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Koutsoudakis G, Paris de León A, Herrera C, Dorner M, Pérez-Vilaró G, Lyonnais S, Grijalvo S, Eritja R, Meyerhans A, Mirambeau G, Díez J. Oligonucleotide-Lipid Conjugates Forming G-Quadruplex Structures Are Potent and Pangenotypic Hepatitis C Virus Entry Inhibitors In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02354-16. [PMID: 28193659 PMCID: PMC5404530 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02354-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic affecting HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) is expanding worldwide. In spite of the improved cure rates obtained with the new direct-acting antiviral drug (DAA) combinations, the high rate of reinfection within this population calls urgently for novel preventive interventions. In this study, we determined in cell culture and ex vivo experiments with human colorectal tissue that lipoquads, G-quadruplex DNA structures fused to cholesterol, are efficient HCV pangenotypic entry and cell-to-cell transmission inhibitors. Thus, lipoquads may be promising candidates for the development of rectally applied gels to prevent HCV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Koutsoudakis
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexia Paris de León
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Pérez-Vilaró
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sébastien Lyonnais
- AIDS Research Group, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdics August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) and Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) and Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gilles Mirambeau
- AIDS Research Group, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdics August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculté de Biologie, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Juana Díez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Yamada H, Nagase S, Takahashi K, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Okamoto S. Toll-like receptor 9 ligand D-type oligodeoxynucleotide D35 as a broad inhibitor for influenza A virus replication that is associated with suppression of neuraminidase activity. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:81-92. [PMID: 26923882 PMCID: PMC7113795 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The most effective drugs available to treat influenza are neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, which provide important additional measures for the control of influenza virus infections. However, since the emergence of NA inhibitor-resistant viruses may compromise the clinical utility of this class of anti-influenza agents, it is very important to develop new anti-influenza agents which target a different region in NA responsible for its sensitivity from that for NA inhibitors and could be used to treat NA inhibitors-resistant isolates. The oligodeoxynucleotide D35, multimerized and aggregated, suppressed replication of influenza A viruses except A/WSN/33 (WSN). The suppressive viral replication by D35 depended on G-terad and multimer formation. The range of the suppressive viral replication at the late stage, including virus assembly and release from infected cells, was much larger than that at the initial stage, viral attachment and entry. D35 suppressed NA activity of influenza A viruses. Furthermore, replacing the NA gene of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8), in which viral replication was inhibited by D35 at the late stage, with the NA gene from WSN, in which viral replication was not inhibited, eliminated the D35-dependent suppression. D35 showed an additive anti-influenza effect with oseltamivir. It was also effective in vivo. These results suggest that the influenza virus NA mainly contributse to the D35-suppressible virus release from infected cells at the late stage. In addition, because administration of D35 into the virus-infected mice suppressed viral replication and weight loss, clinical application of D35 could be considered. The oligodeoxynucleotide D35 suppressed replication of some influenza A viruses. D35 inhibits viral replication at the late step which is dependent on NA activity. Antiviral mechanism by D35 is different from that by oseltamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Zhang N, Bing T, Liu X, Qi C, Shen L, Wang L, Shangguan D. Cytotoxicity of guanine-based degradation products contributes to the antiproliferative activity of guanine-rich oligonucleotides. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3831-3838. [PMID: 29218153 PMCID: PMC5707456 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03949a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich oligonucleotides with lower nuclease resistance exhibited higher antiproliferative activity; guanine-based compounds showed highly concentration-dependent cytotoxicity.
