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Thompson D, Brissette CA, Watt JA. The choroid plexus and its role in the pathogenesis of neurological infections. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:75. [PMID: 36088417 PMCID: PMC9463972 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus is situated at an anatomically and functionally important interface within the ventricles of the brain, forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that separates the periphery from the central nervous system. In contrast to the blood-brain barrier, the choroid plexus and its epithelial barrier have received considerably less attention. As the main producer of cerebrospinal fluid, the secretory functions of the epithelial cells aid in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and are capable of relaying inflammatory signals to the brain. The choroid plexus acts as an immunological niche where several types of peripheral immune cells can be found within the stroma including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells. Including the epithelia cells, these cells perform immunosurveillance, detecting pathogens and changes in the cytokine milieu. As such, their activation leads to the release of homing molecules to induce chemotaxis of circulating immune cells, driving an immune response at the choroid plexus. Research into the barrier properties have shown how inflammation can alter the structural junctions and promote increased bidirectional transmigration of cells and pathogens. The goal of this review is to highlight our foundational knowledge of the choroid plexus and discuss how recent research has shifted our understanding towards viewing the choroid plexus as a highly dynamic and important contributor to the pathogenesis of neurological infections. With the emergence of several high-profile diseases, including ZIKA and SARS-CoV-2, this review provides a pertinent update on the cellular response of the choroid plexus to these diseases. Historically, pharmacological interventions of CNS disorders have proven difficult to develop, however, a greater focus on the role of the choroid plexus in driving these disorders would provide for novel targets and routes for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - John A Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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2
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Meeker R, English R, Tompkins M. Enhanced Excitotoxicity in Primary Feline Neural Cultures Exposed to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:1-27. [PMID: 16873168 DOI: 10.1300/j128v01n03_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to induce neurodegenerative changes in vitro similar to those due to HIV was examined as a potential model to examine the mechanisms underlying AIDS dementia. Primary cultures of feline neural tissue (neurons, astrocytes and microglia) were established from E40-E57 fetal cat cortex and challenged by inoculation with the NCSU<sub>1</sub> strain of FIV. Proviral FIV was detected in the cultures and correlated with the presence of microglia. No direct toxicity of FIV was seen. Stimulation of FIV-inoculated cortical cultures with 20 uM glutamate resulted in a greatly enhanced acute swelling response in approximately 14-24% of the neurons and an increase in the number of dead cells after 24 h relative to control cultures. The enhanced responses were due to an increase in the sensitivity of the cells to glutamate and were dependent on the presence of a soluble factor in the medium. The similarity of the indirect excitoxic effects of FIV to current models of HIV-gp120 neurotoxicity and the versatility of the in vitro cultures, indicate that FIV should provide a valuable model for the investigation of the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in AIDS dementia.
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Gamble LJ, Matthews QL. Current progress in the development of a prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2010; 5:9-26. [PMID: 21267356 PMCID: PMC3023272 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery and characterization in the early 1980s as a virus that attacks the immune system, there has been some success for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, due to the overwhelming public health impact of this virus, a vaccine is needed urgently. Despite the tireless efforts of scientist and clinicians, there is still no safe and effective vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity. A vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity against HIV infection remains elusive in part due to the following reasons: 1) degree of diversity of the virus, 2) ability of the virus to evade the hosts' immunity, and 3) lack of appropriate animal models in which to test vaccine candidates. There have been several attempts to stimulate the immune system to provide protection against HIV-infection. Here, we will discuss attempts that have been made to induce sterilizing immunity, including traditional vaccination attempts, induction of broadly neutralizing antibody production, DNA vaccines, and use of viral vectors. Some of these attempts show promise pending continued research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Gamble
- Department of Medicine, The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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4
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Nath MD, Peterson DL. In vitro assembly of feline immunodeficiency virus capsid protein: biological role of conserved cysteines. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 392:287-94. [PMID: 11488604 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Core assembly, a key step in the retroviral life cycle, is poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that the entire gag region is needed to form the assembled particles. In this report, we have shown that the assembly process is driven by recombinant capsid protein (p26) of feline immunodeficiency virus itself. Proteins are expressed in a bacterial system and soluble forms of wild-type and modified proteins are purified from bacterial extracts and are examined on gel-filtration chromatography fitted to an HPLC system. It has also been shown that changing residue Cys190 (one of the two conserved cysteines of feline immunodeficiency virus which are also conserved for all the immunodeficiency viruses including HIV) to serine by site-directed mutagenesis disrupts the assembly process. In addition, this modification causes considerable thermal instability of the protein while substitutions at nonconserved cysteines do not significantly affect the thermal stability and assembly of the protein. These findings indicate that conserved cysteine residues play a vital role in the capsid protein assembly and, therefore, are critical for virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Nath
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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5
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Boretti FS, Leutenegger CM, Mislin C, Hofmann-Lehmann R, König S, Schroff M, Junghans C, Fehr D, Huettner SW, Habel A, Flynn JN, Aubert A, Pedersen NC, Wittig B, Lutz H. Protection against FIV challenge infection by genetic vaccination using minimalistic DNA constructs for FIV env gene and feline IL-12 expression. AIDS 2000; 14:1749-57. [PMID: 10985311 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200008180-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a genetic vaccination protocol based on minimalistic, immunogenic defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors coding for domains of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) env gene and feline IL-12. METHODS Three groups of four cats each were immunized three times within 6 weeks by the ballistic transfer of gold particles coated with MIDGE vectors. Group 1 received non-coated gold beads, groups 2 and 3 MIDGE vectors expressing FIV surface plus part of the transmembrane protein. In addition, group 3 received feline IL-12 DNA. All cats were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of 25 TCID50 of infectious FIV Z2. The following criteria were monitored: clinical signs, antibodies to transmembrane protein, antibodies to whole FIV, haematological parameters and kinetics of CD4 and CD8 cells, FIV proviral load (determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction; PCR) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity (in selected cats). RESULTS None of the cats developed a detectable antibody response during immunizations. Four weeks after challenge exposure, all cats in group 1 (control) and group 2 (FIV surface-transmembrane protein) had seroconverted and showed a high proviral load until week 19 (end of experiment). In contrast, only one of four cats in group 3 (surface-transmembrane protein and IL-12) showed antibodies; it was provirus positive at reduced virus load. Short-lived CTL activity was found in two cats in group 3. CONCLUSION Genetic vaccination using a MIDGE-based construct for the expression of the surface-transmembrane protein domain of FIV env and feline IL-12 DNA led to protection against homologous virus challenge in three out of four vaccinated cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Boretti
