Preovulatory plasma estradiol-17β concentrations and ovulation rates in PMSG/anti-PMSG treated heifers

Decreased pulsatile LH secretion in heifers superovulated with eCG or FSH

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that treatment with super-ovulatory drugs suppresses endogenous pulsatile LH secretion. Heifers (n=5/group) were superovulated with eCG (2500 IU) or FSH (equivalent to 400 mg NIH-FSH-P1), starting on Day 10 of the estrous cycle, and were injected with prostaglandin F(2alpha) on Day 12 to induce luteolysis. Control cows were injected only with prostaglandin. Frequent blood samples were taken during luteolysis (6 to 14 h after PG administration) for assay of plasma LH, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and androstenedione. The LH pulse frequency in eCG-treated cows was significantly lower than that in control cows (2.4 +/- 0.4 & 6.4 +/- 0.4 pulses/8 h, respectively; P<0.05), and plasma progesterone (3.4 +/- 0.4 vs 1.8 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, for treated and control heifers, respectively; P<0.05) and estradiol concentrations (25.9 +/- 4.3 & 4.3 +/- 0.4 pg/ml, for treated and control heifers, respectively; P<0.05) were higher compared with those of the controls. No LH pulses were detected in FSH-treated cows, and mean LH concentrations were significantly lower than those in the controls (0.3 +/- 0.1 & 0.8 +/- 0.1, respectively; P<0.05). This suppression of LH was associated with an increase in estradiol (9.5 +/- 1.4 pg/ml; P<0.05 compared with controls) but not in progesterone concentrations (2.1 +/- 0.2 ng/ml; P>0.05 compared to controls). Both superovulatory protocols increased the ovulation rate (21.6 +/- 3.9 and 23.0 +/- 4.2, for eCG and FSH groups, respectively; P>0.05). These data demonstrate that super-ovulatory treatments decrease LH pulse frequency during the follicular phase of the treatment cycle. This could be explained by increased steroid secretion in the eCG-treated heifers but not in FSH-treated animals.

Studies of the pathogenesis of bovine pestivirus-induced ovarian dysfunction in superovulated dairy cattle

Two experiments (Experiment I, n=12 Holstein-Friesian heifers; Experiment II, n=8 Jersey cows) were conducted to investigate the pathogenesis of bovine pestivirus-induced ovarian dysfunction in cattle. In both experiments the cattle were superovulated with twice daily injections of a porcine pituitary extract preparation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-P), for 4 days commencing on Day 10+/-2 after a presynchronised oestrus. The heifers received a total dose of 30 mg and the cows 32 mg of FSH-P. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) was administered 48 h after commencement of superovulation and all cattle were artificially inseminated (AI) between 48 and 66h after PGF(2alpha) treatment. In both experiments bovine pestivirus seronegative cattle (Experiment I, n=6; Experiment II, n=4) were inoculated intranasally with an Australian strain of non-cytopathogenic bovine pestivirus (bovine viral diarrhoea virus Type 1) 9 days prior to AI. Bovine pestivirus infection was confirmed by seroconversion and/or virus isolation in all of the inoculated cattle, consistent with a viremia occurring approximately between Day 5 prior to AI and the day of AI. Ovarian function was monitored in both experiments by daily transrectal ultrasonography and strategic blood sampling to determine progesterone, oestradiol-17beta, luteinising hormone (LH) and cortisol profiles. Non-surgical ova/embryo recovery was performed on Day 7 after AI. In Experiment II half the cattle were slaughtered on Day 2 and the remainder on Day 8 after AI, and the ovaries submitted for gross and histopathological examination including immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the presence of bovine pestivirus antigen. In both studies, comparisons were made between infected and confirmed uninfected (control) animals. Overall the bovine pestivirus infected cattle had significantly lower (P<0.05) ova/embryo recovery rates compared to the control cattle. There was evidence of either an absence (partial or complete) of a preovulatory LH surge or delay in timing of the LH peak in the majority (90%) of infected heifers and cows, and histologically, there was evidence of non-suppurative oophoritis with necrosis of granulosa cells and the oocyte in follicles from the infected cows. By contrast only 20% of the control heifers and cows had evidence of absence of a pre-ovulatory LH surge. These experiments collectively demonstrate that bovine pestivirus infection during the period of final growth of preovulatory follicles may result in varying degrees of necrosis of the granulosa cells with subsequent negative effects on oestradiol-17beta secretion which in turn negatively affects the magnitude and/or timing of the preovulatory LH surge.

