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Schneider S, Hernandez R, Junghaenel DU, Jin H, Lee PJ, Gao H, Maupin D, Orriens B, Meijer E, Stone AA. Can you tell people's cognitive ability level from their response patterns in questionnaires? Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:6741-6758. [PMID: 38528247 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Questionnaires are ever present in survey research. In this study, we examined whether an indirect indicator of general cognitive ability could be developed based on response patterns in questionnaires. We drew on two established phenomena characterizing connections between cognitive ability and people's performance on basic cognitive tasks, and examined whether they apply to questionnaires responses. (1) The worst performance rule (WPR) states that people's worst performance on multiple sequential tasks is more indicative of their cognitive ability than their average or best performance. (2) The task complexity hypothesis (TCH) suggests that relationships between cognitive ability and performance increase with task complexity. We conceptualized items of a questionnaire as a series of cognitively demanding tasks. A graded response model was used to estimate respondents' performance for each item based on the difference between the observed and model-predicted response ("response error" scores). Analyzing data from 102 items (21 questionnaires) collected from a large-scale nationally representative sample of people aged 50+ years, we found robust associations of cognitive ability with a person's largest but not with their smallest response error scores (supporting the WPR), and stronger associations of cognitive ability with response errors for more complex than for less complex questions (supporting the TCH). Results replicated across two independent samples and six assessment waves. A latent variable of response errors estimated for the most complex items correlated .50 with a latent cognitive ability factor, suggesting that response patterns can be utilized to extract a rough indicator of general cognitive ability in survey research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, and Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Raymond Hernandez
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, and Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA
| | - Doerte U Junghaenel
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, and Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haomiao Jin
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Pey-Jiuan Lee
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, and Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA
| | - Hongxin Gao
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Danny Maupin
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Bart Orriens
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Meijer
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur A Stone
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, and Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Idowu MI, Szameitat AJ, Parton A. The assessment of executive function abilities in healthy and neurodegenerative aging-A selective literature review. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1334309. [PMID: 38596597 PMCID: PMC11002121 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1334309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined executive function (EF) abilities in cognitively healthy older adults and those living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, there are no standard accepted protocols for testing specific EFs; thus, researchers have used their preferred tool, which leads to variability in assessments of decline in a particular ability across studies. Therefore, there is a need for guidance as to the most sensitive tests for assessing EF decline. A search of the most current literature published between 2000 and 2022 on EF studies assessing cognitively healthy older adults and individuals living with MCI and AD was conducted using PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Emphasis was placed on the EF's dual-tasking, inhibition, shifting or switching, and working memory updating. Many tasks and their outcomes were reviewed. Of particular importance was the difference in outcomes for tasks applied to the same group of participants. These various EF assessment tools demonstrate differences in effectively identifying decline in EF ability due to the aging process and neurodegenerative conditions, such as MCI and AD. This review identifies various factors to consider in using particular EF tasks in particular populations, including task demand and stimuli factors, and also when comparing differing results across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojitola I. Idowu
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience (CCN), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Parton
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience (CCN), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Hildenbrand L, Wiley J. Mental counters as an online tool for assessing working memory capacity. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02180-8. [PMID: 37429987 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Working memory capacity (WMC) describes an individual's ability to focus their attention in the face of interference which allows them to actively maintain and manipulate information in immediate memory. Individual differences in WMC predict a wide range of psychological constructs. The development of online measures can enable data collection from broader, more diverse samples than those typically collected in person in laboratory settings. In addition, logistical challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic have mandated the need for reliable and valid remote assessments of individual differences that are both culture-fair and less susceptible to cheating. This study reports details of a new online version of a Mental Counters task that takes only 10 min to collect and provides evidence for its reliability and convergent validity with other measures including Picture Span and Paper Folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hildenbrand
