmembrane domains. Moreover, the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were revealed followed by refinement and validations. Finally, NetCTL server was used to predict cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, followed by subsequent screening in terms of antigenicity and immunogenicity. Also, IEDB server was utilized to predict helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, followed by screening regarding interferon gamma induction and population coverage. These proteins showed appropriate antigenicity, abundant PTMs as well as many CTL and HTL epitopes, which could be directed for future vaccination studies in the context of multi-epitope vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Nourmohammadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Fattaneh Montazeri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Singer M, Frischknecht F. Fluorescent tagging of Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein allows imaging of sporozoite formation but blocks egress from oocysts. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13321. [PMID: 33600048 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein, CSP, is the major surface protein of Plasmodium sporozoites, the form of malaria parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. CSP is involved in sporozoite formation within and egress from oocysts, entry into mosquito salivary glands and mammalian liver as well as migration in the skin. Yet, how CSP facilitates sporozoite formation, oocyst egress and hepatocyte specific invasion is still not fully understood. Here, we aimed at generating a series of parasites expressing full-length versions of CSP with internally inserted green fluorescent protein between known domains at the endogenous csp locus. This enabled the investigation of sporozoite formation in living oocysts. GFP insertion after the signal peptide leads to cleavage of GFP before the fusion protein reached the plasma membrane while insertion of GFP before or after the TSR domain prevented sporozoite egress and liver invasion. These data suggest different strategies for obtaining mature salivary gland sporozoites that express GFP-CSP fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Singer
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental Parasitology, Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Chatterjee D, Lewis FJ, Sutton HJ, Kaczmarski JA, Gao X, Cai Y, McNamara HA, Jackson CJ, Cockburn IA. Avid binding by B cells to the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein repeat suppresses responses to protective subdominant epitopes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108996. [PMID: 33852850 PMCID: PMC8052187 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the NANP/NVDP repeat domain of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSPRepeat) can protect against malaria. However, it has also been suggested that the CSPRepeat is a decoy that prevents the immune system from mounting responses against other domains of CSP. Here, we show that, following parasite immunization, B cell responses to the CSPRepeat are immunodominant over responses to other CSP domains despite the presence of similar numbers of naive B cells able to bind these regions. We find that this immunodominance is driven by avid binding of the CSPRepeat to cognate B cells that are able to expand at the expense of B cells with other specificities. We further show that mice immunized with repeat-truncated CSP molecules develop responses to subdominant epitopes and are protected against malaria. These data demonstrate that the CSPRepeat functions as a decoy, but truncated CSP molecules may be an approach for malaria vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepyan Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Fiona J Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Henry J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Joe A Kaczmarski
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yeping Cai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hayley A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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19
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Chatterjee D, Cockburn IA. The challenges of a circumsporozoite protein-based malaria vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:113-125. [PMID: 33554669 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1874924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A safe and effective vaccine will likely be necessary for the control or eradication of malaria which kills 400,000 annually. Our most advanced vaccine candidate to date is RTS,S which is based on the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) of the malaria parasite. However, protection by RTS,S is incomplete and short-lived. AREAS COVERED Here we summarize results from recent clinical trials of RTS,S and critically evaluate recent studies that aim to understand the correlates of protective immunity and why vaccine-induced protection is short-lived. In particular, recent systems serology studies have highlighted a key role for the necessity of inducing functional antibodies. In-depth analyses of immune responses to CSP in both mouse models and vaccinated humans have also highlighted difficulties in generating the maintaining high-quality antibody responses. Finally, in recent years biophysical and structural studies of antibody binding to PfCSP have led to a better understanding of how highly potent antibodies can block infection, which can inform vaccine design. EXPERT OPINION We highlight how both structure-guided vaccine design and a better understanding of the immune response to PfCSP can inform a second generation of PfCSP-based vaccines stimulating a broader range of protective targets within PfCSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepyan Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Andrew Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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20
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Dennison SM, Reichartz M, Abraha M, Spreng RL, Wille-Reece U, Dutta S, Jongert E, Alam SM, Tomaras GD. Magnitude, Specificity, and Avidity of Sporozoite-Specific Antibodies Associate With Protection Status and Distinguish Among RTS,S/AS01 Dose Regimens. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, demonstrated an enhanced efficacy (86.7%) in a delayed third fractional dose (0.1.7Fx) regimen in controlled human malaria infection trials compared with a standard full-dose (0.1.2) regimen (62.5%). To understand the humoral component of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine-induced protection against sporozoite infection in these 2 regimens, we investigated the serum antibody dynamics of 0.1.2 and 0.1.7Fx groups vaccinees.
Methods
The specific binding responses (magnitude) and dissociation rates (avidity) of serum antibodies interaction with a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and peptides corresponding to the central repeat region (NANP6), the C-terminal region (PF16), and the N-terminal junction (N-interface) of CSP, respectively, were measured using a Biolayer Interferometry assay.
Results
On the day of challenge, higher NANP6-specific antibody responses were associated with protection in the 0.1.2 group. In contrast, slower antibody dissociation rates for CSP and PF16 binding were observed in the protected 0.1.7Fx group. Protected vaccinees of both groups exhibited 2- to 3-fold higher N-interface peptide binding antibody responses.