Guanine-rich oligonucleotides (GROs) have attracted considerable attention as anticancer agents, because they exhibit cancer-selective antiproliferative activity and can form G-quadruplex structures with higher nuclease resistance and cellular uptake. Recently, a GRO, AS1411 has reached phase II clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia and renal cell carcinoma. The antiproliferative activity of GROs has been associated with various protein targets; however the real mechanisms of action remain unclear. In this study, we showed evidence that antiproliferative activity of GROs (including AS1411) is mainly contributed by the cytotoxicity of their guanine-based degradation products, such as monophosphate deoxyguanosine (dGMP), deoxyguanosine (dG) and guanine. The GROs with lower nuclease resistance exhibited higher antiproliferative activity. Among nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleobases, only guanine-based compounds showed highly concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that it is necessary to reconsider the cancer-selective antiproliferative activity of GROs. Since guanine-based compounds are endogenous substances in living organisms, systematic studies of the cytotoxicity of these compounds will provide new information for the understanding of certain diseases and offer useful information for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tao Bing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509
| | - Cui Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509
| | - Luyao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509
| | - Dihua Shangguan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-62528509
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Sauter MM, Gauger JJL, Brandt CR. Oligonucleotides designed to inhibit TLR9 block Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection at multiple steps. Antiviral Res 2014; 109:83-96. [PMID: 24995383 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen which requires activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) during its replication cycle. The persistent nature of HSV-1 infection, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, highlights the importance of research to develop new antiviral agents. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a prominent role during the early antiviral response by recognizing viral nucleic acid and gene products, activating NFκB, and stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines. We demonstrate a significant effect on HSV-1 replication in ARPE-19 and Vero cells when oligonucleotides designed to inhibit TLR9 are added 2h prior to infection. A greater than 90% reduction in the yield of infectious virus was achieved at oligonucleotide concentrations of 10-20 μM. TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotides prevented expression of essential immediate early herpes gene products as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. TLR9 oligonucleotides also interfered with viral attachment and entry. A TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotide containing five adjacent guanosine residues (G-ODN) exhibited virucidal activity and inhibited HSV-1 replication when added post-infection. The antiviral effect of the TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotides did not depend on the presence of TLR9 protein, suggesting a mechanism of inhibition that is not TLR9 specific. TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotides also reduced NFκB activity in nuclear extracts. Studies using these TLR inhibitors in the context of viral infection should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Sauter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Joshua J L Gauger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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5
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Iversen AC, Steinkjer B, Nilsen N, Bohnhorst J, Moen SH, Vik R, Stephens P, Thomas DW, Benedict CA, Espevik T. A proviral role for CpG in cytomegalovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5672-81. [PMID: 19380814 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TLR9-dependent signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells is a key contributor to innate immune defense to mouse CMV infection. We aimed to study the expression and potential contribution of TLR9 signaling in human CMV (HCMV) infection of primary fibroblasts. HCMV infection strongly induced TLR9 expression in two of three fibroblast types tested. Furthermore, the TLR9 ligand CpG-B induced a strong proviral effect when added shortly after HCMV infection, enhancing virus production and cell viability. However, not all CpG classes displayed proviral activity, and this correlated with their IFN-beta-inducing ability. The proviral effect of CpG-B correlated completely with concurrent viral up-regulation of TLR9 in fibroblasts. Importantly, the timing of CpG addition was a critical parameter; in striking contrast to the proviral effect, CpG addition at the time of infection blocked viral uptake and nearly abolished HCMV production. The contrasting and time-dependent effects of CpG on HCMV infectivity reveal a complex interplay between CpG, TLR9, and