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Zhang M, Li L, Liu Y, Gao X. Effects of a Sudden Drop in Salinity on Immune Response Mechanisms of Anadara kagoshimensis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184365. [PMID: 31491977 PMCID: PMC6769905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, the effects of a sudden drop of salinity on the immune response mechanisms of the ark shell Anadara kagoshimensis were examined by simulating the sudden drop of salinity that occurs in seawater after a rainstorm. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using transcriptome sequencing. When the salinity dropped from 30‱ (S30) to 14‱ (S14), the phagocytic activity of blood lymphocytes, the O2- levels produced from respiratory burst, the content of reactive oxygen species, and the activities of lysozymes and acid phosphatases increased significantly, whereas the total count of blood lymphocytes did not increase. Total count of blood lymphocytes in 22‱ salinity (S22) was significantly higher than that in any other group. The raw data obtained from sequencing were processed with Trimmomatic (Version 0.36). The expression levels of unigenes were calculated using transcripts per million (TPM) based on the effects of sequencing depth, gene length, and sample on reads. Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq (Version 1.12.4). Transcriptome sequencing revealed 269 (101 up-regulated, 168 down-regulated), 326 (246 up-regulated, 80 down-regulated), and 185 (132 up-regulated, 53 down-regulated) significant DEGs from comparison of the S14 vs. S22, S22 vs. S30, and S14 vs. S30 groups, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the DEGs in these salinity comparison groups revealed that the cellular amino acid metabolic process, the regulation of protein processing, the regulation of response to stress, and other terms were significantly enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway (ko04621), apoptosis-multiple species (ko04215), Toll and Imd signaling pathway (ko04624), NF-κB signaling pathway (ko04064), apoptosis (ko04210), and focal adhesion (ko04510) were significantly enriched in all salinity comparison groups. qRT-PCR verification of 12 DEGs in the above six pathways was conducted, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results in terms of up-regulation and down-regulation, which illustrates that the transcriptome sequencing data are credible. These results were used to preliminarily explore the effects of a sudden drop of salinity on blood physiological and biochemical indexes and immunoregulatory mechanisms of A. kagoshimensis. They also provide a theoretical basis for the selection of bottom areas optimal for release and proliferation of A. kagoshimensis required to restore the declining populations of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Li Li
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Abstract
Invertebrates do not display the level of sophistication in immune reactivity characteristic of mammals and other 'higher' vertebrates. Their great number and diversity of forms, however, reflect their evolutionary success and hence they must have effective mechanisms of defence to deal with parasites and pathogens and altered self tissues. Inflammation appears to be an important first line defence in all invertebrates and vertebrates. This brief review deals with the inflammatory responses of invertebrates and fish concentrating on the cell types involved and the mediators of inflammation, in particular, eicosanoids, cytokines and adhesion molecules.
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Stefano GB, Teoh MB, Grant A, Reid C, Teoh H, Hughes TK. Electric Field Exposure Activates Immunocytes: Evidence for Calcium Dependency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379409030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Liu DW, Chen ZW, Xu HZ. Effects of leucine-enkephalin on catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide levels in the haemolymph of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Molecules 2008; 13:864-70. [PMID: 18463588 PMCID: PMC6245476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems of invertebrates can exchange information through neuropeptides. Furthermore, some opioid peptides can function as endogenous immune system messengers and participate in the regulation of the immune responses. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK) on the activity of catalase (CAT) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in the haemolymph of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas). The CAT activity and H2O2 content were investigated after the haemolymph of the species was exposed to 1, 5, and 50 μg/mL of L-ENK. The results indicate that the intracellular and extracellular CAT activity was increased with increasing concentration of L-ENK, while the intracellular and extracellular H2O2 content was decreased with increasing concentration of L-ENK. L-ENK may regulate the intracellular and extracellular CAT activity and H2O2 content via binding with opioid neuropeptide receptors on immunocytes of the oysters. The data strongly suggests an involvement of opioid peptides in the regulation of the antioxidant defence systems of Crassostrea gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-wu Liu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shandong University of Technology, 255049, Zibo, Shandong, PR China.