Conclusions
Unlike the standard dose, the delayed-fractional third dose of RTS,S/AS01 induced higher avidity CSP and PF16 binding antibodies that were associated with protection against sporozoite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Reichartz
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Milite Abraha
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Kucharska I, Thai E, Srivastava A, Rubinstein JL, Pomès R, Julien JP. Structural ordering of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein repeats by inhibitory antibody 3D11. eLife 2020; 9:e59018. [PMID: 33253113 PMCID: PMC7704109 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites express circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on their surface, an essential protein that contains central repeating motifs. Antibodies targeting this region can neutralize infection, and the partial efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 - the leading malaria vaccine against P. falciparum (Pf) - has been associated with the humoral response against the repeats. Although structural details of antibody recognition of PfCSP have recently emerged, the molecular basis of antibody-mediated inhibition of other Plasmodium species via CSP binding remains unclear. Here, we analyze the structure and molecular interactions of potent monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3D11 binding to P. berghei CSP (PbCSP) using molecular dynamics simulations, X-ray crystallography, and cryoEM. We reveal that mAb 3D11 can accommodate all subtle variances of the PbCSP repeating motifs, and, upon binding, induces structural ordering of PbCSP through homotypic interactions. Together, our findings uncover common mechanisms of antibody evolution in mammals against the CSP repeats of Plasmodium sporozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Elaine Thai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Régis Pomès
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Immunology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
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22
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Subdominance in Antibody Responses: Implications for Vaccine Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 85:85/1/e00078-20. [PMID: 33239435 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00078-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines work primarily by eliciting antibodies, even when recovery from natural infection depends on cellular immunity. Large efforts have therefore been made to identify microbial antigens that elicit protective antibodies, but these endeavors have encountered major difficulties, as witnessed by the lack of vaccines against many pathogens. This review summarizes accumulating evidence that subdominant protein regions, i.e., surface-exposed regions that elicit relatively weak antibody responses, are of particular interest for vaccine development. This concept may seem counterintuitive, but subdominance may represent an immune evasion mechanism, implying that the corresponding region potentially is a key target for protective immunity. Following a presentation of the concepts of immunodominance and subdominance, the review will present work on subdominant regions in several major human pathogens: the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, two species of pathogenic streptococci, and the dengue and influenza viruses. Later sections are devoted to the molecular basis of subdominance, its potential role in immune evasion, and general implications for vaccine development. Special emphasis will be placed on the fact that a whole surface-exposed protein domain can be subdominant, as demonstrated for all of the pathogens described here. Overall, the available data indicate that subdominant protein regions are of much interest for vaccine development, not least in bacterial and protozoal systems, for which antibody subdominance remains largely unexplored.
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23
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Wang LT, Pereira LS, Flores-Garcia Y, O'Connor J, Flynn BJ, Schön A, Hurlburt NK, Dillon M, Yang ASP, Fabra-García A, Idris AH, Mayer BT, Gerber MW, Gottardo R, Mason RD, Cavett N, Ballard RB, Kisalu NK, Molina-Cruz A, Nelson J, Vistein R, Barillas-Mury C, Amino R, Baker D, King NP, Sauerwein RW, Pancera M, Cockburn IA, Zavala F, Francica JR, Seder RA. A Potent Anti-Malarial Human Monoclonal Antibody Targets Circumsporozoite Protein Minor Repeats and Neutralizes Sporozoites in the Liver. Immunity 2020; 53:733-744.e8. [PMID: 32946741 PMCID: PMC7572793 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Discovering potent human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on sporozoites (SPZ) and elucidating their mechanisms of neutralization will facilitate translation for passive prophylaxis and aid next-generation vaccine development. Here, we isolated a neutralizing human mAb, L9 that preferentially bound NVDP minor repeats of PfCSP with high affinity while cross-reacting with NANP major repeats. L9 was more potent than six published neutralizing human PfCSP mAbs at mediating protection against mosquito bite challenge in mice. Isothermal titration calorimetry and multiphoton microscopy showed that L9 and the other most protective mAbs bound PfCSP with two binding events and mediated protection by killing SPZ in the liver and by preventing their egress from sinusoids and traversal of hepatocytes. This study defines the subdominant PfCSP minor repeats as neutralizing epitopes, identifies an in vitro biophysical correlate of SPZ neutralization, and demonstrates that the liver is an important site for antibodies to prevent malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lais S Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Annie S P Yang
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Fabra-García
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Monica W Gerber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Cavett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reid B Ballard
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jorgen Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Discovery of four new B-cell protective epitopes for malaria using Q beta virus-like particle as platform. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:92. [PMID: 33083027 PMCID: PMC7546618 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the world’s most urgent global health problems, with almost half a million deaths and hundreds of millions of clinical cases each year. Existing interventions by themselves will not be enough to tackle infection in high-transmission areas. The best new intervention would be an effective vaccine; but the leading P. falciparum and P. vivax vaccine candidates, RTS,S and VMP001, show only modest to low field efficacy. New antigens and improved ways for screening antigens for protective efficacy will be required. This study exploits the potential of Virus-Like Particles (VLP) to enhance immune responses to antigens, the ease of coupling peptides to the Q beta (Qβ) VLP and the existing murine malaria challenge to screen B-cell epitopes for protective efficacy. We screened P. vivax TRAP (PvTRAP) immune sera against individual 20-mer PvTRAP peptides. The most immunogenic peptides associated with protection were loaded onto Qβ VLPs to assess protective efficacy in a malaria sporozoite challenge. A second approach focused on identifying conserved regions within known sporozoite invasion proteins and assessing them as part of the Qβ. Using this VLP as a peptide scaffold, four new protective B-cell epitopes were discovered: three from the disordered region of PvTRAP and one from Thrombospondin-related sporozoite protein (TRSP). Antigenic interference between these and other B-cell epitopes was also explored using the virus-like particle/peptide platform. This approach demonstrates the utility of VLPs to help identifying new B-cell epitopes for inclusion in next-generation malaria vaccines.