HCMV infection. Additionally, the data suggest a potentially harmful role for CpG in the promotion of HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Iversen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Bates PJ, Laber DA, Miller DM, Thomas SD, Trent JO. Discovery and development of the G-rich oligonucleotide AS1411 as a novel treatment for cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 86:151-64. [PMID: 19454272 PMCID: PMC2716701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Certain guanine-rich (G-rich) DNA and RNA molecules can associate intermolecularly or intramolecularly to form four stranded or "quadruplex" structures, which have unusual biophysical and biological properties. Several synthetic G-rich quadruplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides have recently been investigated as therapeutic agents for various human diseases. We refer to these biologically active G-rich oligonucleotides as aptamers because their activities arise from binding to protein targets via shape-specific recognition (analogous to antibody-antigen binding). As therapeutic agents, the G-rich aptamers may have some advantages over monoclonal antibodies and other oligonucleotide-based approaches. For example, quadruplex oligonucleotides are non-immunogenic, heat stable and they have increased resistance to serum nucleases and enhanced cellular uptake compared to unstructured sequences. In this review, we describe the characteristics and activities of G-rich oligonucleotides. We also give a personal perspective on the discovery and development of AS1411, an antiproliferative G-rich phosphodiester oligonucleotide that is currently being tested as an anticancer agent in Phase II clinical trials. This molecule functions as an aptamer to nucleolin, a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed by cancer cells, both intracellularly and on the cell surface. Thus, the serendipitous discovery of the G-rich oligonucleotides also led to the identification of nucleolin as a new molecular target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bates
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Amphipathic DNA polymers exhibit antiherpetic activity in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2727-33. [PMID: 18505857 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00279-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorothioated oligonucleotides have a sequence-independent antiviral activity as amphipathic polymers (APs). The activity of these agents against herpesvirus infections in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The previously established sequence-independent, phosphorothioation-dependent antiviral activity of APs was confirmed in vitro by showing that a variety of equivalently sized homo- and heteropolymeric AP sequences were similarly active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in vitro compared to the 40mer degenerate parent compound (REP 9), while the absence of phosphorothioation resulted in the loss of antiviral activity. In addition, REP 9 demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of other herpesviruses: HSV-2 (50% effective concentration [EC(50)], 0.02 to 0.06 microM), human cytomegalovirus (EC(50), 0.02 to 0.13 microM), varicella zoster virus (EC(50), <0.02 microM), Epstein-Barr virus (EC(50), 14.7 microM) and human herpesvirus types 6A/B (EC(50), 2.9 to 10.2 microM). The murine microbicide model of genital HSV-2 was then used to evaluate in vivo activity. REP 9 (275 mg/ml) protected 75% of animals from disease and infection when provided 5 or 30 min prior to vaginal challenge. When an acid-stable analog (REP 9C) was used, 75% of mice were protected when treated with 240 mg/ml 5 min prior to infection (P < 0.001), while a lower dose (100 mg/ml) protected 100% of the mice (P < 0.001). The acid stable REP 9C formulation also provided protection at 30 min (83%, P < 0.001) and 60 min (50%, P = 0.07) against disease. These observations suggest that APs may have microbicidal activity and potential as broad-spectrum antiherpetic agents and represent a novel class of agents that should be studied further.
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Kirk Field A, Goodchild J. Section Review: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Antisense oligonucleotides: Rational drug design for genetic pharmacology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.9.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Guzman EM, Cheshenko N, Shende V, Keller MJ, Goyette N, Juteau JM, Boivin G, Vaillant A, Herold BC. Amphipathic DNA Polymers are Candidate Vaginal Microbicides and Block Herpes Simplex Virus Binding, Entry and Viral Gene Expression. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Amphipathic DNA polymers are promising therapies for the prevention of HIV and genital herpes infections. Recent studies on a panel of such compounds indicated potent activity against HIV binding and entry. This current study was conducted to explore the anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity of the same panel of compounds and to determine their mechanism of activity. Methods The anti-HSV activity of a 40-nucleotide degenerate polymer (REP 9), a 40-nucleotide polycytidine amphipathic DNA polymer (REP 9C) and an analogue lacking amphipathic activity (Randomer 3) were compared in plaque reduction assays in the absence or presence of human genital tract secretions; the mechanisms of anti-HSV activity were explored. Results REP 9 inhibited HSV infection 10,000-fold, whereas Randomer 3 displayed no anti-HSV activity. The antiviral activity was independent of sequence but was dependent on size: the most potent activity was observed for analogues of 40 nucleotides in length. Mechanistic studies indicated that REP 9 and REP 9C blocked HSV-2 binding and entry, were active when added post-entry, inhibited viral gene expression and blocked HSV-induced apoptosis. Confocal microscopy studies showed rapid delivery of fluorescently tagged REP 9 and REP 9C into human epithelial cells, and delivery was significantly greater in infected cells as compared with uninfected cells. REP 9 exhibited no cytotoxicity and retained anti-HSV activity in the presence of cervicovaginal secretions and when virus was introduced in seminal plasma. Conclusions REP 9 and REP 9C represent a novel class of antiviral agents that act by multiple mechanisms. These compounds warrant further development for systemic or topical delivery for the prevention and treatment of HIV and HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda M Guzman
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Natalia Cheshenko
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Vikas Shende
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Marla J Keller
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Nathalie Goyette
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, St. Foy, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, St. Foy, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Shogan B, Kruse L, Mulamba GB, Hu A, Coen DM. Virucidal activity of a GT-rich oligonucleotide against herpes simplex virus mediated by glycoprotein B. J Virol 2006; 80:4740-7. [PMID: 16641267 PMCID: PMC1472053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4740-4747.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the antiviral mechanism of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, ISIS 5652, which has activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the low micromolar range in plaque reduction assays. We isolated a mutant that is resistant to this compound. Marker rescue and sequencing experiments showed that resistance was due to at least one of three mutations in the UL27 gene which result in amino acid changes in glycoprotein B (gB). Because gB has a role in attachment and entry of HSV, we tested the effects of ISIS 5652 at these stages of infection. The oligonucleotide potently inhibited attachment of virus to cells at 4 degrees C; however, the resistant mutant did not exhibit resistance at this stage. Moreover, a different oligonucleotide with little activity in plaque reduction assays was as potent as ISIS 5652 in inhibiting attachment. Similarly, ISIS 5652 was able to inhibit entry of pre-attached virions into cells at 37 degrees C, but the mutant did not exhibit resistance in this assay. The mutant did not attach to or enter cells more quickly than did wild-type virus. Strikingly, incubation of wild-type virus with 1 to 2 microM ISIS 5652 at 37 degrees C led to a time-dependent, irreversible loss of infectivity (virucidal activity). No virucidal activity was detected at 4 degrees C or with an unrelated oligonucleotide at 37 degrees C. The resistant mutant and a marker-rescued derivative containing its gB mutations exhibited substantial resistance to this virucidal activity of ISIS 5652. We hypothesize that the GT-rich oligonucleotide induces a conformational change in gB that results in inactivation of infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Shogan
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Praseuth D, Guieysse AL, Hélène C. Triple helix formation and the antigene strategy for sequence-specific control of gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1489:181-206. [PMID: 10807007 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific gene expression involves the binding of natural ligands to the DNA base pairs. Among the compounds rationally designed for artificial regulation of gene expression, oligonucleotides can bind with a high specificity of recognition to the major groove of double helical DNA by forming Hoogsteen type bonds with purine bases of the Watson-Crick base pairs, resulting in triple helix formation. Although the potential target sequences were originally restricted to polypurine-polypyrimidine sequences, considerable efforts were devoted to the extension of the repertoire by rational conception of appropriate derivatives. Efficient tools based on triple helices were developed for various biochemical applications such as the development of highly specific artificial nucleases. The antigene strategy remains one of the most fascinating fields of triplex application to selectively control gene expression. Targeting of genomic sequences is now proved to be a valuable concept on a still limited number of studies; local mutagenesis is in this respect an interesting application of triplex-forming oligonucleotides on cell cultures. Oligonucleotide penetration and compartmentalization in cells, stability to intracellular nucleases, accessibility of the target sequences in the chromatin context, the residence time on the specific target are all limiting steps that require further optimization. The existence and the role of three-stranded DNA in vivo, its interaction with intracellular proteins is worth investigating, especially relative to the regulation of gene transcription, recombination and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Praseuth