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Effects of Leucine-enkephalin on Catalase Activity and Glutathione Level in Haemolymph of the Scallop Chlamys farreri. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Invertebrates use a nonadaptive, innate immunity, the expression of germline encoded receptors, to identify the allogeneic and xenogeneic attributes. Vertebrates also have the capacity to express ontogenically related adaptive immunity which is a somatically selected gene rearrangement process. Several commonly accepted generalizations are utilized to explain the enigmatic lack of the adaptive immunity in invertebrates. All point to the primitive nature of the innate immunity and the primitive organization of the body plan and the life history patterns of invertebrates. Seven of the most common generalizations are reviewed and confuted by virtue of a biased literature presentation. Subsequently, three evolutionary puzzles are raised and the accepted paradigm that the vertebrate immunity is pathogenically directed is further challenged. This leads to an alternative idea suggesting that preserving the individuality against the threat of invading conspecific cells might have been the original function of the immune system. This ancient system has been co-opted later on to serve as a defence mechanism against pathogens. The secondary role arose in the form of a multiplicity of newly developed phenomena, one of them being the vertebrate adaptive immunity. This proposal is supported by the fact that vertebrates still exhibit two distinct but common types of naturally occurring transplantation events (natural chimerism) and by a variety of recent studies, providing evidence for the crucial role of the vertebrate's innate immunity in signalling and triggering the acquired effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rinkevich
- National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, Israel
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Koedel U, Kohleisen B, Sporer B, Lahrtz F, Ovod V, Fontana A, Erfle V, Pfister HW. HIV Type 1 Nef Protein Is a Viral Factor for Leukocyte Recruitment into the Central Nervous System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recombinant HIV-1 Nef protein, but not Tat, gp120, and gp160, provoked leukocyte recruitment into the CNS in a rat model. The strong reduction of bioactivity by heat treatment of Nef, and the blocking effect of the mAb 2H12, which recognizes the carboxy-terminal amino acid (aa) residues 171–190 (but not of mAb 3E6, an anti-Nef Ab of the same isotype, which maps the aa sequence 168–175, as well as a mixture of mAbs to CD4) provided evidence for the specificity of the observed Nef effects. Using a modified Boyden chamber technique, Nef exhibited chemotactic activity on mononuclear cells in vitro. Coadministration of the anti-Nef mAb 2H12, as well as treatment of Nef by heat inhibited Nef-induced chemotaxis. Besides soluble Nef, chemotaxis was also induced by a Nef-expressing human astrocytoma cell line, but not by control cells. These data suggest a direct chemotactic activity of soluble Nef. The detection of elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in rat cerebrospinal fluid 6 h after intracisternal Nef injection hint at the additional involvement of indirect mechanisms in Nef-induced leukocyte migration into rat CNS. These data propose a mechanism by which HIV-1 Nef protein may be essential for AIDS neuropathogenesis, as a mediator of the recruitment of leukocytes that may serve as vehicles of the virus and perpetrators for disease through their production of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Koedel
- *Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Kohleisen
- †Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-Research Center for Environment and Health Neuherberg, Neuherberg; Germany,
| | - Bernd Sporer
- *Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Lahrtz
- ‡Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; and
| | - Vladimir Ovod
- ‡Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; and
| | - Adriano Fontana
- §Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Erfle
- †Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-Research Center for Environment and Health Neuherberg, Neuherberg; Germany,
| | - Hans-Walter Pfister
- *Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Stefano GB, Salzet M, Bilfinger TV. Long-term exposure of human blood vessels to HIV gp120, morphine, and anandamide increases endothelial adhesion of monocytes: uncoupling of nitric oxide release. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 31:862-8. [PMID: 9641470 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199806000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure of human saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery endothelium to either morphine [27.4 +/- 3.7 and 35.4 +/- 4.1 nM nitric oxide (NO), respectively] or anandamide (18.3 +/- 2.2 and 24.3 +/- 3.0 nM, respectively) results in NO release, whereas exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein gp120 does not. After the short-term exposure of the vessel endothelium, monocyte adherence is diminished with morphine and anandamide treatment (jointly by -80%), whereas it is enhanced with that of gp120 (approximately 40%), indicating that gp120 enhances the ability of the endothelium to adhere monocytes. Long-term or continuous exposure of the endothelia to all agents results in a significant enhancement of monocyte adherence (p < 0.05), which is further increased when exposed to either morphine and anandamide plus gp120. This is caused by a desensitization of the endothelium to further NO release after the initial exposure to either anandamide or morphine. The results serve to indicate that in individuals abusing opiates and or cannabinoids, a tissue [i.e., central nervous system (CNS)] viral load may be higher, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may progress more rapidly because monocyte adherence and mobility is significantly increased, indicating a higher level of transmembrane migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, 11568, USA