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Chen Z, Huang Y, Zhao X, Skulsky E, Lin D, Ip J, Gettie A, Ho DD. Enhanced infectivity of an R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus carrying human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C envelope after serial passages in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). J Virol 2000; 74:6501-10. [PMID: 10864663 PMCID: PMC112159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.14.6501-6510.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C infection worldwide calls for efforts to develop a relevant animal model for evaluating strategies against the transmission of the virus. A chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), SHIV(CHN19), was generated with a primary, non-syncytium-inducing HIV-1 subtype C envelope from a Chinese strain in the background of SHIV(33). Unlike R5-tropic SHIV(162), SHIV(CHN19) was not found to replicate in rhesus CD4(+) T lymphocytes. SHIV(CHN19) does, however, replicate in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). The observed replication competence of SHIV(CHN19) requires the full tat/rev genes and partial gp41 region derived from SHIV(33). To evaluate in vivo infectivity, SHIV(CHN19) was intravenously inoculated, at first, into two pig-tailed and two rhesus macaques. Although all four animals became infected, the virus replicated preferentially in pig-tailed macaques with an earlier plasma viral peak and a faster seroconversion. To determine whether in vivo adaptation would enhance the infectivity of SHIV(CHN19), passages were carried out serially in three groups of two pig-tailed macaques each, via intravenous blood-bone marrow transfusion. The passages greatly enhanced the infectivity of the virus as shown by the increasingly elevated viral loads during acute infection in animals with each passage. Moreover, the doubling time of plasma virus during acute infection became much shorter in passage 4 (P4) animals (0.2 day) in comparison to P1 animals (1 to 2 days). P2 to P4 animals all became seropositive around 2 to 3 weeks postinoculation and had a decline in CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio during the early phase of infection. In P4 animals, a profound depletion of CD4 T cells in the lamina propria of the jejunum was observed. Persistent plasma viremia has been found in most of the infected animals with sustained viral loads ranging from 10(3) to 10(5) per ml up to 6 months postinfection. Serial passages did not change the viral phenotype as confirmed by the persistence of the R5 tropism of SHIV(CHN19) isolated from P4 animals. In addition, the infectivity of SHIV(CHN19) in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also increased after in vivo passages. Our data indicate that SHIV(CHN19) has adapted well to grow in macaque cells. This established R5-tropic SHIV(CHN19)/macaque model would be very useful for HIV-1 subtype C vaccine and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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7
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Kashuba AD, Dyer JR, Kramer LM, Raasch RH, Eron JJ, Cohen MS. Antiretroviral-drug concentrations in semen: implications for sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1817-26. [PMID: 10428898 PMCID: PMC89376 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.8.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Kashuba
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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8
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Leutenegger CM, Klein D, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Mislin C, Hummel U, Böni J, Boretti F, Guenzburg WH, Lutz H. Rapid feline immunodeficiency virus provirus quantitation by polymerase chain reaction using the TaqMan fluorogenic real-time detection system. J Virol Methods 1999; 78:105-16. [PMID: 10204701 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An improved quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method based on a combination of real-time detection and the 5'-3' nuclease activity of the Taq DNA polymerase was developed to quantify the provirus load of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus of veterinary importance and an animal model for AIDS research. Two fluorogenic probes were designed to detect FIV provirus in genomic DNA of peripheral lymphocytes and tissues infected with different FIV subtypes. The most sensitive assay can detect one copy of FIV provirus. The assay showed excellent precision within-run and between-runs. Comparison of the TaqMan system with a conventional seminested PCR assay revealed a comparable detection limit and good correlation. Furthermore the design of the two probes allowed the detection of various FIV isolates of clade A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Leutenegger
- Department of Internal Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Jordan HL, Howard JG, Bucci JG, Butterworth JL, English R, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Tompkins MB, Tompkins WA. Horizontal transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus with semen from seropositive cats. J Reprod Immunol 1998; 41:341-57. [PMID: 10213322 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The AIDS virus of cat species, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), has been used extensively as an animal model of HIV-1 infection. This felid lentivirus shares many molecular and biochemical traits with HIV-1 and causes similar immunologic and clinical perturbations, most notably CD4+ cell loss, impaired cell-mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. Previous reports have shown that FIV is transmitted horizontally by biting and vertically in utero and through nursing. Our objective was to determine whether FIV could be venereally transmitted in domestic cats. In the first experiment, susceptibility of the female reproductive tract to mucosal transmission of the FIV isolate, NCSU1, was demonstrated via intravaginal inoculation with infected cultured cells. We next identified virus in electroejaculates from asymptomatic, chronically FIV-NCSU1-infected, adult males. A fragment of FIV gag provirus DNA was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in nonfractionated seminal cells and in swim-up sperm preparations. Additionally, replication-competent virus was isolated from cell-free seminal plasma and seminal cells by co-cultivation with a feline CD4+ T-cell line. In the third study, queens were artificially inseminated via an intrauterine laparoscopic technique with electroejaculates from FIV-NCSU1-infected males. Of six inseminations carried out with fresh semen, three resulted in infection of queens. Lastly, immunohistochemical studies identified potential virus target cell populations in normal female reproductive tissues. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that FIV infection in domestic cats may provide a unique small animal model of sexual transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Jordan
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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10
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Meyer D, Anderson DE, Gardner MB, Torres JV. Hypervariable epitope constructs representing variability in envelope glycoprotein of SIV induce a broad humoral immune response in rabbits and rhesus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:751-60. [PMID: 9643375 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using synthetic peptides, we developed an approach to account for protein epitope variability. We have prepared, in a single synthesis, a cocktail of peptides we have designated a hypervariable epitope construct (HEC), which collectively represents much of the in vivo variability seen in an epitope. Eight HECs representing the in vivo variability seen throughout the envelope glycoprotein of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were designed and synthesized. The constructs were collectively conjugated to KLH (HEC-KLH) or recombinant gp130 (HEC-rgp130) and used to immunize rabbits and rhesus macaques, respectively. Using sera collected from rabbits immunized with HEC-KLH, we demonstrated that individual components of the immunogen were recognized as antigen in ELISAs, and that the induced antibodies cross-reacted with several strains of SIV as well as with a strain of HIV-2. Following immunization of macaques with HEC-rgp130 antiviral antibodies were induced. These antibodies were still present 9.5 months after the last boost and were also capable of recognizing several different strains of SIV, including SIVmac239, SIVmac251, and SIVsmH3, as well as a strain of HIV-2 (HIV-2ROD). In addition, the antibodies were also capable of neutralizing SIV viral infectivity in vitro. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from immunized macaques proliferated in response to whole proteins and virus. Finally, sera from monkeys immunized with SIV, rgp130, and HIV-2 as well as sera from HIV-2-positive humans recognized HECs in ELISAs, demonstrating the relevance of these epitopes in vivo. This approach can be used as an effective method for generating a strong, broadly cross-reactive humoral response against HIV and can serve as an important component of combination vaccines against HIV and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meyer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, USA