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, INSERM U201, CNRS UMR 8646, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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12
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Ojwang JO, Rando RF. Achieving antisense inhibition by oligodeoxynucleotides containing N(7)-modified 2'-deoxyguanosine using tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1. Methods 1999; 18:244-51. [PMID: 10454982 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1999.0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are being explored as therapeutic agents for the treatment of many disorders including viral infections, cancers, and inflammatory disorders. In addition, antisense technology can be of great benefit to those attempting to assign function to the multitude of new genes being uncovered in the genomics initiative. However, the demonstration that the gene-regulating effects produced by antisense-designed ODNs are attributable to an antisense mechanism of action requires carefully designed experimentation. Critical to the assignment of an antisense mechanism of action is the availability of nuclease-stable ODNs, inside cells, that have a high binding affinity with the target mRNA and modulate gene functions in a sequence-dependent manner. To help us achieve a goal of sequence-specific antisense activity we designed antisense ODNs containing C(5)-propyne-modified 2'-deoxyuracil and N(7)-propyne-modified 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine bases and partially modified (phosphorothioate) internucleoside linkages. These modified ODNs were found to have enhanced binding affinity to their target mRNA sequences as well as reduced sequence-independent side effects. We used these ODNs to specifically inhibit p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 expression and tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated functions in culture assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Ojwang
- ZymeTx, Inc., 800 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104-3600, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Field
- Hybridon, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Vlassov VV, Vlassova IE, Pautova LV. Oligonucleotides and polynucleotides as biologically active compounds. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 57:95-143. [PMID: 9175432 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V V Vlassov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Kilkuskie RE, Field AK. Antisense inhibition of virus infections. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 40:437-83. [PMID: 9217933 PMCID: PMC7129323 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the new approaches to identify novel antiviral drug targets and to develop novel antiviral strategies. The chapter also reviews genetic pharmacology as it relates to antiviral antisense research and drug development. Antisense oligonucleotides are selective compounds by virtue of their interaction with specific segments of RNA. For potential antivirals, identification of appropriate target RNA sequences for antisense oligonucleotides is performed at two levels: the optimal gene within the virus, and the optimal sequence within the RNA. The importance of these oligonucleotide modifications in designing effective drugs is just now being evaluated, both in animal model systems and in the clinic. The first generation of widely used antisense oligonucleotides has been the phosphorothioate (PS) compounds and a body of data on biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism in animals and in humans is now available. Since the identification and sequencing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there has been a strong interest in identifying a potent oligonucleotide inhibitor that would have the potential for development as a therapy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Numerous phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, with no apparent antisense sequence specificity, can have an anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) effect. Oligonucleotides can be effective anti-influenza agents in cell culture assays. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein that is a transactivator has been also reported to be targeted successfully by antisense oligonucleotides in vivo. Several of picornaviruses have been targets for antisense oligonucleotide inhibition, and the studies demonstrate the versatility of the antisense approach. However, the fact that oligonucleotides may contribute numerous mechanisms toward the antiviral activity, in addition to the antisense mechanism, may in some cases be an asset in the pursuit of clinically useful antiviral drugs.