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25
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Schmaler M, Orlova-Fink N, Rutishauser T, Abdulla S, Daubenberger C. Human unconventional T cells in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:265-277. [PMID: 32076813 PMCID: PMC7223888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an old scourge of humankind and has a large negative impact on the economic development of affected communities. Recent success in malaria control and reduction of mortality seems to have stalled emphasizing that our current intervention tools need to be complemented by malaria vaccines. Different populations of unconventional T cells such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells are gaining attention in the field of malaria immunology. Significant advances in our basic understanding of unconventional T cell biology in rodent malaria models have been made, however, their roles in humans during malaria are less clear. Unconventional T cells are abundant in skin, gut and liver tissues, and long-lasting expansions and functional alterations were observed upon malaria infection in malaria naïve and malaria pre-exposed volunteers. Here, we review the current understanding of involvement of unconventional T cells in anti-Plasmodium falciparum immunity and highlight potential future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Orlova-Fink
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Rutishauser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Clinical Trial Unit, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Protective efficacy of peptides from Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein. Vaccine 2020; 38:4346-4354. [PMID: 32402755 PMCID: PMC7408485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short repeat-region peptides from PvCSP on a VLP protect against malaria. The AGDR tetramer from PvCSP VK210 can, on a VLP, also protect against malaria. Full-length PvCSP is much less protective as a vaccine than truncated PvCSP. Region I and II peptides confer no protection against malaria presented on a VLP.
Vivax malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with several million clinical cases per year and 2.5 billion at risk of infection. A vaccine is urgently needed but the most advanced malaria vaccine, VMP001, confers only very low levels of protection against vivax malaria challenge in humans. VMP001 is based on the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium vivax. Here a virus-like particle, Qβ, is used as a platform to generate very high levels of antibody against peptides from PvCSP in mice, in order to answer questions important to further development of P. vivax CSP (PvCSP) vaccines. Minimal peptides from the VK210 and VK247 allelic variants of PvCSP are found to be highly protective as Qβ-peptide vaccines, using transgenic P. berghei parasites expressing the homologous PvCSP allelic variant. A target of neutralising antibodies within the nonamer unit repeat of VK210, AGDR, is found, as a Qβ-peptide vaccine, to provide partial protection against malaria challenge, and enhances protective efficacy when combined with full-length PvCSP vaccination. A truncated form of PvCSP, missing the N-terminal domain, is found to confer much higher levels of protective efficacy than full-length PvCSP. Peptides derived from highly conserved areas of PvCSP, RI and RII, are found not to confer protective efficacy as Qβ-peptide vaccines.
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27
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Krampa FD, Aniweh Y, Kanyong P, Awandare GA. Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E799. [PMID: 32024098 PMCID: PMC7038750 DOI: 10.3390/s20030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of malaria on global health has continually prompted the need to develop more effective diagnostic strategies that could overcome deficiencies in accurate and early detection. In this review, we examine the various biosensor-based methods for malaria diagnostic biomarkers, namely; Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2), parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), aldolase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and the biocrystal hemozoin. The models that demonstrate a potential for field application have been discussed, looking at the fabrication and analytical performance characteristics, including (but not exclusively limited to): response time, sensitivity, detection limit, linear range, and storage stability, which are first summarized in a tabular form and then described in detail. The conclusion summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies applied in the field, the current challenges and the emerging prospects for malaria biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D. Krampa
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Prosper Kanyong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; (Y.A.); (P.K.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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28
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Singh SK, Plieskatt J, Chourasia BK, Singh V, Bolscher JM, Dechering KJ, Adu B, López-Méndez B, Kaviraj S, Locke E, King CR, Theisen M. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein produced in Lactococcus lactis is pure and stable. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:403-414. [PMID: 31792057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) is a sporozoite surface protein whose role in sporozoite motility and cell invasion has made it the leading candidate for a pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine. However, production of high yields of soluble recombinant PfCSP, including its extensive NANP and NVDP repeats, has proven problematic. Here, we report on the development and characterization of a secreted, soluble, and stable full-length PfCSP (containing 4 NVDP and 38 NANP repeats) produced in the Lactococcus lactis expression system. The recombinant full-length PfCSP, denoted PfCSP4/38, was produced initially with a histidine tag and purified by a simple two-step procedure. Importantly, the recombinant PfCSP4/38 retained a conformational epitope for antibodies as confirmed by both in vivo and in vitro characterizations. We characterized this complex protein by HPLC, light scattering, MS analysis, differential scanning fluorimetry, CD, SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting with conformation-dependent and -independent mAbs, which confirmed it to be both pure and soluble. Moreover, we found that the recombinant protein is stable at both frozen and elevated-temperature storage conditions. When we used L. lactis-derived PfCSP4/38 to immunize mice, it elicited high levels of functional antibodies that had the capacity to modify sporozoite motility in vitro We concluded that the reported yield, purity, results of biophysical analyses, and stability of PfCSP4/38 warrant further consideration of using the L. lactis system for the production of circumsporozoite proteins for preclinical and clinical applications in malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel K Singh