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Stefano GB, Salzet M, Rialas CM, Mattocks D, Fimiani C, Bilfinger TV. Macrophage behavior associated with acute and chronic exposure to HIV GP120, morphine and anandamide: endothelial implications. Int J Cardiol 1998; 64 Suppl 1:S3-13. [PMID: 9687087 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(98)00030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that immediate exposure to gp120 (5 min; 0.1 microg/ml) results in a significant shift of the macrophage population to an amoeboid and motile category (P<0.01; 91.7+/-5.5 vs. a control value of 42.4+/-4.2) and prior exposure with anti-gp120 antagonizes this shift. Acute exposure of the macrophages to morphine (10(-6) M) or anandamide (10(-6) M) resulted in the cells rounding up (shape factors of 0.84 and 0.87 respectively) and becoming non-motile. The action is blocked by prior treatment with the specific antagonists naloxone and SR 141716A. Chronic exposure (6 h) of the cells to all three agents resulted in a random migration pattern. Further, all agents blocked chemotaxis induced by DAMA and IL-1. Observation of the cells behavior during chronic exposure revealed a sporadic activity pattern with gp120 whereas morphine and anandamide first induced a period of inactivity which is followed by a period of activity (chemokinesis). Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that both morphine and anandamide acutely stimulate constitutive macrophage nitric oxide (NO) release, which then induces macrophage rounding and inactivity. It was therefore of interest to examine their behavior by exposing macrophages to the NO-donor SNAP. In a concentration dependent manner SNAP exhibited the same behavioral actions as both substances of abuse. Given this, we next determined if macrophages exposed to gp120 would release NO. We demonstrated that NO was released only when exposed to morphine and anandamide not gp120. Thus. the chemokinetic inducing activities of these agents may be the basis for excitotoxin liberation in neural tissues and/or a higher viral load in various organ systems since cellular adherence and random migration are stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York/College at Old Westbury, 11568, USA.
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10
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Fricchione GL, Cytryn L, Bilfinger TV, Stefano GB. Cell behavior and signal molecule involvement in a case study of malignant histiocytosis: a negative model of morphine as an immunoregulator. Am J Hematol 1997; 56:197-205. [PMID: 9395179 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199712)56:4<197::aid-ajh1>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a patient diagnosed with histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HM), we examined immunocytes for their responsiveness towards known signaling molecules. Both the granulocytes and monocytes were found to exhibit a high level of spontaneous activation (96% compared to normal cells 7%; P < 0.001). These cells could not be downregulated when exposed to morphine. Following patient treatment with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, the immunocytes still exhibited a high spontaneous activation. They responded to morphine exposure in vitro with a cell rounding and becoming immobile for only 20 min whereas normal cells would remain round and immobile for up to 1-2 h. An examination of the plasma from the HM patient revealed that monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF) levels were elevated (6.4 and 5.78 compared to a control range of 1-1.75 ng/ml). In the HM patient, the immunocytes did not express the opiate selective and opioid peptide insensitive receptor, mu3, supporting the lack of opiate action. Given this finding, we incubated normal monocytes with MCSF and found that it significantly reduced the mu3 Bmax. Given the role of intracellular calcium in the activation process of immunocytes, we examined the action of various calcium channel blockers for their ability to inhibit the activated HM monocytes. The agents (nimodipine, cardiazem, and verapamil; 10[-9] M) were able to inhibit the HM-associated chemokinesis. Taken together, the data indicate that in the HM patient the immunocytes appear to be overactivated because stimulatory molecules are high and have the ability to downregulate the normal "braking" process. Additionally, the data indicate that MCSF deregulation may be involved as an initiating factor for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Fricchione
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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11