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11
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Leutenegger CM, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Holznagel E, Cuisinier AM, Wolfensberger C, Duquesne V, Cronier J, Allenspach K, Aubert A, Ossent P, Lutz H. Partial protection by vaccination with recombinant feline immunodeficiency virus surface glycoproteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:275-83. [PMID: 9491919 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to induce a strong immune response that might protect against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) challenge infection, three groups of five specified pathogen-free (spf) cats each were immunized subcutaneously with different FIV antigen preparations. Immunizations were done at weeks 0, 2, and 4 with 100 microg of recombinant SU from an FIV Zurich 2 (FIV Z2) strain expressed by E. coli (group 1) or the baculovirus expression system (groups 2 and 3) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxyde and administered with QS-21 (groups 1 and 2) or Freund's adjuvant together with the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (protein NC) of rabies virus (group 3). Protein NC was described to act as an exogenous superantigen. Group 3 cats demonstrated the highest detectable antibody response to the vaccine antigen as determined by ELISA and Western blot analysis. All immunized cats together with seven control animals were challenged with 20 CID50 of cat lymphocyte-grown FIV Z2 3 weeks following the last immunization. Whereas virus was readily recovered from peripheral blood lymphocytes of seven of seven nonvaccinated control cats following this challenge dose, virus was not recovered from two cats of groups 1 and 2. All cats in groups 2 and 3 showed a provirus load significantly decreased to 3% of that of controls up to week 8 after challenge infection. Eleven of 15 vaccinated cats and 5 of 7 control cats developed virus-neutralizing antibodies by week 8 after challenge infection. The two cats negative on virus isolation remained seronegative, developed no detectable virus-neutralizing activities, but were repeatedly positive in provirus PCR. Moreover, starting at week 1 after challenge, both cats showed the lowest provirus load in their respective groups. These results indicate that immunization with recombinant FIV SU in conjunction with appropriate adjuvants may lead to partial protection against FIV challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Leutenegger
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Internal Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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IMMUNOLOGY OF THE CAT. HANDBOOK OF VERTEBRATE IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [PMCID: PMC7150114 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012546401-7/50010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hohdatsu T, Okada S, Motokawa K, Aizawa C, Yamamoto JK, Koyama H. Effect of dual-subtype vaccine against feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Microbiol 1997; 58:155-65. [PMID: 9453127 PMCID: PMC7117228 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dual-subtype feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccine, consisting of inactivated cells infected with subtypes A (Petaluma strain) and D (Shizuoka strain), was developed and tested for its vaccine efficacy against FIV infection in specific pathogen free (SPF) cats. Animals were monitored for proviral DNA by FIV-specific PCR and for FIV-specific antibody profiles by ELISA and virus-neutralization assays. In addition, blood from challenged cats was inoculated into naive SPF cats to confirm the viral status of the vaccinated cats. All cats immunized with Petaluma vaccine alone were protected against homologous Petaluma challenge, but only one of four cats was protected against heterologous Shizuoka challenge. More importantly, all cats immunized with the dual-subtype vaccine were protected against both Petaluma and Shizuoka challenges. These results suggest that a multi-subtype vaccine approach may provide the broad-spectrum immunity necessary for vaccine protection against strains from different subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hohdatsu
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan.
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14
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Hohdatsu T, Fujimori S, Maeki M, Suma N, Motokawa K, Okada S, Koyama H. Virus neutralizing antibody titer to feline immunodeficiency virus isolates of subtypes A, B and D in experimentally or naturally infected cats. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:377-81. [PMID: 9192359 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Six strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) classified into subtypes A, B and D were examined by cross-neutralization test using Kumi-1 cells (CD4+, CD8+, and CD9+), an interleukin-2 dependent feline T-lymphocyte cell line. Neutralizing activities against these six FIV strains were also investigated in 50 FIV-antibody-positive serum samples collected from different geographical regions in Japan. The cross-neutralization test revealed that antisera against the six strains tended to possess high neutralizing activity against the homologous strain. These antisera were also capable of neutralizing viral strains of the same subtype. However, some of the antisera were broadly crossreactive with all six FIV strains. Serum samples collected from naturally infected cats in the field showed various neutralization patterns for the six FIV strains. These observations reflect the antigenic diversity in FIV strains prevailing in the field. There were also broadly crossreactive serum samples, and 36% (18/50 samples) showed neutralization for all six FIV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hohdatsu
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Beatty JA, Willett B, Dalgleish A, Jarrett O. Evaluation of commercially available assays of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin for the assessment of disease progression in FIV-infected cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 56:185-9. [PMID: 9220591 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum or plasma samples from cats at different stages of feline immunodeficiency (FIV) infection and from uninfected cats were tested using immunoassays designed to detect human neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M). The results obtained from the anti-human neopterin assay did not correlate with infection status, time post-infection, fCD4 count or clinical picture. Feline samples gave negative results in the anti-human beta 2M assay. The assay kits used in this study are not suitable for the determination of the effect of FIV infection on immune activation markers in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, UK
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16
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Böttiger D, Johansson NG, Samuelsson B, Zhang H, Putkonen P, Vrang L, Oberg B. Prevention of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsm, or HIV-2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys by pre- and postexposure administration of BEA-005. AIDS 1997; 11:157-62. [PMID: 9030361 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199702000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the possibilities and limitations of postexposure treatment to prevent the establishment of infection after accidental exposure to HIV. DESIGN AND METHODS The effect of 2,3'-dideoxy-3'-hydroxymethyl cytidine (B1 A-005) was investigated on acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 infections in macaques in pre- and postexposure treatment experiments. RESULTS Postexposure treatment with BLA-005 (3 x 10 mg/kg) for as short as 3 days prevented infection with SIVsm after intravenous or rectal inoculation. Infection with HIV-2 could also be blocked by postexposure BFA-005 treatment. CONCLUSION This study shows that therapeutic intervention can block early systemic and mucosal infections with SIV and HIV-2. Further evaluation is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Böttiger
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Holznagel E, Ossent P, Lutz H. Parameters of disease progression in long-term experimental feline retrovirus (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus) infections: hematology, clinical chemistry, and lymphocyte subsets. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:33-42. [PMID: 9008278 PMCID: PMC170472 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.1.33-42.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