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Agatsuma T, Yamamoto I, Furukawa H, Nishigaki T. Guanine-rich oligonucleotide modified at the 5' terminal by dimethoxytrityl residue inhibits HIV-1 replication by specific interaction with the envelope glycoprotein. Antiviral Res 1996; 31:137-48. [PMID: 8811198 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(96)00960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a guanine-rich oligonucleotide SA-1042, DmTr-TGGGAGGTGGGTCTG, neutralizes HIV-1 infectivity, blocks syncytium formation and inhibits the binding of recombinant gp120 to immobilized soluble CD4 in vitro (Furukawa et al., 1994). We have now investigated the precise mode of action of SA-1042. We show here that SA-1042 specifically antagonizes the binding of anti-V3 loop antibodies or anti-CD4 binding-site antibodies to recombinant gp120, and also blocks the binding of an anti-V3 loop antibody to the V3 peptide (gp120IIIB: aa302-324). In contrast, SA-1042 does not inhibit gp120 binding of monoclonal antibodies directed to other regions of gp120, such as the conserved N-terminal regions (gp120IIIB: aa35-108 or gp120IIIB: aa72-130) or the C-terminal region (gp120IIIB: aa481-496). Furthermore, SA-1042 does not interfere with the binding of monoclonal antibodies directed to other molecules, gp41, CD4, CD11a, CD18, CD26, CD44 or CD54. These data suggest that SA-1042 exerts its antiviral effects by targeting the V3 loop as well as the CD4 binding site on gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Agatsuma
- Biological Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Diabata M, Enzinger EM, Monroe JE, Kilkuskie RE, Field AK, Mulder C. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against the BZLF1 transcript inhibit induction of productive Epstein-Barr virus replication. Antiviral Res 1996; 29:243-60. [PMID: 8739603 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene product, ZEBRA, in latently infected cells is sufficient to induce the viral lytic cycle. The use of oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the BZLF1 transcript was studied to inhibit this induction of productive viral replication. For this purpose, we employed oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the translation initiation codons and their flanking sequences. Incubation of Akata cells with the 25-mer phosphodiester (PO)- or phosphorothioate (PS)-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides for 3 h before stimulation with anti-immunoglobulin G antibodies (anti-IgG) partially inhibited the anti-IgG-mediated induction of ZEBRA synthesis. Both the PO- and PS-antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatments also suppressed the productive EBV replication (as measured by linear DNA production) in a dose-dependent manner, with much greater efficiency than did PO and PS-oligodeoxynucleotides with sense, reverse or random sequences of the same length. Another 20-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to sequences downstream of the translation initiation codons showed a similar inhibitory effect on EBV replication. However, the inhibition was considerably lower when the cells were treated with oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to sequences upstream of the start codons. These results indicate that BZLF1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit the viral activation in a sequence-specific fashion. In the virus-producer cell line P3HR-1, the same PS-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides also partially suppressed the spontaneous viral replication after 6-10 days, substantially more than the PS-random oligodeoxynucleotides. Inhibition of BZLF1 appears to be sufficient to suppress the induction of EBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diabata
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655-0126, USA
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18
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Guy-Caffey JK, Bodepudi V, Bishop JS, Jayaraman K, Chaudhary N. Novel polyaminolipids enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31391-6. [PMID: 8537413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new polyaminolipids have been synthesized for the purpose of improving cellular uptake of oligonucleotides. The amphipathic compounds are conjugates of spermidine or spermine linked through a carbamate bond to cholesterol. The polyaminolipids are relatively nontoxic to mammalian cells. In tissue culture assays, using fluorescent-tagged or radiolabeled triple helix-forming oligonucleotides, spermine-cholesterol and spermidine-cholesterol significantly enhance cellular uptake of the oligomers in the presence of serum. Spermine-cholesterol is comparable with DOTMA/DOPE (a 1:1 (w/w) formulation of the cationic lipid N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)-propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) and the neutral lipid dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE)) in increasing cellular uptake of oligonucleotides, while spermidine-cholesterol is more efficient. The internalized oligonucleotides are routed to the nucleus as early as 20 min after treatment, suggesting that the polyaminolipids increase the permeability of cellular membranes to oligonucleotides. At later times, much of the incoming oligonucleotides are sequestered within punctate cytoplasmic granules, presumably compartments of endosomal origin. Coadministration with polyaminolipids markedly improves the cellular stability of the oligonucleotides; more than 80% of the material can be recovered intact up to 24 h after addition to cells. In the absence of the polyaminolipids, nearly all of the material is degraded within 6 h. These data suggest that the new polyaminolipids may be useful for the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Guy-Caffey