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Jennifer Wiley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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Jastrzębski J, Ociepka M, Chuderski A. Graph Mapping: A novel and simple test to validly assess fluid reasoning. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:448-460. [PMID: 35441361 PMCID: PMC9918571 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present Graph Mapping - a simple and effective computerized test of fluid intelligence (reasoning ability). The test requires structure mapping - a key component of the reasoning process. Participants are asked to map a pair of corresponding nodes across two mathematically isomorphic but visually different graphs. The test difficulty can be easily manipulated - the more complex structurally and dissimilar visually the graphs, the higher response error rate. Graph Mapping offers high flexibility in item generation, ranging from trivial to extremally difficult items, supporting progressive item sequences suitable for correlational studies. It also allows multiple item instances (clones) at a fixed difficulty level as well as full item randomization, both particularly suitable for within-subject experimental designs, longitudinal studies, and adaptive testing. The test has short administration times and is unfamiliar to participants, yielding practical advantages. Graph Mapping has excellent psychometric properties: Its convergent validity and reliability is comparable to the three leading traditional fluid reasoning tests. The convenient software allows a researcher to design the optimal test variant for a given study and sample. Graph Mapping can be downloaded from: https://osf.io/wh7zv/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jastrzębski
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Ociepka
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Chuderski
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Krakow, Poland
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Skidmore ER, Eskes G, Brodtmann A. Executive Function Poststroke: Concepts, Recovery, and Interventions. Stroke 2023; 54:20-29. [PMID: 36542071 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Executive function is frequently impaired among people who have sustained stroke. This review provides an overview of definitions, concepts, and measures. The review also summarizes current best evidence examining executive function impairment and recovery trajectories after stroke, correlates of change over time, and emerging intervention research. Finally, this review provides recommendations for research and clinical practices, as well as priorities for future executive function research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Skidmore
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.)
| | - Gail Eskes
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada (G.E.)
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- Cognitive Health Initiative, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (A.B.)
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Coemans S, Keulen S, Savieri P, Tsapkini K, Engelborghs S, Chrispeels N, Vandenborre D, Paquier P, Wilssens I, Declerck M, Struys E. Executive functions in primary progressive aphasia: A meta-analysis. Cortex 2022; 157:304-322. [PMID: 36395634 PMCID: PMC11161026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) refer to a set of cognitive processes, specifically shifting, inhibition, updating of working memory, and are involved in the cognitive control of behavior. Conflicting results have been reported regarding impairments of EFs in Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). We performed a multi-level meta-analysis to confirm whether deficits of EFs exist in this population, focusing on a common EFs composite, and the components shifting, inhibition and updating separately. We included 141 studies that report on 294 EFs tasks. The overall mean weighted effect size was large (d = -1,28), indicating poorer EFs in PPA as compared to age-matched cognitively healthy controls. Differences between effect sizes of the EFs components were not significant, indicating all components are affected similarly. Overall, moderator analysis revealed that PPA variant and disease duration were significant moderators of performance, while task modality and years of education were not. The non-fluent/agrammatic PPA and the logopenic PPA variants were similarly affected, but the semantic variant was affected to a lesser extent. We discuss implications for clinical and research settings, and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Coemans
- Brussels Centre for Language Studies (BCLS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie Keulen
- Brussels Centre for Language Studies (BCLS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Perseverence Savieri
- Interfaculty Center for Data Processing and Statistics (ICDS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (BISI) Research Group, Department of Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyrana Tsapkini
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nini Chrispeels
- Brussels Centre for Language Studies (BCLS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorien Vandenborre
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Paquier
- Brussels Centre for Language Studies (BCLS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Translational Neurosciences (TNW), Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ineke Wilssens
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Declerck
- Brussels Centre for Language Studies (BCLS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esli Struys
- Brussels Centre for Language Studies (BCLS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Latin square tasks: A multi-study evaluation. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Uncovering the course of analogical mapping using eye tracking. Cognition 2022; 225:105140. [PMID: 35483161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Analogical mapping - the core component of analogical reasoning - consists of establishing the relational structure shared by two analogous situations and inferring the missing elements in a less familiar situation from a more familiar one. Several existing models of analogy predicted that the complete relational structure can be considered in parallel. Other models postulated that mapping can be less or more incremental - it can access only a relatively small part of the structure, and needs to move to its other parts in steps in order to construct the final relational correspondence. However, the precise time course of analogical mapping, especially in sufficiently complex analogies, to date was rarely studied empirically. In two studies, eye tracking was used to assess in a rigorous way the extent to which mapping can be incremental. In a newly designed geometric A:B::C:D task, pattern D was generated from C according to the same shape transformations that generated pattern B from A. The six possible response options differed systematically in the number of correct transformations, from no transformation matching, via partial relational match, up to the full match. In Study 1, the relational match of options fixated on by participants was initially low but increased monotonically over the course of analogy. The number of corresponding eye fixations predicted 68% variance in relational match of the final response. The correct option was chosen only if fixated on for a sufficiently long time. Study 2 replicated the findings using a more ecologically valid and less demanding task variant that required to map the changes in people's appearance. The results support these theoretical models of analogy which postulate strictly incremental mapping.