After several years of latency, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) cause fatal disease in the cat. The aim of this study was to determine laboratory parameters characteristic of disease progression which would allow a better description of the asymptomatic phase and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the two infections. Therefore, experimentally infected cats (FIV and/or FeLV positive) and control animals were observed over a period of 6.5 years under identical conditions. Blood samples were analyzed for the following: complete hematology, clinical chemistry, serum protein electrophoresis, and determination of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. The following hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were markedly changed in the FIV-infected animals from month 9 onwards: glucose, serum protein, gamma globulins, sodium, urea, phosphorus, lipase, cholesterol, and triglyceride. In FeLV infection, the markedly changed parameters were mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea. In contrast to reports of field studies, neither FIV-positive nor FeLV-positive animals developed persistent leukopenia, lymphopenia, or neutropenia. A significant decrease was found in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in FIV-positive and FIV-FeLV-positive animals mainly due to loss of CD4+ lymphocytes. In FeLV-positive cats, both CD4+ and, to a lesser degree, CD8+ lymphocytes were decreased in long-term infection. The changes in FIV infection may reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction, changes in energy and lipid metabolism, and transient activation of the humoral immune response as described for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The changes in FeLV infection may also reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction and, in addition, changes in erythrocyte and immune function of the animals. No severe clinical signs were observed in the FIV-positive cats, while FeLV had a severe influence on the life expectancy of persistently positive cats. In conclusion, several parameters of clinical chemistry and hematology were changed in FIV and FeLV infection. Monitoring of these parameters may prove useful for the evaluation of candidate FIV vaccines and antiretroviral drugs in cats. The many parallels between laboratory parameters in FIV and HIV infection further support the importance of FIV as a model for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hofmann-Lehmann
- Department of Internal Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Lü X, Miller CJ. Concentration of IgG in the sera of normal rhesus macaques as determined by a species-specific radial immunodiffusion assay. J Immunol Methods 1996; 197:193-6. [PMID: 8890907 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Kitagawa M, Aizawa S, Ikeda H, Hirokawa K. Establishment of a therapeutic model for retroviral infection using the genetic resistance mechanism of the host. Pathol Int 1996; 46:719-25. [PMID: 8916140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to retroviral infection is often regulated by multiple genes that control different aspects of the host-virus interaction. Genetically distinct inbred strains of mice differ in their susceptibility to retrovirus and have allowed the identification of several host-resistant loci that regulate the host defense mechanism to retroviral infection. Using the murine retrovirus infection system, a therapeutic model has been developed of retrovirus infection in association with the resistant mechanism of host genes. The most effective result achieved with the model was when using bone marrow transplantation of retrovirus-resistant cells with receptor interference function, which was genetically defined by the Fv-4 resistant gene. The possible application of these findings to the gene therapy of retrovirus-induced disease of humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kitagawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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20
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Joling P, Broekhuizen R, de Weger RA, Rottier PJ, Egberink H. Immunohistochemical demonstration of cellular antigens of the cat defined by anti-human antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 53:115-27. [PMID: 8941974 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(96)05551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and some polyclonal rabbit sera directed against human antigens were studied on cryostat tissue sections of three cats using immunohistochemistry. Reactivity of the antibodies was tested on feline tonsil, intestine, thymus, lymph node and spleen with a three-step immunoperoxidase technique and compared with reactions on human thymus, lymph node and spleen. From a total of 95 antibodies, 28 gave reactivity comparable with that in human tissues. The remaining antibodies gave none or miscellaneous results. The positive reactions in the cat included antibodies directed to adhesion molecules (VLA-2 and VLA-4), to natural killer (NK) cells (CD56, CD57 and NCAM), to complement receptor CR1, to proliferation marker Ki-67 (MIB-1), to endothelial antigens (EN-4, PAL-E and von Willebrand factor) and to structural proteins like vimentin, desmin, collagen type IV and cytokeratin. The identification of these cross-reacting antibodies extends the spectrum of immunological reagents that are now available for the cat, and will thus contribute to the study of the feline immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Joling
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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21
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Beatty JA, Willett BJ, Gault EA, Jarrett O. A longitudinal study of feline immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in experimentally infected cats, using antigen-specific induction. J Virol 1996; 70:6199-206. [PMID: 8709246 PMCID: PMC190644 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.9.6199-6206.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in two cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was monitored. Effector cells were derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes during the acute and chronic phases of infection (0 to 21 and 62 to 127 weeks, respectively) and from the spleen and lymph nodes at 127 weeks after infection. Lymphocytes were restimulated in vitro with paraformaldehyde-fixed, autologous lymphoblasts which had been infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing FIV GAG or ENV proteins. Unstimulated lymphocytes were also used as effectors in some assays. 51Cr-labelled autologous skin fibroblasts infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses were used as targets. FIV GAG-specific cytotoxic precursors were detected in restimulated circulating lymphocytes during acute infection in both cats. The onset of this activity was as early as 2 weeks postinfection (p.i.) in one cat. From 62 weeks p.i. neither FIV GAG- nor ENV-specific precursors could be detected in the peripheral blood. However, at 127 weeks p.i., GAG- and ENV-specific cytotoxic precursors were detected in lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes. The FIV-specific cytotoxic cells were predominantly major histocompatibility complex class I restricted. No cytotoxic activity was detected from unstimulated lymphocytes. These studies demonstrate the use of an assay system for dissecting the FIV-specific cytotoxic cell response and show that precursor cells appear in the circulation very early after infection and prior to a detectable antibody response. Our results also suggest that the persistent high-level circulating antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses seen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans may not be a feature of FIV infections in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, United Kingdom
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22
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Jeng CR, English RV, Childers T, Tompkins MB, Tompkins WA. Evidence for CD8+ antiviral activity in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1996; 70:2474-80. [PMID: 8642675 PMCID: PMC190091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.4.2474-2480.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a long, asymptomatic infection characterized by normal to elevated numbers of circulating CD8+ cells and a progressive decline in CD4+ cells. It has been speculated that HIV-specific antiviral activity driven by CD8+ T cells may control viral replication during this period and maintain the clinically asymptomatic stage of disease. The disease induced in cats by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is similar to HIV in that it is characterized by a long asymptomatic stage with a progressive decline in CD4+ cells, culminating in AIDS. In the present study, we demonstrate that FIV is more readily isolated from CD8+ T-cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of FIV-infected cats than from unfractionated PBMC cultures. In addition, CD8+ T cells isolated from FIV-positive cats demonstrating anti-FIV activity in PBMC cultures inhibit FIV infection of FCD4E cells in vitro. Anti-FIV activity is not found in FIV- negative cats and is not characteristic of cats acutely infected with FIV but is present in the majority of chronically infected, clinically asymptomatic and symptomatic cats. Decreases in plasma and cell-associated viremia during the acute-stage FIV infection appears to precede the appearance of CD8+ anti-FIV cells in the circulation. In summary, this study demonstrates a population(s) of CD8+ T cells in chronically FIV-infected cats capable of suppressing FIV replication in cultured PBMC. The significance of anti-FIV CD8+ cells in the immunopathogenesis of the infection and disease progression has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Jeng