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bishwanath Kumar Chourasia
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Bright Adu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Blanca López-Méndez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Emily Locke
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, D. C. 20001
| | - C Richter King
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, D. C. 20001
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Gupta R, Mishra A, Choudhary HH, Narwal SK, Nayak B, Srivastava PN, Mishra S. Secreted protein with altered thrombospondin repeat (SPATR) is essential for asexual blood stages but not required for hepatocyte invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:478-491. [PMID: 31755154 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon entering its mammalian host, the malaria parasite productively invades two distinct cell types, that is, hepatocytes and erythrocytes during which several adhesins/invasins are thought to be involved. Many surface-located proteins containing thrombospondin Type I repeat (TSR) which help establish host-parasite molecular crosstalk have been shown to be essential for mammalian infection. Previous reports indicated that antibodies produced against Plasmodium falciparum secreted protein with altered thrombospondin repeat (SPATR) block hepatocyte invasion by sporozoites but no genetic evidence of its contribution to invasion has been reported. After failing to generate Spatr knockout in Plasmodium berghei blood stages, a conditional mutagenesis system was employed. Here, we show that SPATR plays an essential role during parasite's blood stages. Mutant salivary gland sporozoites exhibit normal motility, hepatocyte invasion, liver stage development and rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane resulting in merosome formation. But these mutant hepatic merozoites failed to establish a blood stage infection in vivo. We provide direct evidence that SPATR is not required for hepatocyte invasion but plays an essential role during the blood stages of P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Gupta
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Akancha Mishra
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Hadi Hasan Choudhary
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Narwal
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Bandita Nayak
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pratik Narain Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- Division of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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30
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Zhou Y, Dobritsa AA. Formation of aperture sites on the pollen surface as a model for development of distinct cellular domains. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110222. [PMID: 31521218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains are covered by the complex extracellular structure, called exine, which in most species is deposited on the pollen surface non-uniformly. Certain surface areas receive fewer exine deposits and develop into regions whose structure and morphology differ significantly from the rest of pollen wall. These regions are known as pollen apertures. Across species, pollen apertures can vary in their numbers, positions, and morphology, generating highly diverse patterns. The process of aperture formation involves establishment of cell polarity, formation of distinct plasma membrane domains, and deposition of extracellular materials at precise positions. Thus, pollen apertures present an excellent model for studying the development of cellular domains and formation of patterns at the single-cell level. Until very recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and formation of aperture sites were completely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the molecular processes involved in pollen aperture formation, focusing on the molecular players identified through genetic approaches in the model plant Arabidopsis. We discuss a potential working model that describes the process of aperture formation, including specification of domains, creation of their defining features, and protection of these regions from exine deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Anna A Dobritsa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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31
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Julien JP, Wardemann H. Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum malaria at the molecular level. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:761-775. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Kojin BB, Adelman ZN. The Sporozoite's Journey Through the Mosquito: A Critical Examination of Host and Parasite Factors Required for Salivary Gland Invasion. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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33
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Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2174. [PMID: 31092823 PMCID: PMC6520358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01E has been tested in a phase 3 malaria vaccine study with partial efficacy in African children and infants. In a cohort of 1028 subjects from one low (Bagomoyo) and two high (Nanoro, Kintampo) malaria transmission sites, we analysed IgG plasma/serum concentration and avidity to CSP (NANP-repeat and C-terminal domains) after a 3-dose vaccination against time to clinical malaria events during 12-months. Here we report that RTS,S/AS01E induces substantial increases in IgG levels from pre- to post-vaccination (p < 0.001), higher in NANP than C-terminus (2855 vs 1297 proportional change between means), and higher concentrations and avidities in children than infants (p < 0.001). Baseline CSP IgG levels are elevated in malaria cases than controls (p < 0.001). Both, IgG magnitude to NANP (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.61 [0.48-0.76]) and avidity to C-terminus (0.07 [0.05-0.90]) post-vaccination are significantly associated with vaccine efficacy. IgG avidity to the C-terminus emerges as a significant contributor to RTS,S/AS01E-mediated protection.