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10
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Coyne JT, Dollinger S, Brown N, Foroughi C, Sibley C, Phillips H. Limitations of current spatial ability testing for military aviators. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1965786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Coyne
- Information Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sabrina Dollinger
- Operational Psychology, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Noelle Brown
- Information Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cyrus Foroughi
- Information Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ciara Sibley
- Information Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Henry Phillips
- Operational Psychology, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, Florida, USA
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11
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Goecke B, Schmitz F, Wilhelm O. Binding Costs in Processing Efficiency as Determinants of Cognitive Ability. J Intell 2021; 9:18. [PMID: 33916172 PMCID: PMC8167711 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in elementary cognitive tasks is moderately correlated with fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. These correlations are higher for more complex tasks, presumably due to increased demands on working memory capacity. In accordance with the binding hypothesis, which states that working memory capacity reflects the limit of a person's ability to establish and maintain temporary bindings (e.g., relations between items or relations between items and their context), we manipulated binding requirements (i.e., 2, 4, and 6 relations) in three choice reaction time paradigms (i.e., two comparison tasks, two change detection tasks, and two substitution tasks) measuring mental speed. Response time distributions of 115 participants were analyzed with the diffusion model. Higher binding requirements resulted in generally reduced efficiency of information processing, as indicated by lower drift rates. Additionally, we fitted bi-factor confirmatory factor analysis to the elementary cognitive tasks to separate basal speed and binding requirements of the employed tasks to quantify their specific contributions to working memory capacity, as measured by Recall-1-Back tasks. A latent factor capturing individual differences in binding was incrementally predictive of working memory capacity, over and above a general factor capturing speed. These results indicate that the relation between reaction time tasks and working memory capacity hinges on the complexity of the reaction time tasks. We conclude that binding requirements and, therefore, demands on working memory capacity offer a satisfactory account of task complexity that accounts for a large portion of individual differences in ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Goecke
- Institute for Psychology and Pedagogy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (F.S.); (O.W.)