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Stefano GB, Scharrer B. The presence of the mu3 opiate receptor in invertebrate neural tissues. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1996; 113:369-73. [PMID: 8697194 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(96)02111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A previous report demonstrated the presence of the newly discovered opiate alkaloid selective and opioid peptide insensitive mu3 receptor in ganglia of several invertebrate- and one vertebrate species as well as in microglial cells that had egressed from these ganglia after their maintenance in culture medium for several days. In the present study carried out in two representatives of invertebrates, the binding densities of this receptor determined in intact ganglia were compared with those in ganglia depleted of microglial cells. The aim was to ascertain whether the differences in binding capacity recorded in those two groups of ganglia might give an indication of the possible presence of this opiate receptor in nonmicroglial components of the nervous tissue, i.e., neurons. Within a period of 72 h of incubation, the gradual reduction in binding density had reached a plateau, in accordance with the termination of the egress of microglia. The fact that at least two thirds of the binding capacity of mu3 receptors were retained by the ganglia strongly suggests that part of this capacity may be attributed to neurons. This view is supported by additional data, in particular the demonstration of endogenous morphine in nervous tissue and its localization within distinct neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury 11568, USA
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12
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Das KP, McMillian MK, Bing G, Hong JS. Modulatory effects of [Met5]-enkephalin on interleukin-1 beta secretion from microglia in mixed brain cell cultures. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 62:9-17. [PMID: 7499497 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00083-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, functional interactions between [Met5]-enkephalin (ME), naloxone and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) immunostaining and secretion have been assessed in mixed brain cell cultures from embryonic day 17 mice. Adding ME alone or together with LPS to the culture increased the release of IL-1 beta after 48 h in a concentration-dependent fashion. In situ hybridization studies showed that LPS, but not ME, increased the abundance of IL-1 beta mRNA. The enhanced release of IL-1 beta caused by ME or LPS was partially blocked by naloxone. LPS induced concentration-dependent morphological changes in microglia in mixed brain cell cultures, identified by a monoclonal antibody F4/80 which is specific for macrophages/microglia. Despite increasing IL-1 beta release into the media, ME (10(-8) M) did not induce morphological changes in microglia. Naloxone alone also had no effect on glial morphology; however, the LPS-induced morphological changes were blocked by naloxone. Our data indicate that both exogenous and endogenous opioids regulate IL-1 beta production by microglial cells in the mixed brain cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Das
- Section of Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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13
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Goldstein JA. Fibromyalgia syndrome: a pain modulation disorder related to altered limbic function? BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1994; 8:777-800. [PMID: 7850880 PMCID: PMC7134909 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Goldstein
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Institute, Anaheim Hills, CA 92807
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Stefano GB, Bilfinger TV, Fricchione GL. The immune-neuro-link and the macrophage: postcardiotomy delirium, HIV-associated dementia and psychiatry. Prog Neurobiol 1994; 42:475-88. [PMID: 8090931 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(94)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, Old Westbury Neuroscience Research Institute State University of New York/College at Old Westbury 11568
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15
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Genedani S, Bernardi M, Ottaviani E, Franceschi C, Leung MK, Stefano GB. Differential modulation of invertebrate hemocyte motility by CRF, ACTH, and its fragments. Peptides 1994; 15:203-6. [PMID: 8008624 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Various reports have shown that invertebrate hemocytes are responsive to mammalian neuropeptides and cytokines. In the present study, we demonstrate that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) fragments (1-24), (1-4), (4-9), (1-13), (1-17), and (11-24) significantly stimulate molluscan hemocyte migration, and the whole sequence (1-39) and the fragment (4-11) have an inhibitory effect. Differences between species were found with respect to the response to individual fragments. Additionally, the (4-11) fragment was able to antagonize some of the stimulatory fragments (4-9) as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-induced chemotaxis. Our results suggest that invertebrate hemocytes are able to respond to CRF and ACTH fragments that in turn provide further evidence of the complexity of intercellular signaling within the immune system in relatively primitive animals. Thus, auto- and neuroimmunoregulatory activities in mammals must have had an earlier beginning than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Genedani