- Aronex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas 77381, USA
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19
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Lin KI, Lee SH, Narayanan R, Baraban JM, Hardwick JM, Ratan RR. Thiol agents and Bcl-2 identify an alphavirus-induced apoptotic pathway that requires activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. J Cell Biol 1995; 131:1149-61. [PMID: 8522579 PMCID: PMC2120641 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.131.5.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed as a common mediator of apoptotic death. To investigate further the role of oxidants in this process we have studied the effects of antioxidants on Sindbis virus (SV)-induced apoptosis in two cell lines, AT-3 (a prostate carcinoma line) and N18 (a neuroblastoma line). The thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), at concentrations above 30 mM, completely abrogates SV-induced apoptosis in AT-3 and N18 cells. The effects of NAC cannot be attributed to inhibition of viral entry or viral replication, changes in extracellular osmolarity or to increases in cellular glutathione levels, nor can they be mimicked by chelators of trace metals, inhibitors of lipid peroxidation or peroxide scavengers. In contrast, other thiol agents including pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 75 microM) are protective. Because NAC and PDTC are among the most effective inhibitors of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, we examined SV's ability to activate NF-kappa B before the onset of morphologic or biochemical evidence of apoptosis. Within hours of infection, SV induced a robust increase in nuclear NF-kappa B activity in AT-3 and N18 cells; this activation was suppressible by NAC and PDTC. Over-expression of bcl-2 in AT-3 cells, which has been shown to inhibit SV-induced apoptosis, also inhibits SV-induced NF-kappa B activation. To determine if NF-kappa B activation is necessary for SV-induced apoptosis in these cells, we used double stranded oligonucleotides with consensus NF-kappa B sequences as transcription factor decoys (TFDs) to inhibit NF-kappa B binding to native DNA sites. Wild-type, but not mutant, TFDs inhibit SV-induced apoptosis in AT-3 cells. In contrast, TFD inhibition of NF-kappa B nuclear activity in N18 cells did not prevent SV-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these observations define a cell type-specific, transcription factor signaling pathway necessary for SV-induced apoptosis. Understanding the precise mechanism by which Bcl-2 and thiol agents inhibit SV-induced nuclear NF-kappa B activity in AT-3 cells may provide insights into the pluripotent antiapoptotic actions of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Lin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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20
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Ojwang JO, Bhattacharya BK, Marshall HB, Korba BE, Revankar GR, Rando RF. Inhibition of episomal hepatitis B virus DNA in vitro by 2,4-diamino-7- (2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2570-3. [PMID: 8585748 PMCID: PMC162987 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.11.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analog 2,4-diamino-7-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D- arabinofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (T70080) and several related compounds were evaluated for anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity by using cultured 2.2.15 cells. T70080 reduced episomal viral replication in these cells by 50% at a concentration of 0.7 microgram/ml. At the same time, T70080 reduced cellular proliferation by 50% at a concentration in excess of 100 micrograms/ml, yielding a therapeutic index of > 143. In cells cultured for 12 days in the presence of 10 or 50 micrograms of T70080 per ml and then with drug-free medium, for an additional 12 days, viral DNA replication was completely inhibited initially but resumed between 6 and 12 days post-drug removal. In view of the potent anti-HBV activity shown, T70080 is a good candidate for further evaluation as a treatment of human HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Ojwang
- Triplex Pharmaceutical Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, USA
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21
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Fennewald SM, Rando RF. Inhibition of high affinity basic fibroblast growth factor binding by oligonucleotides. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21718-21. [PMID: 7665590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides can be used to inhibit the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to cells. Though standard phosphodiester oligonucleotides show a slight inhibition of binding, the oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages have inhibition levels equivalent to that of the polyanion heparin. Variations in sequence of the oligonucleotides does lead to differences in the inhibitory action of the oligonucleotides. This inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may account for much of the published data on inhibition of various genes by proposed antisense oligonucleotides and needs to be taken into account when considering the mechanism of action of oligonucleotides in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fennewald
- Triplex Pharmaceutical Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas 77380, USA
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