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13
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Chuderski A, Jastrzębski J, Kucwaj H. How physical interaction with insight problems affects solution rates, hint use, and cognitive load. Br J Psychol 2020; 112:120-143. [PMID: 32125690 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
So-called insight problems are widely studied because they tap into the creative thinking that is crucial for solving real problems. However, insight problems are typically presented in static formats (on paper, computer) that allow no physical interaction with the problem elements, whereas such an interaction might in fact reduce the load on limited cognitive resources, such as working memory (WM) capacity, thereby facilitating solutions. To test this proposition, 124 young adults were allowed to interact physically with nine established insight problems, while another 124 people attempted to solve these problems using paper and pencil. Additionally, hints were provided for three problems that typically no-one solves. No general facilitating effect of physical interaction was found, with only one problem clearly benefitting from it. Furthermore, making use of hints was actually hindered by physical interaction. No difference in perceived task load and correlation with WM capacity was observed between the formats, and subjective ratings of insight were virtually unaffected by presentation format. Overall, physical interaction minimally affected insight problem-solving, which appears to rely strongly on internalized cognitive processing involving WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chuderski
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Jastrzębski
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hanna Kucwaj
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Gignac GE. A moderate financial incentive can increase effort, but not intelligence test performance in adult volunteers. Br J Psychol 2018; 109:500-516. [PMID: 29427313 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A positive correlation between self-reported test-taking motivation and intelligence test performance has been reported. Additionally, some financial incentive experimental evidence suggests that intelligence test performance can be improved, based on the provision of financial incentives. However, only a small percentage of the experimental research has been conducted with adults. Furthermore, virtually none of the intelligence experimental research has measured the impact of financial incentives on test-taking motivation. Consequently, we conducted an experiment with 99 adult volunteers who completed a battery of intelligence tests under two conditions: no financial incentive and financial incentive (counterbalanced). We also measured self-reported test-taking importance and effort at time 1 and time 2. The financial incentive was observed to impact test-taking effort statistically significantly. By contrast, no statistically significant effects were observed for the intelligence test performance scores. Finally, the intelligence test scores were found to correlate positively with both test-taking importance (rc = .28) and effort (rc = .37), although only effort correlated uniquely with intelligence (partial rc = .26). In conjunction with other empirical research, it is concluded that a financial incentive can increase test-taking effort. However, the potential effects on intelligence test performance in adult volunteers seem limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles E Gignac
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Gilsoul J, Simon J, Hogge M, Collette F. Do attentional capacities and processing speed mediate the effect of age on executive functioning? AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:282-317. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1432746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gilsoul
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jessica Simon
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michaël Hogge
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Jastrzębski J, Ciechanowska I, Chuderski A. The strong link between fluid intelligence and working memory cannot be explained away by strategy use. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Butterfuss R, Kendeou P. The Role of Executive Functions in Reading Comprehension. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-017-9422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Global associations between regional gray matter volume and diverse complex cognitive functions: evidence from a large sample study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10014. [PMID: 28855703 PMCID: PMC5577279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlations between regional gray matter volume (rGMV) and psychometric test scores have been measured to investigate the neural bases for individual differences in complex cognitive abilities (CCAs). However, such studies have yielded different rGMV correlates of the same CCA. Based on the available evidence, we hypothesized that diverse CCAs are all positively but only weakly associated with rGMV in widespread brain areas. To test this hypothesis, we used the data from a large sample of healthy young adults [776 males and 560 females; mean age: 20.8 years, standard deviation (SD) = 0.8] and investigated associations between rGMV and scores on multiple CCA tasks (including non-verbal reasoning, verbal working memory, Stroop interference, and complex processing speed tasks involving spatial cognition and reasoning). Better performance scores on all tasks except non-verbal reasoning were associated with greater rGMV across widespread brain areas. The effect sizes of individual associations were generally low, consistent with our previous studies. The lack of strong correlations between rGMV and specific CCAs, combined with stringent corrections for multiple comparisons, may lead to different and diverse findings in the field.
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The relationship of choice reaction time variability and intelligence: A meta-analysis. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Elliott CD. The Nature and Structure of Children's Abilities: Evidence from the Differential Ability Scales. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/073428299000800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nature and the structure of children's abilities are considered in the light of evidence from the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), a newly published, individually administered cognitive test battery for children age 2 years 6 months through 17 years 11 months. The DAS was developed primarily to assess children's cognitive profiles. Evidence is presented on its relatively high levels of reliable specific variance (a requirement for identifying reliable intertest differences in a profile). The DAS cognitive battery also yields a number of focused composite scores: a measure of psychometric g, called General Conceptual Ability (GCA) and measures of Verbal and Nonverbal Ability at the preschool level, and of Verbal, Nonverbal Reasoning and Spatial Ability at the school-age level. The case is argued against the use of terms “intelligence” and “IQ” in describing children's abilities, and evidence on the factorial structure of the DAS is presented through both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses.