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Modena, Italy
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Abstract
This paper is the sixteenth installment of our annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It is restricted to papers published during 1993 that concern the behavioral effects of the endogenous opiate peptides, and does not include papers dealing only with their analgesic properties. The specific topics this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; eating; drinking; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; mental illness and mood; learning, memory, and reward; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; development; immunological responses; and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, LA 70148
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17
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Stefano GB, Sawada M, Smith EM, Hughes TK. Selective effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120 on invertebrate neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1993; 13:569-77. [PMID: 7910780 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. HIV gp120 selectively reduces the glutamate-induced inward current and the acetylcholine-induced outward current in specific and identified Aplysia neurons without affecting dopamine (DA)- and serotonin (5-HT)-induced responses. 2. gp120 specifically decreases DA levels without significantly altering norepinephrine and 5-HT levels in Mytilus pedal ganglia. 3. The gp120-associated decrease in DA levels in Mytilus is dose dependent and exhibits a threshold level. 4. The alteration of in vitro DA levels is specific for gp120 since anti-gp120 blocks the effect. 5. gp120 and its effects appear to be stable due to the duration of treatment and the failure of secondary effects to materialize following antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Old Westbury Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury 11568-0210
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Dureus P, Louis D, Grant AV, Bilfinger TV, Stefano GB. Neuropeptide Y inhibits human and invertebrate immunocyte chemotaxis, chemokinesis, and spontaneous activation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1993; 13:541-6. [PMID: 8111825 DOI: 10.1007/bf00711462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. In a concentration-dependent manner neuropeptide Y was found to be a potent inhibitor of the spontaneous activation of human granulocytes and macrophages as well as Mytilus edulis immunocytes. 2. Neuropeptide Y also inhibited the chemotaxic response of these immunocytes to the chemoattractant f-MLP. 3. Incubation of both the human and the invertebrate immunocytes in f-MLP (10(-9) M) causes "activation" as noted by random locomotion (chemokinesis). Neuropeptide Y also blocked f-MLP-induced chemokinesis. 4. The results suggest that neuropeptide Y may, in addition to other functions, serve as an endogenous regulator of immunocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dureus
- Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, Old Westbury Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York/College at Old Westbury 11568
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19
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Stefano GB, Bilfinger TV. Human neutrophil and macrophage chemokinesis induced by cardiopulmonary bypass: loss of DAME and IL-1 chemotaxis. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 47:189-97. [PMID: 8370770 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces both cellular immunosuppression and an inflammatory response. In an effort to better characterize CPB-induced immune dysfunction, we examined the chemotaxic ability of human granulocytes and macrophages to D-Ala2-Met-enkephalin (DAME) and interleukin (IL)-1 alpha with computer-assisted microscopic image analysis before, during and after CPB. Spontaneous granulocyte and macrophage activation increased from 6% and 8% (before) to 52% and 44% (during) and then 39% and 31% after (38 h) CPB, respectively. These activated cells, characterized by conformational changes and locomotion, exhibited chemokinesis. Furthermore, no direct response to either DAME or IL-1 alpha was observed in the bypass and postoperative specimens. Cellular velocity was 0.14 and 0.07 microns s-1 for control spontaneously activated granulocytes and macrophages, respectively, and equal to the velocity observed for DAME and IL-1 alpha exposed cells, during and after CPB. CPB-unexposed cells, influenced only by the chemotaxic agents, exhibited a 3-4-fold increase in their velocity. Additionally, the migratory path of the activated cells obtained during and after CPB exhibited chemokinesis, rather than chemotaxis, when placed in a concentration gradient of either signal molecule. Cells exposed to fentanyl, the anesthetic agent, exhibited the same behavior as controls, as did those treated with morphine sulphate. However, at higher concentrations (> or = 10 ng ml-1) fentanyl and morphine reduced granulocyte and macrophage activity, demonstrating that CPB caused the opposite effect of fentanyl and also that CPB exposure overcame the pharmacological inhibitory effect of the mu opiate ligands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, State University of New York/College at Old Westbury 11568
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