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Narwade JD, Odaneth AA, Lele SS. Solid-state fermentation in an earthen vessel: Trichoderma viride spore-based biopesticide production using corn cobs. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1146-1156. [PMID: 37495305 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the production of Trichoderma viride spores in an earthen vessel using corn cobs. Using 4 kg of corn cobs, spore-based biopesticide was produced after 21 d with a maximum spore count of 2.50 × 109 spores/g of substrate and a moisture reduction from 70.80% w/v to 8.10% w/v. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of its ethyl acetate extract revealed that it had 20 secondary metabolites, of which 13 were known to be antimicrobial, one was plant growth-promoting, and one performed both functions. Dried extract dissolved in methanol showed the minimum fungicidal concentration of 5-10 mg/ml against Rhizoctonia solani on potato dextrose agar plate. Plate assays and pot experiments on Rhizoctonia solani-infected potato plants exhibited good antifungal and plant growth-promoting activities. The biopesticide showed 71.28% viability over 10 m of storage in the same earthen vessel at 30 ± 2 °C. Thus, a simple, robust technology was developed with good potential for farm deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Narwade
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna, 431203, India.
| | - A A Odaneth
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - S S Lele
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna, 431203, India.
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Motta FL, Santana MHA. Biomass production from Trichoderma viride in nonconventional oat medium. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1245-50. [PMID: 22736524 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oatmeal, an alternative, renewable, and low-cost substrate, was used for the production of Trichoderma viride spores by submerged fermentation. The nonconventional oat medium was only supplemented with potato peptone, which is a green source of nitrogen for the microorganism. Because particles are suspended in the nonconventional oat medium, the characterization was based on viscosity, average particle diameter, size distribution, and porosity of the particles. Because of the complexity of the fungal biomass extraction, the dry weight and protein content were used as methods for quantifying the growth of T. viride. The inversion between the proportion of mycelia and spores was captured in the microscopic image analysis during the fermentation process. After 60 h, spores began to appear, accounting for most of the form present at 120 h of fermentation. The decrease in pH and the increase in glucose concentration during fermentation indicate that glucan hydrolysis occurs and that glucose is released into the medium. The potential for industrial applications of submerged fermentation with oats for biomass production of T. viride is noted in the results. This simple and easily controllable process has several advantages, including the use of low-cost substrates for the propagation of a microorganism that is widely used in scientific and commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Motta
- Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory, Dept of Biotechnological Processes, University of Campinas, 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Fructose metabolism of the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum: Effect of carbon dioxide on growth, and production of bacteriochlorophyll and organic acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:238-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oostra J, le Comte EP, van den Heuvel JC, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Intra-particle oxygen diffusion limitation in solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:13-24. [PMID: 11536122 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen limitation in solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been the topic of modeling studies, but thus far, there has been no experimental elucidation on oxygen-transfer limitation at the particle level. Therefore, intra-particle oxygen transfer was experimentally studied in cultures of Rhizopus oligosporus grown on the surface of solid, nutritionally defined, glucose and starch media. The fungal mat consisted of two layers--an upper layer with sparse aerial hyphae and gas-filled interstitial pores, and a dense bottom layer with liquid-filled pores. During the course of cultivation ethanol was detected in the medium indicating that oxygen was depleted in part of the fungal mat. Direct measurement of the oxygen concentrations in the fungal mat during cultivation, using oxygen microelectrodes, showed no oxygen depletion in the upper aerial layer, but revealed development of steep oxygen concentration gradients in the wet bottom layer. Initially, the fungal mat was fully oxygenated, but after 36.5 hours oxygen was undetectable at 100 microm below the gas-liquid interface. This was consistent with the calculated oxygen penetration depth using a reaction-diffusion model. Comparison of the overall oxygen consumption rate from the gas phase to the oxygen flux at the gas-liquid interface showed that oxygen consumption of the microorganisms occurred mainly in the wet part of the fungal mat. The contribution of the aerial hyphae to overall oxygen consumption was negligible. It can be concluded that optimal oxygen transfer in SSF depends on the available interfacial gas-liquid surface area and the thickness of the wet fungal layer. It is suggested that the moisture content of the matrix affects both parameters and, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing oxygen transfer in SSF cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oostra
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Department, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Van Campenhout L, Shen HY, Iserentant D, Verachtert H. The gas environment of germinating barley in various microbial states during malting. Process Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(99)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gowthaman M, Rao K, Ghildyal N, Karanth N. Estimation of KLa in Solid-State Fermentation Using a Packed-Bed Bioreactor. Process Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(95)87002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Villegas E, Aubague S, Alcantara L, Auria R, Revah S. Solid state fermentation: Acid protease production in controlled CO2 and O2 environments. Biotechnol Adv 1993; 11:387-97. [PMID: 14545663 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(93)90008-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the partial pressure of O(2) and CO(2) on the acid protease production in solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger on wheat bran was studied. A fermentation system was used, which allowed on-line reactor measurements and continuous data acquisition of pH, temperature, gas flow, pressure drop and CO(2) production. Six paired combinations of CO(2) and O(2) concentrations were studied. The results showed a direct relationship between pressure drop, production of CO(2) and temperature increase. The pH evolution patterns were similar in all cases but different if the measurements were made on-line or on a liquid homogenate of the fermented substrate. Acid protease production was increased when the gas had 4% CO(2), (vol/vol), and it reached its highest level, a 43% increase over air, with a mixture of 4% CO(2) and 21% O(2). The protease production was strongly related to the mold metabolic activity as represented by the total CO(2) evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Villegas
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Apdo. Postal 55-5334 09340, México
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Gowthaman MK, Ghildyal NP, Rao KS, Karanth NG. Interaction of transport resistances with biochemical reaction in packed bed solid state fermenters: the effect of gaseous concentration gradients. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 1993; 56:233-239. [PMID: 7763530 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.280560303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mass transfer plays an important role in solid state fermentation (SSF) systems. Earlier work on SSF in tray bioreactors indicated that steep gaseous concentration gradients developed within the substrate bed, owing to mass transfer resistances, which may adversely affect the bioreactor performance. For all practical purposes these gradients have been eliminated using a packed bed column bioreactor with forced aeration. Gaseous concentrations (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and enzyme activities were measured at various bed heights for various air flow rates during the course of fermentation. The results indicated that concentration gradients were decreased effectively by increasing air flow rate. For example, the actual oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients reduced from 0.07% (v/v) cm-1 and 0.023% (v/v) cm-1 to 0.007% (v/v) cm-1 and 0.0032% (v/v) cm-1 respectively when the air flow rate was increased from 5 dm3 min-1 to 25 dm3 min-1. This resulted in an overall improvement in the performance of the bioreactor in terms of enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Gowthaman
- Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Discipline, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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Ramana Murthy M, Karanth N, Raghava Rao K. Biochemical Engineering Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gaseous concentration gradients in tray type solid state fermentors ? Effect on yields and productivities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Lonsane B, Saucedo-Castaneda G, Raimbault M, Roussos S, Viniegra-Gonzalez G, Ghildyal N, Ramakrishna M, Krishnaiah M. Scale-up strategies for solid state fermentation systems. Process Biochem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(92)85011-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Desgranges C, Durand A. Effect of pCO2 on growth, conidiation, and enzyme production in solid-state culture on Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride TS. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dixon NM, Kell DB. The inhibition by CO2 of the growth and metabolism of micro-organisms. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 67:109-36. [PMID: 2509409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, UK
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