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Kline RB, Guilmette S, Snyder J, Castellanos M. Relative Cognitive Complexity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and the WISC-R. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/073428299201000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether abilities measured by the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)are as complex as those measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R)within a sample of referred children. Results of factor and multidimensional scaling analyses indicated that abilities tapped by the K-ABC Mental Processing scale are not as complex as those assessed by the WISC-R. K-ABC Achievement scale subtests, however, seemed to assess skills as complex as those measured by many WISC-R subtests. The relative cognitive complexity of the K-ABC and the WISC-R seem comparable, but only when all the K-ABC subtests are administered.
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Engelhardt PE, Nigg JT, Ferreira F. Executive function and intelligence in the resolution of temporary syntactic ambiguity: an individual differences investigation. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:1263-1281. [PMID: 27150661 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1178785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the role of intelligence and executive functions in the resolution of temporary syntactic ambiguity using an individual differences approach. Data were collected from 174 adolescents and adults who completed a battery of cognitive tests as well as a sentence comprehension task. The critical items for the comprehension task consisted of object/subject garden paths (e.g., While Anna dressed the baby that was small and cute played in the crib), and participants answered a comprehension question (e.g., Did Anna dress the baby?) following each one. Previous studies have shown that garden-path misinterpretations tend to persist into final interpretations. Results showed that both intelligence and processing speed interacted with ambiguity. Individuals with higher intelligence and faster processing were more likely to answer the comprehension questions correctly and, specifically, following ambiguous as opposed to unambiguous sentences. Inhibition produced a marginal effect, but the variance in inhibition was largely shared with intelligence. Conclusions focus on the role of individual differences in cognitive ability and their impact on syntactic ambiguity resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel T Nigg
- b Department of Psychiatry , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- c Department of Psychology , University of California , Davis, Davis , CA , USA
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Longitudinal development of frontoparietal activity during feedback learning: Contributions of age, performance, working memory and cortical thickness. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:211-22. [PMID: 27104668 PMCID: PMC4913556 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a longitudinal study on feedback learning (N = 208, age 8–27 years). We tested linear and nonlinear patterns in frontoparietal activity during learning. DLPFC and parietal cortex showed a late-adolescent peak in activity. SMA showed a linear increase, and ACC a linear decrease in brain activity with age. Performance predicted DLPFC and parietal activity, thickness predicted SMA activity.
Feedback learning is a crucial skill for cognitive flexibility that continues to develop into adolescence, and is linked to neural activity within a frontoparietal network. Although it is well conceptualized that activity in the frontoparietal network changes during development, there is surprisingly little consensus about the direction of change. Using a longitudinal design (N = 208, 8–27 years, two measurements in two years), we investigated developmental trajectories in frontoparietal activity during feedback learning. Our first aim was to test for linear and nonlinear developmental trajectories in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), superior parietal cortex (SPC), supplementary motor area (SMA) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Second, we tested which factors (task performance, working memory, cortical thickness) explained additional variance in time-related changes in activity besides age. Developmental patterns for activity in DLPFC and SPC were best characterized by a quadratic age function leveling off/peaking in late adolescence. There was a linear increase in SMA and a linear decrease with age in ACC activity. In addition to age, task performance explained variance in DLPFC and SPC activity, whereas cortical thickness explained variance in SMA activity. Together, these findings provide a novel perspective of linear and nonlinear developmental changes in the frontoparietal network during feedback learning.