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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23
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Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Leutenegger C, Allenspach K, Cuisinier AM, Cronier J, Duquesne V, Aubert A. Vaccination of cats with recombinant envelope glycoprotein of feline immunodeficiency virus: decreased viral load after challenge infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:431-3. [PMID: 8882327 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Lutz
- Department of Internal Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Although experimental viral infections in animals have been used extensively in the development of antiviral drugs used as monotherapy, they have not been utilized widely for evaluation of combination chemotherapy. One of the major reasons for the lack of use of animal models is that for the diseases that are the main target for combination therapy, AIDS and hepatitis B and C infections, there is a lack of suitable models for these diseases. In contrast, most combination studies in animal models have been directed against herpes simplex virus infections but there are relatively few patients available who would benefit from combination therapy over single agent therapy. In between those two extremes are the cytomegalovirus infections. While there are animal models available that have been predictive of efficacy in humans and there are sufficient patients available, the use of antiviral combinations in animal models and in humans have begun only recently. At the present time there is not enough information available to establish the predictability for any of the animal models for efficacy of combinations of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-2170, USA
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25
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de Jong MD, Boucher CA, Galasso GJ, Hirsch MS, Kern ER, Lange JM, Richman DD. Consensus symposium on combined antiviral therapy. International Society for Antiviral Research and the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Antiviral Res 1996; 29:5-29. [PMID: 8721539 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D de Jong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Matteucci D, Pistello M, Mazzetti P, Giannecchini S, Del Mauro D, Zaccaro L, Bandecchi P, Tozzini F, Bendinelli M. Vaccination protects against in vivo-grown feline immunodeficiency virus even in the absence of detectable neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 1996; 70:617-22. [PMID: 8523581 PMCID: PMC189855 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.1.617-622.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, vaccination experiments against feline immunodeficiency virus have used in vitro-grown virus to challenge the vaccinated hosts. In this study, cats were vaccinated with fixed feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cells and challenged with plasma obtained from cats infected with the homologous virus diluted to contain 10 cat 50% infectious doses. As judged by virus culture, PCRs, and serological analyses performed over an 18-month period after the challenge, all of the vaccinated cats were clearly protected. Interestingly, prior to challenge most vaccines lacked antibodies capable of neutralizing a fresh isolate of the homologous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Matteucci
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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27
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Tsai CC, Follis KE, Sabo A, Beck TW, Grant RF, Bischofberger N, Benveniste RE, Black R. Prevention of SIV infection in macaques by (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine. Science 1995; 270:1197-9. [PMID: 7502044 DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5239.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of pre- and postexposure treatment with the antiviral compound (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA) was tested against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques as a model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PMPA was administered subcutaneously once daily beginning either 48 hours before, 4 hours after, or 24 hours after virus inoculation. Treatment continued for 4 weeks and the virologic, immunologic, and clinical status of the macaques was monitored for up to 56 weeks. PMPA prevented SIV infection in all macaques without toxicity, whereas all control macaques became infected. These results suggest a potential role for PMPA prophylaxis against early HIV infection in cases of known exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Tsai
- University of Washington Regional Primate Research Center, Seattle 98195, USA
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28
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Gonin P, Fournier A, Oualikene W, Moraillon A, Eloit M. Immunization trial of cats with a replication-defective adenovirus type 5 expressing the ENV gene of feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Microbiol 1995; 45:393-401. [PMID: 7483252 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00144-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to develop a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus suitable for the vaccination of cats against feline immunodeficiency virus. We first demonstrated that this vector was able to transfer a marker gene (E. coli beta-galactosidase) in feline cells in vitro. We then constructed an adenovirus type 5 expressing the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) envelope (ENV) gene of the Wo isolate in the absence of the rev gene (Ad-ENV-Wo). Ad-ENV-Wo was then tested in four cats in a 3 injections scheme (at day 0, day 30 and day 210). Four other control cats received Ad-gp50, a similar recombinant adenovirus expressing gp50 (Ad-gp50) of pseudorabies virus (PRV). Viruses were formulated in two different kind of oil adjuvants (water/oil and water/oil/water), a protocol previously shown to enhance the immune response against the virus-induced protein. The control cats developed neutralizing antibodies against PRV, demonstrating the potency of recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad5) as a vector in cats. Antibody responses appeared after the first injection and were higher with the water/oil/water formulation than with the water/oil controls. However, none of the four cats vaccinated with Ad-ENV-Wo developed antibodies against two peptides of the envelope protein. Animals were challenged with 20 infectious doses 50% of the strain Wo. All of them developed antibodies against FIV within 4 to 5 weeks, and FIV virus could be isolated from all.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gonin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moleculaire, Génétique virale, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Maisons Alfort, France
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29
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Kakinuma S, Motokawa K, Hohdatsu T, Yamamoto JK, Koyama H, Hashimoto H. Nucleotide sequence of feline immunodeficiency virus: classification of Japanese isolates into two subtypes which are distinct from non-Japanese subtypes. J Virol 1995; 69:3639-46. [PMID: 7745712 PMCID: PMC189079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3639-3646.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Shizuoka, Yokohama, Sendai-1, Sendai-2, Fukuoka, Aomori-1, and Aomori-2, were isolated from FIV-seropositive domestic cats in Japan, and their proviral DNAs were amplified by PCR. The nucleotide sequences of their env and gag genes were determined and compared with those of previously described isolates: U.S. and European isolates and one Japanese isolate, TM2. Phylogenetic analyses of complete env gene sequences demonstrate that worldwide isolates are classified into three subtypes: Japanese TM2, Japanese Shizuoka, and non-Japanese subtypes (U.S. and European isolates), with 20% amino acid distances from each other. This pattern indicates that an evolutionary radiation of these three subtypes of FIV occurred at approximately the same time. The sequence data of gag genes also confirmed these results. Furthermore, the Sendai-1 isolate was identified as an imported FIV isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kakinuma