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34
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Heide J, Vaughan KC, Sette A, Jacobs T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Comprehensive Review of Human Plasmodium falciparum-Specific CD8+ T Cell Epitopes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:397. [PMID: 30949162 PMCID: PMC6438266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of malaria is an important global health issue and there is still an urgent need for the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine. Multiple studies have provided strong evidence that Plasmodium falciparum-specific MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells are important for sterile protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection. Here, we present an interactive epitope map of all P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes published to date, based on a comprehensive data base (IEDB), and literature search. The majority of the described P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cells were directed against the antigens CSP, TRAP, AMA1, and LSA1. Notably, most of the epitopes were discovered in vaccine trials conducted with malaria-naïve volunteers. Only few immunological studies of P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes detected in patients suffering from acute malaria or in people living in malaria endemic areas have been published. Further detailed immunological mappings of P. falciparum-specific epitopes of a broader range of P. falciparum proteins in different settings and with different disease status are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of CD8+ T cell responses for protection, and to better guide vaccine design and to study their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Heide
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerrie C Vaughan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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35
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Tan J, Piccoli L, Lanzavecchia A. The Antibody Response to Plasmodium falciparum: Cues for Vaccine Design and the Discovery of Receptor-Based Antibodies. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 37:225-246. [PMID: 30566366 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum remains a serious public health problem and a continuous challenge for the immune system due to the complexity and diversity of the pathogen. Recent advances from several laboratories in the characterization of the antibody response to the parasite have led to the identification of critical targets for protection and revealed a new mechanism of diversification based on the insertion of host receptors into immunoglobulin genes, leading to the production of receptor-based antibodies. These advances have opened new possibilities for vaccine design and passive antibody therapies to provide sterilizing immunity and control blood-stage parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Tan
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; .,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.,Current affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; .,VIR Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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36
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Aliprandini E, Tavares J, Panatieri RH, Thiberge S, Yamamoto MM, Silvie O, Ishino T, Yuda M, Dartevelle S, Traincard F, Boscardin SB, Amino R. Cytotoxic anti-circumsporozoite antibodies target malaria sporozoites in the host skin. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1224-1233. [PMID: 30349082 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the major surface protein of malaria sporozoites (SPZs), the motile and invasive parasite stage inoculated in the host skin by infected mosquitoes. Antibodies against the central CSP repeats of different plasmodial species are known to block SPZ infectivity1-5, but the precise mechanism by which these effectors operate is not completely understood. Here, using a rodent Plasmodium yoelii malaria model, we show that sterile protection mediated by anti-P. yoelii CSP humoral immunity depends on the parasite inoculation into the host skin, where antibodies inhibit motility and kill P. yoelii SPZs via a characteristic 'dotty death' phenotype. Passive transfer of an anti-repeat monoclonal antibody (mAb) recapitulates the skin inoculation-dependent protection, in a complement- and Fc receptor γ-independent manner. This purified mAb also decreases motility and, notably, induces the dotty death of P. yoelii SPZs in vitro. Cytotoxicity is species-transcendent since cognate anti-CSP repeat mAbs also kill Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum SPZs. mAb cytotoxicity requires the actomyosin motor-dependent translocation and stripping of the protective CSP surface coat, rendering the parasite membrane susceptible to the SPZ pore-forming-like protein secreted to wound and traverse the host cell membrane6. The loss of SPZ fitness caused by anti-P. yoelii CSP repeat antibodies is thus a dynamic process initiated in the host skin where SPZs either stop moving7, or migrate and traverse cells to progress through the host tissues7-9 at the eventual expense of their own life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Tavares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Hoffmann Panatieri
- Unit of Malaria Infection & Immunity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Parasitology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabine Thiberge
- Unit of Malaria Infection & Immunity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre de Production et d'Infection des Anophèles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masao Yuda
- Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Sylvie Dartevelle
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection & Immunity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Costa DM, Sá M, Teixeira AR, Loureiro I, Thouvenot C, Golba S, Amino R, Tavares J. TRSP is dispensable for the Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic phase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15101. [PMID: 30305687 PMCID: PMC6180128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites deposited in the skin following a mosquito bite must migrate and invade blood vessels to complete their development in the liver. Once in the bloodstream, sporozoites arrest in the liver sinusoids, but the molecular determinants that mediate this specific homing are not yet genetically defined. Here we investigate the involvement of the thrombospondin-related sporozoite protein (TRSP) in this process using knockout Plasmodium berghei parasites and in vivo bioluminescence imaging in mice. Resorting to a homing assay, trsp knockout sporozoites were found to arrest in the liver similar to control parasites. Moreover, we found no defects in the establishment of infection in mice following inoculation of trsp knockout sporozoites via intravenous and cutaneous injection or mosquito bite. Accordingly, mutant sporozoites were also able to successfully invade hepatocytes in vitro. Altogether, these results suggest TRSP may have a redundant role in the completion of the pre-erythrocytic phase of the malaria parasite. Nonetheless, identifying molecules with paramount roles in this phase could aid in the search for new antigens needed for the design of a protective vaccine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mendes Costa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Mónica Sá
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Ana Rafaela Teixeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Inês Loureiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Catherine Thouvenot
- Center for Production and Infection of Anopheles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.,Ultrapole, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Sylvain Golba
- Center for Production and Infection of Anopheles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - Joana Tavares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.
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Wardemann H, Murugan R. From human antibody structure and function towards the design of a novel Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein malaria vaccine. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:119-123. [PMID: 29751213 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that infect millions of people in endemic areas every year. The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S targets the immune response against circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum (PfCSP), the most deadly Plasmodium species in humans. PfCSP plays a fundamental role in parasite development as well as the establishment of the infection and is a molecular target of protective antibodies. However, RTS,S shows overall low efficacy and insufficient long-term protection. Therefore, a major goal in the development of an improved PfCSP-based vaccine remains the reliable and stable induction of protective and ideally sterilizing antibody titers. The molecular and functional characterization of human anti-PfCSP antibody responses paves the way for the rational design of novel immunogens for the development of an improved next-generation PfCSP malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Wardemann
- German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rajagopal Murugan
- German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
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A public antibody lineage that potently inhibits malaria infection through dual binding to the circumsporozoite protein. Nat Med 2018; 24:401-407. [PMID: 29554084 PMCID: PMC5893353 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZs) has been shown to be protective against malaria, but the features of the antibody response induced by this treatment remain unclear. To investigate this response in detail, we isolated IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies from Tanzanian volunteers who were immunized with repeated injection of Sanaria PfSPZ Vaccine and who were found to be protected from controlled human malaria infection with infectious homologous PfSPZs. All isolated IgG monoclonal antibodies bound to P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) and recognized distinct epitopes in its N terminus, NANP-repeat region, and C terminus. Strikingly, the most effective antibodies, as determined in a humanized mouse model, bound not only to the repeat region, but also to a minimal peptide at the PfCSP N-terminal junction that is not in the RTS,S vaccine. These dual-specific antibodies were isolated from different donors and were encoded by VH3-30 or VH3-33 alleles that encode tryptophan or arginine at position 52. Using structural and mutational data, we describe the elements required for germline recognition and affinity maturation. Our study provides potent neutralizing antibodies and relevant information for lineage-targeted vaccine design and immunization strategies.