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Validity of the Worst Performance Rule as a Function of Task Complexity and Psychometric g: On the Crucial Role of g Saturation. J Intell 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Linares R, Bajo MT, Pelegrina S. Age-related differences in working memory updating components. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 147:39-52. [PMID: 26985577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible age-related changes throughout childhood and adolescence in different component processes of working memory updating (WMU): retrieval, transformation, and substitution. A set of numerical WMU tasks was administered to four age groups (8-, 11-, 14-, and 21-year-olds). To isolate the effect of each of the WMU components, participants performed different versions of a task that included different combinations of the WMU components. The results showed an expected overall decrease in response times and an increase in accuracy performance with age. Most important, specific age-related changes in the retrieval component were found, demonstrating that the effect of retrieval on accuracy was larger in children than in adolescents or young adults. These findings indicate that the availability of representations from outside the focus of attention may change with age. Thus, the retrieval component of updating could contribute to the age-related changes observed in the performance of many updating tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Linares
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - M Teresa Bajo
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Ganzach Y. Another look at the Spearman's hypothesis and relationship between Digit Span and General Mental Ability. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dopamine and executive function: Increased spontaneous eye blink rates correlate with better set-shifting and inhibition, but poorer updating. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 96:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ganzach Y, Gotlibovski C. Individual differences and the effect of education on religiosity. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ogden RS, Wearden JH, Montgomery C. The differential contribution of executive functions to temporal generalisation, reproduction and verbal estimation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 152:84-94. [PMID: 25146598 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from dual-task studies suggests that executive resources are recruited during timing. However, there has been little exploration of whether executive recruitment is universal across temporal tasks, or whether different temporal tasks recruit different executive resources. The current study explored this further by examining how individual differences in updating, switching, inhibition and access affected performance on temporal generalisation, reproduction and verbal estimation tasks. It was found that temporal tasks differentially loaded onto different executive resources. Temporal generalisation performance was related to updating and access ability. Reproduction performance was related to updating, access and switching. Verbal estimation performance was only related to access. The results suggest that executive resources may be recruited when monitoring and maintaining multiple durations in memory at the same time, and when retrieving duration representations from long-term memory. The findings emphasise the need to consider timing behaviour as the product of a wide range of complex, integrated, cognitive systems, rather than as the output of a clock in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S Ogden
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - John H Wearden
- School of Psychology, Keele University, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Brion M, Pitel AL, Beaunieux H, Maurage P. Revisiting the continuum hypothesis: toward an in-depth exploration of executive functions in korsakoff syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:498. [PMID: 25071526 PMCID: PMC4081760 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Korsakoff syndrome (KS) is a neurological state mostly caused by alcohol-dependence and leading to disproportionate episodic memory deficits. KS patients present more severe anterograde amnesia than Alcohol-Dependent Subjects (ADS), which led to the continuum hypothesis postulating a progressive increase in brain and cognitive damages during the evolution from ADS to KS. This hypothesis has been extensively examined for memory but is still debated for other abilities, notably executive functions (EF). EF have up to now been explored by unspecific tasks in KS, and few studies explored their interactions with memory. Exploring EF in KS by specific tasks based on current EF models could thus renew the exploration of the continuum hypothesis. This paper will propose a research program aiming at: (1) clarifying the extent of executive dysfunctions in KS by tasks focusing on specific EF subcomponents; (2) determining the differential EF deficits in ADS and KS; (3) exploring EF-memory interactions in KS with innovative tasks. At the fundamental level, this exploration will test the continuum hypothesis beyond memory. At the clinical level, it will propose new rehabilitation tools focusing on the EF specifically impaired in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Brion
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- INSERM, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Unité U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU Caen , Caen , France
| | - Hélène Beaunieux
- INSERM, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Unité U1077, GIP Cyceron, CHU Caen , Caen , France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
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Sylvain-Roy S, Belleville S. Interindividual differences in attentional control profiles among younger and older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2014; 22:259-79. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2014.926305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sylvain-Roy S, Lungu O, Belleville S. Normal Aging of the Attentional Control Functions That Underlie Working Memory. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014; 70:698-708. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Engelhardt PE, Nigg JT, Ferreira F. Is the fluency of language outputs related to individual differences in intelligence and executive function? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 144:424-32. [PMID: 24018099 PMCID: PMC4207434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been little research on the fluency of language production and individual difference variables, such as intelligence and executive function. In this study, we report data from 106 participants who completed a battery of standardized cognitive tasks and a sentence production task. For the sentence production task, participants were presented with two objects and a verb and their task was to formulate a sentence. Four types of disfluency were examined: filled pauses (e.g. uh, um), unfilled pauses, repetitions, and repairs. Repetitions occur when the speaker suspends articulation and then repeats the previous word/phrase, and repairs occur when the speaker suspends articulation and then starts over with a different word/phrase. Hierarchical structural equation modeling revealed a significant relationship between repair disfluencies and inhibition. Conclusions focus on the role of individual differences in cognitive ability and their role in models and theories of language production.