- Department of Virology, Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Wlodawer A, Gustchina A, Reshetnikova L, Lubkowski J, Zdanov A, Hui KY, Angleton EL, Farmerie WG, Goodenow MM, Bhatt D. Structure of an inhibitor complex of the proteinase from feline immunodeficiency virus. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1995; 2:480-8. [PMID: 7664111 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0695-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a recombinant form of the proteinase encoded by the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV PR) has been solved at 2 A resolution and refined to an R-factor of 0.148. The refined structure includes a peptidomimetic, statine-based inhibitor, LP-149, which is an even more potent inhibitor of HIV PR. Kinetic parameters were obtained for the cleavage of five substrates by FIV PR, and inhibition constants were measured for four inhibitors. The structure of FIV PR resembles other related retroviral enzymes although few inhibitors of HIV PR are capable of inhibiting FIV PR. The structure of FIV PR will enhance our knowledge of this class of enzymes, and will direct testing of new proteinase inhibitors in a feline animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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31
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Magnani M, Rossi L, Fraternale A, Silvotti L, Quintavalla F, Piedimonte G, Matteucci D, Baldinotti F, Bendinelli M. FIV infection of macrophages: in vitro and in vivo inhibition by dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1995; 46:151-8. [PMID: 7618255 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)07014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated in vitro and in vivo whether it is possible to protect cat macrophages from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection by the administration of dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (DDCTP). Since cell membranes are impermeable to phosphorylated drugs we have encapsulated DDCTP into autologous erythrocytes and modified erythrocyte membranes to target these drug-loaded cells to macrophages. DDCTP-loaded erythrocytes reduced FIV production by macrophages infected in vitro or obtained from naturally or experimentally infected cats. The same treatment protected the majority of peritoneal macrophages during a 7 month experimental FIV infection and reduced the percentage of circulating lymphocytes stained with an anti-p24 antibody. These results suggest that the administration of nucleoside analogues in phosphorylated form is feasible and their targeting to macrophages reduces FIV infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magnani
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Urbino, Italy
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32
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Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Lombardi S, Poli A, Garzelli C, Matteucci D, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Malvaldi G, Tozzini F. Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:87-112. [PMID: 7704896 PMCID: PMC172850 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.8.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lentivirus feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a widespread pathogen of the domestic cat that is mainly transmitted through bites, although other means of transmission are also possible. Its prevalence ranges from 1 to 10% in different cat populations throughout the world, thus representing a large reservoir of naturally infected animals. FIV resembles the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in many respects. Similarities include the structural features of the virion, the general organization and great variability of the genome, the life cycle in the infected host, and most importantly, the pathogenic potential. Infection is associated with laboratory signs of immunosuppression as well as with a large variety of superinfections, tumors, and neurological manifestations. Our understanding of FIV is steadily improving and is providing important clues to the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency-inducing lentiviruses. The cellular receptor for FIV is different from the feline equivalent of the human CD4 molecule used by HIV; nevertheless, the major hallmark of infection is a progressive loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes as in HIV infection. The mechanisms by which FIV escapes the host's immune responses are being actively investigated. FIV causes lysis of infected T cells and also appears to predispose these cells to apoptosis. Infection of macrophages and other cell types has also been documented. For reasons yet to be understood, antibody-mediated neutralization of fresh FIV isolates is very inefficient both in vitro and in vivo. Vaccination studies have provided some encouraging results, but the difficulties encountered appear to match those met in HIV vaccine development. FIV susceptibility to antiviral agents is similar to that of HIV, thus providing a valuable system for in vivo preclinical evaluation of therapies. It is concluded that in many respects FIV is an ideal model for AIDS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bendinelli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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33
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Gardner MB, Dandekar S. Neurobiology of simian and feline immunodeficiency virus infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 202:135-50. [PMID: 7587360 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79657-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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34
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Smyth NR, Bennett M, Gaskell RM, McCracken CM, Hart CA, Howe JL. Effect of 3'azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) on experimental feline immunodeficiency virus infection in domestic cats. Res Vet Sci 1994; 57:220-4. [PMID: 7817010 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(94)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The compound 3'azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) inhibits the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cell culture, and treatment with the compound has been reported to induce some clinical improvement in some cases of feline FIV infection. In order to determine the effect of prophylactic treatment with AZT on experimental FIV infection, cats were treated with the compound at 0.2, 1.0, 5, 25 or 50 mg kg-1 day-1 for 29 days. One day after the treatment was started, they were inoculated with 150 cat infectious doses of FIV. All the cats became viraemic, seroconverted and developed lymphadenopathy, although the onset of each was delayed in the cats given higher doses of AZT. Anaemia developed in the cats given high doses of AZT. Virus re-isolated from the cats given 50 mg kg-1 day-1 was as susceptible to AZT in cell culture as the inoculated virus. Thus AZT is much less effective in cats than might have been expected from the results of in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Smyth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool
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35
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Magnani M, Rossi L, Fraternale A, Silvotti L, Quintavalla F, Piedimonte G, Matteucci D, Baldinotti F, Bendinelli M. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection of macrophages: in vitro and in vivo inhibition by dideoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate-loaded erythrocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:1179-86. [PMID: 7826702 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 and other mammalian lentiviruses infect macrophages, they are not cytopathic. Consequently, these infected long-lived cells serve as major virus reservoirs with a key role in the propagation of the virus throughout the body as well as in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Furthermore, well-differentiated macrophages possess low abilities to phosphorylate the most common reverse transcriptase inhibitors of the nucleoside analog family. In an attempt to overcome these problems we have evaluated in vitro and in vivo in a feline immunodeficiency animal model whether it is possible to protect macrophages from FIV infection by direct administration of dideoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (ddCTP). Because the cell membranes are impermeable to phosphorylated drugs we have encapsulated ddCTP into autologous erythrocytes. The drug-loaded erythrocyte membranes were then modified to target these carrier cells to macrophages. ddCTP-loaded erythrocytes were able to reduce FIV production by macrophages infected in vitro or obtained from naturally or experimentally infected cats. Furthermore, the administration of ddCTP-loaded erythrocytes protected the majority of peritoneal macrophages during a 7-month experimental FIV infection and reduced the percentage of circulating lymphocytes stained by an anti-p24 antibody. These results suggest that the administration of nucleoside analogs in phosphorylate form is feasible and their targeting to macrophages reduces FIV infection both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magnani