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40
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Tamura T, Kawabata C, Matsushita S, Sakaguchi M, Yoshida S. Malaria sporozoite protein expression enhances baculovirus-mediated gene transfer to hepatocytes. J Gene Med 2018; 18:75-85. [PMID: 27007512 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baculovirus vector (BV) is able to transduce foreign genes into mammalian cells efficiently and safely by incorporating a mammalian promoter. In the present study, we tailored the surface proteins expressed by malaria sporozoites to enhance hepatocyte transduction. Sporozoites infect hepatocytes within minutes of initial entry into the blood circulation. Infectivity and hepatocyte-specific selectivity are mediated by the interplay between hepatocytes and sporozoite surface proteins. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) bind to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the hepatocyte surface and contribute to sporozoite infection and hepatocyte selectivity. METHODS BVs displaying an ectodomain consisting of three different CSP variants (full-length, N-terminal and C-terminal) or TRAP on the virus envelope were constructed, and the resulting in vitro hepatocyte transduction efficiency was evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrated improved hepatocyte transduction efficiency in BVs expressing CSP or TRAP ectodomains compared to BVs without malaria surface proteins. In addition, gene transduction efficiencies for BVs displaying CSP or TRAP are higher than those expressing the preS1 antigen of the hepatitis B virus. CONCLUSIONS BVs expressing CSP or TRAP in the ectodomain could represent a promising hepatocyte-specific gene delivery methodology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Tamura
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University, School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kawabata
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University, School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsushita
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University, School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miako Sakaguchi
- Electron Microscope Room, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University, School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa, Japan
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41
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Natural Parasite Exposure Induces Protective Human Anti-Malarial Antibodies. Immunity 2017; 47:1197-1209.e10. [PMID: 29195810 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the NANP repeat of circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites, can protect from malaria in animal models but protective humoral immunity is difficult to induce in humans. Here we cloned and characterized rare affinity-matured human NANP-reactive memory B cell antibodies elicited by natural Pf exposure that potently inhibited parasite transmission and development in vivo. We unveiled the molecular details of antibody binding to two distinct protective epitopes within the NANP repeat. NANP repeat recognition was largely mediated by germline encoded and immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) residues, whereas affinity maturation contributed predominantly to stabilizing the antigen-binding site conformation. Combined, our findings illustrate the power of exploring human anti-CSP antibody responses to develop tools for malaria control in the mammalian and the mosquito vector and provide a molecular basis for the structure-based design of next-generation CSP malaria vaccines.
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42
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Scally SW, Murugan R, Bosch A, Triller G, Costa G, Mordmüller B, Kremsner PG, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Levashina EA, Wardemann H, Julien JP. Rare PfCSP C-terminal antibodies induced by live sporozoite vaccination are ineffective against malaria infection. J Exp Med 2017; 215:63-75. [PMID: 29167197 PMCID: PMC5748854 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scally et al. show the molecular, structural, and functional characterization of human antibodies against the C-terminal domain of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite (CSP [C-PfCSP]) and reveal that its arrangement on the Pf sporozoite surface and epitope polymorphism contribute to poor C-PfCSP immunogenicity and ineffective humoral responses in volunteers protected against Pf malaria. Antibodies against the central repeat of the Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) inhibit parasite activity and correlate with protection from malaria. However, the humoral response to the PfCSP C terminus (C-PfCSP) is less well characterized. Here, we describe B cell responses to C-PfCSP from European donors who underwent immunization with live Pf sporozoites (PfSPZ Challenge) under chloroquine prophylaxis (PfSPZ-CVac), and were protected against controlled human malaria infection. Out of 215 PfCSP-reactive monoclonal antibodies, only two unique antibodies were specific for C-PfCSP, highlighting the rare occurrence of C-PfCSP–reactive B cells in PfSPZ-CVac–induced protective immunity. These two antibodies showed poor sporozoite binding and weak inhibition of parasite traversal and development, and did not protect mice from infection with PfCSP transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. Structural analyses demonstrated that one antibody interacts with a polymorphic region overlapping two T cell epitopes, suggesting that variability in C-PfCSP may benefit parasite escape from humoral and cellular immunity. Our data identify important features underlying C-PfCSP shortcomings as a vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Scally
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Murugan
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Bosch
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gianna Triller
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Costa
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Iyori M, Yamamoto DS, Sakaguchi M, Mizutani M, Ogata S, Nishiura H, Tamura T, Matsuoka H, Yoshida S. DAF-shielded baculovirus-vectored vaccine enhances protection against malaria sporozoite challenge in mice. Malar J 2017; 16:390. [PMID: 28962615 PMCID: PMC5622557 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that the baculovirus-vectored vaccine based on the “baculovirus dual expression system (BDES)” is an effective vaccine delivery platform for malaria. However, a point of weakness remaining for use of this vaccine platform in vivo concerns viral inactivation by serum complement. In an effort to achieve complement resistance, the gene encoding the human decay-accelerating factor (hDAF) was incorporated into the BDES malaria vaccine expressing the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). Results The newly-developed BDES vaccine, designated BDES-sPfCSP2-Spider, effectively displayed hDAF and PfCSP on the surface of the viral envelope, resulting in complement resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, upon intramuscular inoculation into mice, the BDES-sPfCSP2-Spider vaccine had a higher protective efficacy (60%) than that of the control vaccine BDES-sPfCSP2-Spier (30%) against challenge with transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing PfCSP. Conclusion DAF-shielded BDES-vaccines offer great potential for development as a new malaria vaccine platform against the sporozoite challenge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2039-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iyori