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Dodonova YA, Dodonov YS. Faster on easy items, more accurate on difficult ones: Cognitive ability and performance on a task of varying difficulty. INTELLIGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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El Haj M, Allain P. What do we know about the relationship between source monitoring deficits and executive dysfunction? Neuropsychol Rehabil 2012; 22:449-72. [PMID: 22324387 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2012.658267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In clinical neuropsychology, source monitoring deficits have been classically attributed to executive dysfunction. Nevertheless, in this review we identified only 16 papers that provided statistical data about the relationships between source monitoring and executive processes. Surprisingly, they reported either a total, partial or non-existent relationship between source monitoring and executive tasks. In order to understand and explain these contradictions, we classified the source and executive tasks of the 16 papers according to two well-accepted definitions. Source tasks were classified using the Source Monitoring Framework (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993 ) which specifies reality and external and internal source monitoring. Executive tasks were classified according to the model of Miyake Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, and Howerter (2000) which specifies complex, shifting, updating and inhibition tasks. We found that evaluation of reality and internal source monitoring was limited. Regarding executive functions, there was no assessment of updating and only a limited assessment of shifting and inhibition. Therefore, the relationship between source monitoring and executive functions remains an open question. Our findings point to the need for the simultaneous assessment of source monitoring and executive functions as defined by multidimensional theoretical frameworks. Such investigations would help in understanding the relationship between specific source monitoring deficits and specific executive decline in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- Laboratoire de Psychologie EA 2646, Université d'Angers, France.
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Takeuchi H, Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Sekiguchi A, Yomogida Y, Taki Y, Kawashima R. Neural correlates of the difference between working memory speed and simple sensorimotor speed: an fMRI study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30579. [PMID: 22291992 PMCID: PMC3264572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The difference between the speed of simple cognitive processes and the speed of complex cognitive processes has various psychological correlates. However, the neural correlates of this difference have not yet been investigated. In this study, we focused on working memory (WM) for typical complex cognitive processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired during the performance of an N-back task, which is a measure of WM for typical complex cognitive processes. In our N-back task, task speed and memory load were varied to identify the neural correlates responsible for the difference between the speed of simple cognitive processes (estimated from the 0-back task) and the speed of WM. Our findings showed that this difference was characterized by the increased activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the increased functional interaction between the right DLPFC and right superior parietal lobe. Furthermore, the local gray matter volume of the right DLPFC was correlated with participants' accuracy during fast WM tasks, which in turn correlated with a psychometric measure of participants' intelligence. Our findings indicate that the right DLPFC and its related network are responsible for the execution of the fast cognitive processes involved in WM. Identified neural bases may underlie the psychometric differences between the speed with which subjects perform simple cognitive tasks and the speed with which subjects perform more complex cognitive tasks, and explain the previous traditional psychological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeuchi
- Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Luciano M, Hansell NK, Lahti J, Davies G, Medland SE, Räikkönen K, Tenesa A, Widen E, McGhee KA, Palotie A, Liewald D, Porteous DJ, Starr JM, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Eriksson JG, Wright MJ, Deary IJ. Whole genome association scan for genetic polymorphisms influencing information processing speed. Biol Psychol 2010; 86:193-202. [PMID: 21130836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Processing speed is an important cognitive function that is compromised in psychiatric illness (e.g., schizophrenia, depression) and old age; it shares genetic background with complex cognition (e.g., working memory, reasoning). To find genes influencing speed we performed a genome-wide association scan in up to three cohorts: Brisbane (mean age 16 years; N = 1659); LBC1936 (mean age 70 years, N = 992); LBC1921 (mean age 82 years, N = 307), and; HBCS (mean age 64 years, N =1080). Meta-analysis of the common measures highlighted various suggestively significant (p < 1.21 × 10⁻⁵) SNPs and plausible candidate genes (e.g., TRIB3). A biological pathways analysis of the speed factor identified two common pathways from the KEGG database (cell junction, focal adhesion) in two cohorts, while a pathway analysis linked to the GO database revealed common pathways across pairs of speed measures (e.g., receptor binding, cellular metabolic process). These highlighted genes and pathways will be able to inform future research, including results for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Brouwers SA, Van de Vijver FJ, Van Hemert DA. Variation in Raven's Progressive Matrices scores across time and place. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huizinga M, Dolan CV, van der Molen MW. Age-related change in executive function: developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:2017-36. [PMID: 16527316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the developmental trajectories of three frequently postulated executive function (EF) components, Working Memory, Shifting, and Inhibition of responses, and their relation to performance on standard, but complex, neuropsychological EF tasks, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and the Tower of London (ToL). Participants in four age groups (7-, 11-, 15-, and 21-year olds) carried out nine basic experimental tasks (three tasks for each EF), the WCST, and the ToL. Analyses were done in two steps: (1) analyses of (co)variance to examine developmental trends in individual EF tasks while correcting for basic processing speed, (2) confirmatory factor analysis to extract latent variables from the nine basic EF tasks, and to explain variance in the performance on WCST and ToL, using these latent variables. Analyses of (co)variance revealed a continuation of EF development into adolescence. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded two common factors: Working Memory and Shifting. However, the variables assumed to tap Inhibition proved unrelated. At a latent level, again correcting for basic processing speed, the development of Shifting was seen to continue into adolescence, while Working Memory continued to develop into young-adulthood. Regression analyses revealed that Working Memory contributed most strongly to WCST performance in all age groups. These results suggest that EF component processes develop at different rates, and that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of EF component processes in studying the development of EF.
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Abstract
Several investigators have claimed over the past decade that working memory (WM) and general intelligence (g) are identical, or nearly identical, constructs, from an individual-differences perspective. Although memory measures are commonly included in intelligence tests, and memory abilities are included in theories of intelligence, the identity between WM and intelligence has not been evaluated comprehensively. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 86 samples that relate WM to intelligence. The average correlation between true-score estimates of WM and g is substantially less than unity (p=.479). The authors also focus on the distinction between short-term memory and WM with respect to intelligence with a supplemental meta-analysis. The authors discuss how consideration of psychometric and theoretical perspectives better informs the discussion of WM-intelligence relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Ackerman
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
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von Geusau NA, Stalenhoef P, Huizinga M, Snel J, Ridderinkhof KR. Impaired executive function in male MDMA ("ecstasy") users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175:331-41. [PMID: 15034712 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Long-term users of ecstasy have shown impaired performance on a multitude of cognitive abilities (most notably memory, attention, executive function). Research into the pattern of MDMA effects on executive functions remains fragmented, however. OBJECTIVES To determine more systematically what aspects of executive function are affected by a history of MDMA use, by using a model that divides executive functions into cognitive flexibility, information updating and monitoring, and inhibition of pre-potent responses. METHODS MDMA users and controls who abstained from ecstasy and other substances for at least 2 weeks were tested with a computerized cognitive test battery to assess their abilities on tasks that measure the three submodalities of executive function, and their combined contribution on two more complex executive tasks. Because of sex-differential effects of MDMA reported in the literature, data from males and females were analyzed separately. RESULTS Male MDMA users performed significantly worse on the tasks that tap on cognitive flexibility and on the combined executive function tasks; no differences were found on the other cognitive tasks. Female users showed no impairments on any of the tasks. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that a history of MDMA use selectively impairs executive function. In male users, cognitive flexibility was impaired and increased perseverative behavior was observed. The inability to adjust behavior rapidly and flexibly may have repercussions for daily life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Alting von Geusau
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018, WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vigneau F, Blanchet L, Loranger M, Pépin M. Response latencies measured on IQ tests: dimensionality of speed indices and the relationship between speed and level. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Verguts T, De Boeck P. On the correlation between working memory capacity and performance on intelligence tests. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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