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Università di Urbino, Italy
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36
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Peri EV, Ponti W, Dall'ara P, Rocchi M, Zecconi A, Bonizzi L. Seroepidemiological and clinical survey of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in northern Italy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 40:285-97. [PMID: 8042281 PMCID: PMC7119872 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Four hundred and thirty-nine feline serum samples from cats with different living conditions in the north of Italy were tested for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and for antigen of Feline Leukemia Virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Western blot technique was also used on the positive sera in order to confirm the presence of specific antibodies to FIV. The Western blot enabled the detection of a false positive serum. The prevalence of FIV infection in this population was 12.5% and among the seropositive cats a greater proportion was male (74.5%) than female (25.5%). A correlation between the clinical status and the evolution of the pathology is described together with a score based on the severity of the stomatitis in infected cats. The Western blot patterns of positive samples were then compared with the stage of the pathology. Statistical analysis on the distribution of FIV in stray cats, cats with garden and courtyard access and strictly house-confined cats showed a highly significant risk of the infection in the first group.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Peri
- Istituto di Microbiologia e Immunologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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37
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Pavlovitch JH, Rizk-Rabin M, Picard F, Marussig M, Halbreich A. The significance of the pre-challenge immune status of mice for development of retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 96:64-8. [PMID: 8149668 PMCID: PMC1534529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of vaccination with RNA-free viral pseudoparticles, preinfection with non-pathogenic ecotropic virus, and induction of tolerance to viral proteins in newborns on the outcome of murine immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) were studied. The parameters used to follow disease progression were: lymphopenia, circulating B and T8 cells, serum IgG and IgM levels, lymphoproliferation and skin graft rejection. Immunization with RNA-free viral pseudoparticles had no effect on any of these parameters. Preinfection of adults with ecotropic virus and the induction of tolerance in newborns to virus antigens both attenuated the early symptoms of viral infection and delayed the onset of immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferation in some mice, but did not significantly alter the number of deaths due to MAIDS. Failure of immune-based therapy to produce successful protection against MAIDS suggests that immune destruction caused by the persistent virus rather than hyperimmune activity is the main pathogenic factor in this disease.
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38
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Johnson CM, Torres BA, Koyama H, Yamamoto JK. Tenth anniversary perspectives on AIDS. FIV as a model for AIDS vaccination. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:225-8. [PMID: 8018382 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C M Johnson
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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39
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Lohman BL, McChesney MB, Miller CJ, Otsyula M, Berardi CJ, Marthas ML. Mucosal immunization with a live, virulence-attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine elicits antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibodies in rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 1994; 23:95-101. [PMID: 7966240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine must protect against sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, vaccine regimens which stimulate antiviral immunity in the genital tract as well as in peripheral blood and systemic lymphoid tissues are needed. Here, we describe a method of immunization by direct inoculation of the vaginal submucosa with a live attenuated SIV, SIVmac1A11. Immunization by this route generated low levels of SIV-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and vaginal secretions and viral specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Lohman
- California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616
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40
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Lombardi S, Garzelli C, La Rosa C, Zaccaro L, Specter S, Malvaldi G, Tozzini F, Esposito F, Bendinelli M. Identification of a linear neutralization site within the third variable region of the feline immunodeficiency virus envelope. J Virol 1993; 67:4742-9. [PMID: 8392611 PMCID: PMC237860 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.4742-4749.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptides have been used to map linear B-cell epitopes of the third variable (V3) region of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) external membrane glycoprotein gp120. The analysis of sera from naturally and experimentally FIV-infected cats by Pepscan and enzyme immunoassay with four partially overlapping peptides evidenced three antibody-binding domains, two of which mapped in the carboxyl-terminal half of V3. In particular, the V3.3 sequence (Gly-392-Phe-413) turned out to be important for in vitro neutralization of the virus in that the peptide inhibited the FIV-neutralizing activity of pooled immune cat sera, and on the other hand, cat sera raised against this peptide effectively neutralized FIV infectivity for Crandell feline kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lombardi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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41
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Hohdatsu T, Pu R, Torres BA, Trujillo S, Gardner MB, Yamamoto JK. Passive antibody protection of cats against feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 1993; 67:2344-8. [PMID: 8383246 PMCID: PMC240393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.2344-2348.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
All six cats passively immunized with sera from either feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-vaccinated cats or cats infected with FIV (Petaluma strain) were protected from homologous FIV infection at a challenge dose that infected all six control cats. Passive immunization with sera from cats vaccinated with uninfected allogeneic T cells used to grow the vaccine virus did not protect either of two cats against the same FIV challenge. These results suggest that antiviral humoral immunity, perhaps in synergy with anticellular antibodies, may be responsible for previously reported vaccine protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hohdatsu
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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42
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Yamamoto JK, Hohdatsu T, Olmsted RA, Pu R, Louie H, Zochlinski HA, Acevedo V, Johnson HM, Soulds GA, Gardner MB. Experimental vaccine protection against homologous and heterologous strains of feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1993; 67:601-5. [PMID: 8380095 PMCID: PMC237403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.601-605.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 90% of cats immunized with inactivated whole infected-cell or cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccines were protected against intraperitoneal infection with 10 50% animal infectious doses of either homologous FIV Petaluma (28 of 30 cats) or heterologous FIV Dixon strain (27 of 28 cats). All 15 control cats were readily infected with either strain of FIV. Protection appears to correlate with antiviral envelope antibody levels by a mechanism yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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43