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, First Natural Science Building 1A219, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Miako Sakaguchi
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanori Mizutani
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, First Natural Science Building 1A219, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Sota Ogata
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, First Natural Science Building 1A219, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hidesato Nishiura
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, First Natural Science Building 1A219, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tamura
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, First Natural Science Building 1A219, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuoka
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, First Natural Science Building 1A219, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Protein O-fucosylation in Plasmodium falciparum ensures efficient infection of mosquito and vertebrate hosts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:561. [PMID: 28916755 PMCID: PMC5601480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
O-glycosylation of the Plasmodium sporozoite surface proteins CSP and TRAP was recently identified, but the role of this modification in the parasite life cycle and its relevance to vaccine design remain unclear. Here, we identify the Plasmodium protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT2) responsible for O-glycosylating CSP and TRAP. Genetic disruption of POFUT2 in Plasmodium falciparum results in ookinetes that are attenuated for colonizing the mosquito midgut, an essential step in malaria transmission. Some POFUT2-deficient parasites mature into salivary gland sporozoites although they are impaired for gliding motility, cell traversal, hepatocyte invasion, and production of exoerythrocytic forms in humanized chimeric liver mice. These defects can be attributed to destabilization and incorrect trafficking of proteins bearing thrombospondin repeats (TSRs). Therefore, POFUT2 plays a similar role in malaria parasites to that in metazoans: it ensures the trafficking of Plasmodium TSR proteins as part of a non-canonical glycosylation-dependent endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control mechanism. The role of O-glycosylation in the malaria life cycle is largely unknown. Here, the authors identify a Plasmodium protein O-fucosyltransferase and show that it is important for normal trafficking of a subset of surface proteins, particularly CSP and TRAP, and efficient infection of mosquito and vertebrate hosts.
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Fisher CR, Sutton HJ, Kaczmarski JA, McNamara HA, Clifton B, Mitchell J, Cai Y, Dups JN, D'Arcy NJ, Singh M, Chuah A, Peat TS, Jackson CJ, Cockburn IA. T-dependent B cell responses to Plasmodium induce antibodies that form a high-avidity multivalent complex with the circumsporozoite protein. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006469. [PMID: 28759640 PMCID: PMC5552345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a major vaccine antigen because it can be targeted by parasite neutralizing antibodies; however, little is known about this interaction. We used isothermal titration calorimetry, X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis-validated modeling to analyze the binding of a murine neutralizing antibody to Plasmodium falciparum CSP. Strikingly, we found that the repeat region of CSP is bound by multiple antibodies. This repeating pattern allows multiple weak interactions of single FAB domains to accumulate and yield a complex with a dissociation constant in the low nM range. Because the CSP protein can potentially cross-link multiple B cell receptors (BCRs) we hypothesized that the B cell response might be T cell independent. However, while there was a modest response in mice deficient in T cell help, the bulk of the response was T cell dependent. By sequencing the BCRs of CSP-repeat specific B cells in inbred mice we found that these cells underwent somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation indicative of a T-dependent response. Last, we found that the BCR repertoire of responding B cells was limited suggesting that the structural simplicity of the repeat may limit the breadth of the immune response. Vaccines aim to protect by inducing the immune system to make molecules called antibodies that can recognize molecules on the surface of invading pathogens. In the case of malaria, our most advanced vaccine candidates aim to promote the production of antibodies that recognize the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) molecule on the surface of the invasive parasite stage called the sporozoite. In this report we use X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of CSP-binding antibodies at the atomic level. We use other techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry and structural modeling to examine how this antibody interacts with the CSP molecule. Strikingly, we found that each CSP molecule could bind 6 antibodies. This finding has implications for the immune response and may explain why high titers of antibody are needed for protection. Moreover, because the structure of the CSP repeat is quite simple we determined that the number of different kinds of antibodies that could bind this molecule are quite small. However a high avidity interaction between those antibodies and CSP can result from a process called affinity maturation that allows the body to learn how to make improved antibodies specific for pathogen molecules. These data show that while it is challenging for the immune system to recognize and neutralize CSP, it should be possible to generate viable vaccines targeting this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla R. Fisher
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Henry J. Sutton
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joe A. Kaczmarski
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hayley A. McNamara
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Clifton
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua Mitchell
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yeping Cai
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Johanna N. Dups
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. D'Arcy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail: (CJJ); (IAC)
| | - Ian A. Cockburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail: (CJJ); (IAC)
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46