Improved in vitro embryo development using in vivo matured oocytes from heifers superovulated with a controlled preovulatory LH surge

In bovine in vitro embryo production, the IVM step is rather successful with 80% of the oocytes reaching the MII stage. However, the extent to which the process limits the yield of viable embryos is still largely unknown. Therefore, we compared embryonic developmental capacity during IVC of IVF oocytes which had been matured in vitro with those matured in vivo. In vitro maturation was carried out for 22 h using oocytes (n = 417) obtained from 2- to 8-mm follicles of ovaries collected from a slaughterhouse in M199 with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 0.01 IU/mL LH, and 0.01 IU/mL FSH. In vivo matured oocytes (n = 219) were aspirated from preovulatory follicles in eCG/PG/anti-eCG-superovulated heifers 22 h after a fixed time GnRH-induced LH surge; endogenous release of the LH surge was suppressed by a Norgestomet ear implant. This system allowed for the synchronization of the in vitro and in vivo maturation processes and thus for simultaneous IVF of both groups of oocytes. The in vitro developmental potential of in vivo matured oocytes was twice as high (P < 0.01) as that of in vitro matured oocytes, with blastocyst formation and hatching rates 11 d after IVC of 49.3 +/- 6.1 (SEM; n = 10 heifers) vs 26.4 +/- 1.0% (n = 2 replicates), and 39.1 +/- 5.1% vs 20.6 +/- 1.4%, respectively. It is concluded that IVM is a major factor limiting in the in vitro production of viable embryos, although factors such as the lack of normal preovulatory development of IVM oocytes contributed to the observed differences.

Changes in follicular populations following treatment of buffaloes with PMSG (eCG) and Neutra-PMSG for superovulation

Some 19 buffaloes were synchronized by administration of a prostaglandin (PG) salt Lutalyse, with a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 25 mg at day -13. Luteolysis was induced by administration of 50 mg PG, in divided doses of 30 and 20 mg i.m. 12 h apart on day 0 of experiment. The 30 mg PG injection was designated as 0 h of experiment. Group I animals (n = 6) received saline and served as controls while animals in Groups II (n = 7) and III (n = 6) received 2500 I.U. PMSG (eCG) i.m. at day -2. Group III animals were administered 5 ml Neutra-eCG intravenously at 60 h. The number of follicles, classified on the basis of diameter as small (2-5 mm), medium (6-9 mm) and large (> or = 10 mm) was assessed by ultrasonography on days -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 5 and 7 of experiment. The number of corpora lutea (CL) was recorded by palpation per rectum on day 8. The number of small follicles which did not differ among the three groups on days 0, 1 and 2 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Group II animals compared to those in Groups I and III on days 5 and 7. The number of medium follicles increased after eCG treatment and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in animals of Groups II and III on days 0 and 1, compared to control animals of Group I. It was, however, not different among the three groups on subsequent days of experiment. The number of large follicles which did not differ among the three groups on days -2, 0, 1 and 2 was significantly higher in Groups II (P < 0.01) and III (P < 0.05) animals compared to those of Group I on day 5. On day 7, the number of large follicles was in the order (P < 0.05) Group II > Group III > Group I. The number of CL in Group II animals was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in Group I animals but was not different from that of Group III animals. These results suggest that treatment of buffaloes with eCG for superovulation reduces the number of small follicles and increases the number of large follicles 5-7 days after PG treatment. Administration of Neutra-eCG 60 h after PG treatment can partly reverse this trend but has no effect on ovulation rate. The possibility that part of the variability in ovulation rates in this study may have resulted from Neutra-eCG been given prior to or at the LH surge, or from the absence or presence of a dominant follicle at the time of eCG treatment cannot be ruled out.

Superovulation in cattle: effect of FSH type and method of administration on follicular growth, ovulatory response and endocrine patterns

Although different FSH preparations and injection regimens are used to superovulate cattle, the optimum treatment regimen and blood concentrations of FSH to induce effective superovulatory responses are currently not known. The current objective was to evaluate the pattern of follicular growth, oestradiol-17 beta(E2) concentrations and yield of embryos in heifers following superovulation with two different pFSH preparations reportedly differing in LH content. In experiment 1, 90 synchronised heifers were superovulated at mid-cycle using a 2 x 2 factorial design comparing Folltropin (Vetrepharm; low LH) with Pluset (Serovet; FSH:LH ratio 1:1) administered either as a single or multiple (8 for Folltropin, MF and 10 for Pluset, MP) injections. Animals were inseminated during oestrus which was induced with prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue and embryos were recovered 7 days later. Overall, Pluset treatments compared with Folltropin resulted in more ovulations and unfertilized or degenerate embryos (P < 0.05). Multiple injections resulted in more (P < 0.05) freezable (MF = 55 +/- 1.2; MP = 3.8 +/- 1.0) and transferable embryos (MF = 2.68 +/- 0.9; MP = 2.71 +/- 0.9) than single injections (SF = 2.2 +/- 0.5 and 1.0 +/- 0.3 respectively; SP = 2.6 +/- 0.8 and 1.3 +/- 0.4 respectively); there was also a higher (P < 0.05) percentage embryo recovery rate. In two subsequent experiments, animals (n = 17) were superovulated with either single or multiple injections of Folltropin or Pluset as described and blood samples were collected and analysed for E2 concentrations. Ovarian scanning was carried out until 72 h after the first FSH injection, to count medium (5-9 mm) and large (> or = 10 mm) follicles. Heifers treated with SP had higher E2 concentrations in comparison with heifers treated with SF at 18, 36-48 and 84-96 h after the FSH injection. There were no differences in E2 concentrations in heifers treated with MF or MP treatments. Heifers treated with SP had greater numbers of follicles compared to SF treated heifers (21.0 +/- 3.1 vs 13.9 +/- 2.2; P = 0.089) on the third day after FSH injection. There were no differences between the numbers of medium and large follicles in heifers treated with MF or MP at any time throughout the experimental period. These data indicate that a single injection of Folltropin or Pluset can result in multiple ovulations and that the E2 profiles are different following single injections of either Folltropin or Pluset.