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Philpott MS, Ebner JP, Hoover EA. Evaluation of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine therapy for feline immunodeficiency virus using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 35:155-66. [PMID: 1337395 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90128-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the efficacy of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) as a prophylactic chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of lentivirus infections, three groups of specific pathogen free cats were treated with 0, 3, or 6 mg kg-1 twice daily doses of PMEA beginning 24 h prior to virus challenge with feline immunodeficiency virus Petaluma strain. Treatment was continued for 7 weeks post challenge. During this time cats were monitored for drug toxicity, virus specific antibody response, circulating viral antigen and infectious recoverable virus. To determine the long-term influence of PMEA therapy the cats were monitored for 1 year following the cessation of treatment. The low levels of infectious virus present in blood prompted the development of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to enumerate viral DNA burdens in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the infected cats and thereby assess drug efficacy. The results indicate that, although prophylactic PMEA did not prevent infection, it did substantially limit feline immunodeficiency virus replication. Furthermore, viral DNA levels remained low in the cats receiving drug a full year (the duration of the study) after cessation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Philpott
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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44
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Van Rompay KK, Marthas ML, Ramos RA, Mandell CP, McGowan EK, Joye SM, Pedersen NC. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant rhesus macaques as a model to test antiretroviral drug prophylaxis and therapy: oral 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine prevents SIV infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:2381-6. [PMID: 1489181 PMCID: PMC284339 DOI: 10.1128/aac.36.11.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophylactic and therapeutic properties of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection were tested in four 3-month-old rhesus macaques. The infant monkeys were inoculated intravenously with a low dose (1 to 10 100% animal infectious doses) of uncloned SIVmac. The monkeys were treated orally with 50 mg of AZT per kg of body weight every 8 h; two animals were started on treatment 2 h prior to virus inoculation, and two animals were started on treatment 6 weeks later. All four animals were treated for a period of 6 to 10 weeks. Outward signs of AZT toxicity were absent, but a mild macrocytic anemia occurred soon after therapy was started and resolved shortly after it was discontinued. The two infants that were begun on AZT treatment 2 h prior to virus inoculation never became infected, as demonstrated by the inability to detect cell-free or cell-associated virus in the blood, proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or anti-SIV antibodies. AZT administration over a 10-week period had no detectable effect on the course of disease in the two animals that were begun on treatment after the infection had been established. In addition to demonstrating the prophylactic effect of AZT against low-dose SIV exposure, the study demonstrated the ease with which infant rhesus macaques can be used for antiretroviral drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Van Rompay
- California Regional Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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45
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Rollinson EA. Prospects for Antiviral Chemotherapy in Veterinary Medicine: 1. Feline Virus Diseases. Antivir Chem Chemother 1992. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper, which is published in two parts, reviews the literature pertaining to antiviral chemotherapy of viruses of veterinary importance. While early reports in the 1970s referred to the chemotherapy of a number of different RNA and DNA viruses, there was considerable focus in the 1980s, initially on herpesviruses and latterly on retroviruses, particularly in cats. Details are given of the successful treatments of FeLV and FIV, which have been used as animal models for HIV therapy. The high costs of developing and registering a new chemical entity, especially for food species, in which extensive toxicity/residue data are required, is the main reason why specific antiviral compounds are not currently available for veterinary use, although some non-specific immune modulators are now emerging. Concurrent availability of appropriate diagnostic tools is a prerequisite for successful veterinary antiviral chemotherapy, as is a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of virus infections in animals and the development of more sophisticated means of drug delivery, appropriate to both food animal species and companion animals. Additionally, antiviral agents are valuable as research tools per se, as opposed to solely as chemotherapeutic agents.
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46
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Bennett M, Smyth NR. Feline immunodeficiency virus: a brief review. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1992; 148:399-412. [PMID: 1330201 PMCID: PMC7130289 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/1992] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), previously known as feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus (FTLV), was first described by Pedersen et al. (1987) who isolated the virus from cats with a variety of clinical signs suggestive of immunodeficiency. Since then FIV has become one of the most studied feline viruses, not least because of its similarity to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) which cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bennett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Field Station, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral
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47
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Gardner M, Yamamoto J, Marthas M, Miller C, Jennings M, Rosenthal A, Luciw P, Planelles V, Yilma T, Giavedoni L. SIV and FIV vaccine studies at UC Davis: 1991 update. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1495-8. [PMID: 1334682 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Gardner
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis
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48
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Harbour DA. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection as a model for HIV infection in man. Rev Med Virol 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1980020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Luciw PA, Shaw KE, Unger RE, Planelles V, Stout MW, Lackner JE, Pratt-Lowe E, Leung NJ, Banapour B, Marthas ML. Genetic and biological comparisons of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:395-402. [PMID: 1571198 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a designation for a group of related but unique lentiviruses identified in several primate species. A viral isolate from a rhesus macaque (i.e., SIVmac) causes a fatal AIDS-like disease in experimentally infected macaques, and several infectious molecular clones of this virus have been characterized. This report presents the complete nucleotide sequence of molecularly cloned SIVmac1A11, and comparisons are made with the sequence of molecularly cloned SIVmac239. SIVmac1A11 has delayed replication kinetics in lymphoid cells but replicates as well as uncloned SIVmac in macrophage cultures. Macaques infected with virus from the SIVmac1A11 clone develop antiviral antibodies, but virus does not persist in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and no disease signs are observed. SIVmac239 infects lymphoid cells, shows restricted replication in cultured macrophages, and establishes a persistent infection in animals that leads to a fatal AIDS-like disease. Both viruses are about 98% homologous at the nucleotide sequence level. In SIVmac1A11, the vpr gene as well as the transmembrane domain of env are prematurely truncated, whereas the nef gene of SIVmac239 is prematurely truncated. Sequence differences are also noted in variable region 1 (V1) in the surface domain of the env gene. The potential implications of these and other sequence differences are discussed with respect to the phenotypes of both viruses. This animal model is critically important for investigating the roles of specific viral genes in viral/host interactions that cannot be studied in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Luciw
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616
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50
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Putkonen P, Thorstensson R, Cranage M, Nilsson C, Ghavamzadeh L, Albert J, Greenaway P, Biberfeld G. A formalin inactivated whole SIV
mac
vaccine in Ribi adjuvant protects against homologous and heterologous SIV challenge. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Putkonen
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | | | - Martin Cranage
- Division of PathologyPHLSCentre for Applied Microbiology and ResearchPorton DownWiltshireU.K
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Lili Ghavamzadeh
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of VirologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Greenaway
- Division of PathologyPHLSCentre for Applied Microbiology and ResearchPorton DownWiltshireU.K
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
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