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van den Berg RA, Coccia M, Ballou WR, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, Vekemans J, Jongert E, Didierlaurent AM, van der Most RG. Predicting RTS,S Vaccine-Mediated Protection from Transcriptomes in a Malaria-Challenge Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2017; 8:557. [PMID: 28588574 PMCID: PMC5440508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S candidate malaria vaccine can protect against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI), but how protection is achieved remains unclear. Here, we have analyzed longitudinal peripheral blood transcriptome and immunogenicity data from a clinical efficacy trial in which healthy adults received three RTS,S doses 4 weeks apart followed by CHMI 2 weeks later. Multiway partial least squares discriminant analysis (N-PLS-DA) of transcriptome data identified 110 genes that could be used in predictive models of protection. Among the 110 genes, 42 had known immune-related functions, including 29 that were related to the NF-κB-signaling pathway and 14 to the IFN-γ-signaling pathway. Post-dose 3 serum IFN-γ concentrations were also correlated with protection; and N-PLS-DA of IFN-γ-signaling pathway transcriptome data selected almost all (44/45) of the representative genes for predictive models of protection. Hence, the identification of the NF-κB and IFN-γ pathways provides further insight into how vaccine-mediated protection may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kent E Kester
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Erik Jongert
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut, Rixensart, Belgium
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Frischknecht F, Matuschewski K. Plasmodium Sporozoite Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a025478. [PMID: 28108531 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoite transmission is a critical population bottleneck in parasite life-cycle progression and, hence, a target for prophylactic drugs and vaccines. The recent progress of a candidate antisporozoite subunit vaccine formulation to licensure highlights the importance of sporozoite transmission intervention in the malaria control portfolio. Sporozoites colonize mosquito salivary glands, migrate through the skin, penetrate blood vessels, breach the liver sinusoid, and invade hepatocytes. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate the remarkable sporozoite journey in the invertebrate vector and the vertebrate host can inform evidence-based next-generation drug development programs and immune intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Arévalo-Herrera M, Roggero MA, Gonzalez JM, Vergara J, Corradin G, López JA, Herrera S. Mapping and comparison of the B-cell epitopes recognized on thePlasmodium vivaxcircumsporozoite protein by immune Colombians and immunizedAotusmonkeys. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1998.11813311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tailoring a Combination Preerythrocytic Malaria Vaccine. Infect Immun 2015; 84:622-34. [PMID: 26667840 PMCID: PMC4771343 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01063-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S, based on the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP), will likely be the first publicly adopted malaria vaccine. However, this and other subunit vaccines, such as virus-vectored thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), provide only intermediate to low levels of protection. In this study, the Plasmodium berghei homologues of antigens CSP and TRAP are combined. TRAP is delivered using adenovirus- and vaccinia virus-based vectors in a prime-boost regime. Initially, CSP is also delivered using these viral vectors; however, a reduction of anti-CSP antibodies is seen when combined with virus-vectored TRAP, and the combination is no more protective than either subunit vaccine alone. Using an adenovirus-CSP prime, protein-CSP boost regime, however, increases anti-CSP antibody titers by an order of magnitude, which is maintained when combined with virus-vectored TRAP. This combination regime using protein CSP provided 100% protection in C57BL/6 mice compared to no protection using virus-vectored TRAP alone and 40% protection using adenovirus-CSP prime and protein-CSP boost alone. This suggests that a combination of CSP and TRAP subunit vaccines could enhance protection against malaria.
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Whitacre DC, Espinosa DA, Peters CJ, Jones JE, Tucker AE, Peterson DL, Zavala FP, Milich DR. P. falciparum and P. vivax Epitope-Focused VLPs Elicit Sterile Immunity to Blood Stage Infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124856. [PMID: 25933001 PMCID: PMC4416889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to design P. falciparum preerythrocytic vaccine candidates, a library of circumsporozoite (CS) T and B cell epitopes displayed on the woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) VLP platform was produced. To test the protective efficacy of the WHcAg-CS VLPs, hybrid CS P. berghei/P. falciparum (Pb/Pf) sporozoites were used to challenge immunized mice. VLPs carrying 1 or 2 different CS repeat B cell epitopes and 3 VLPs carrying different CS non-repeat B cell epitopes elicited high levels of anti-insert antibodies (Abs). Whereas, VLPs carrying CS repeat B cell epitopes conferred 98% protection of the liver against a 10,000 Pb/Pf sporozoite challenge, VLPs carrying the CS non-repeat B cell eptiopes were minimally-to-non-protective. One-to-three CS-specific CD4/CD8 T cell sites were also fused to VLPs, which primed CS-specific as well as WHcAg-specific T cells. However, a VLP carrying only the 3 T cell domains failed to protect against a sporozoite challenge, indicating a requirement for anti-CS repeat Abs. A VLP carrying 2 CS repeat B cell epitopes and 3 CS T cell sites in alum adjuvant elicited high titer anti-CS Abs (endpoint dilution titer >1x106) and provided 80–100% protection against blood stage malaria. Using a similar strategy, VLPs were constructed carrying P. vivax CS repeat B cell epitopes (WHc-Pv-78), which elicited high levels of anti-CS Abs and conferred 99% protection of the liver against a 10,000 Pb/Pv sporozoite challenge and elicited sterile immunity to blood stage infection. These results indicate that immunization with epitope-focused VLPs carrying selected B and T cell epitopes from the P. falciparum and P. vivax CS proteins can elicit sterile immunity against blood stage malaria. Hybrid WHcAg-CS VLPs could provide the basis for a bivalent P. falciparum/P. vivax malaria vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/immunology
- Immunity
- Immunization
- Life Cycle Stages
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Rabbits
- Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid
- Reproducibility of Results
- Virion/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Whitacre
- Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- VLP Biotech, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Diego A. Espinosa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cory J. Peters
- Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- VLP Biotech, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Joyce E. Jones
- Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- VLP Biotech, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Tucker
- VLP Biotech, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Darrell L. Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fidel P. Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Milich
- Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- VLP Biotech, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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