Superovulatory treatments do not alter pulsatile LH secretion in ovariectomized cattle

Previous work has shown a suppressive effect of superovulatory treatments on pulsatile LH release in cattle. This study tested the hypothesis that this suppression may be caused, at least in part, by a direct effect of commercial gonadotropin preparations on the hypothalamus/pituitary gland. Crossbred Holstein heifers, ovariectomized 20 d before the start of the experiment, received 6 injections of FSH (50 mg Folltropin) at 12-h intervals (n = 6); a single injection of 2500 IU eCG followed by 5 injections of sterile saline at 12-h intervals (n = 6); or 6 injections of saline at 12-h intervals (controls; n = 5). Blood samples were taken every 10 min for 8 h the day before and 3 d after the beginning of treatment to assess LH pulsatility. At the end of these sampling periods, a bolus injection of GnRH (7 ng/kg) was given to assess pituitary responsiveness. There were no effects of the superovulatory drugs on mean LH concentrations, nor on LH pulse frequency or amplitude (P > 0.05). The pituitary response to GnRH was significantly elevated in eCG- but not FSH-treated animals (paired t test; P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that superovulatory preparations do not suppress pulsatile LH secretion independently of the ovaries in cattle.

Use of PMSG antiserum in superovulated cattle?

Two Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) antisera were tested in 174 dairy cows that were superovulated with PMSG and were then given prostaglandin at 60 hours after PMSG. At 48 hours after injection of prostaglandin, the cows were given either PMSG antiserum (monoclonal (n=56) or polyclonal (n=57)), or saline as control (n=61). Ova (n=1,206) were recovered either nonsurgically or after slaughter. Of these, 757 were evaluated morphologically to be transferable embryos. A proportion of these embryos (n=295 from 52 flushed donors) were transferred to synchronized recipients and the pregnancy results were recorded. The reproductive function of 37 flushed donors was followed for 6 months after superovulation. No significant effect of the PMSG antisera could be demonstrated in any of the parameters studied (i.e., ovulation rate, number of follicles at collection, total yield of ova, fertilization rate, number of transferable embryos, pregnancy results after transfer of embryos, or period required by the donor cows for restitution of reproductive function after superovulation and recovery). It is concluded that use of PMSG antiserum did not improve the embryo yield in terms of the number and quality of transferable embryos or enhance normalization of reproductive function of the donor in the 6-month period after superovulation. Therefore, in an embryo transfer operation, the routine use of PMSG antiserum in a PMSG superovulation regimen in cattle is not recommended.

Pharmacologic manipulation of fertility

The professional application of agents to the manipulation of fertility of cows requires basic and applied knowledge of the physiologic mechanisms that are affected and of the pharmacologic agents that are used. In all areas of the pharmacologic manipulation of fertility, the achievement is less than the ideal, and further research is required to improve the efficiency of treatments. The induction of estrus in acyclic animals can involve a reduction in the depth of anestrus, pretreatment with progestagen to ensure estrous behavior and the formation of a normal corpus luteum, and then treatment with exogenous gonadotropin. Responsiveness to treatment can be variable and reflects the depth of anestrus of the animals. Improved treatment regimens require a knowledge of the basic mechanisms involved with the depth of anestrus, a means of assessing the depth of anestrus, and an understanding of the hormonal requirements of ovarian follicles for development and maturation in animals at different depths of anestrus. The optimal precision in the synchronization of estrus (and ovulation) in cyclic animals requires the synchronization of both follicular waves and the end of progestational phase. The end of progestational phase can be synchronized effectively using prostaglandin F2a (or analogs), or by treatment with progestagens with or without luteolytic agents. Procedures to synchronize follicular waves need to be established. The induction of superovulation can be achieved readily using gonadotropins prior to estrus synchronization using prostaglandin F2a. The responses to standard treatments in terms of ovulation rates and yield of transferable embryos are highly variable. The development of procedures to reduce this variability requires an understanding of the intra-ovarian mechanisms involved in recruitment of follicles for a wave of follicular growth, in the selection of dominant follicles for further development, and in the mechanisms controlling follicular atresia. Cystic ovarian disease can be treated effectively using HCG or GnRH (follicular cysts) or prostaglandin F2a (luteal cysts). The basic mechanisms resulting in failure of estrogen positive feedback on LH secretion (that results in cystic follicles) remain to be determined. Small but significant increases in pregnancy rates can be achieved treating cows with prostaglandin during the post-partum period, with prostaglandin to induce estrus for insemination, with GnRH or HCG at estrus, and with GnRH or progestagen treatment during diestrus. Beneficial effects of treatment have been shown in some trials but not in others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)