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Zhao X, Castelli FR, Wang R, Auger AP, Marler CA. Testosterone-related behavioral and neural mechanisms associated with location preferences: A model for territorial establishment. Horm Behav 2020; 121:104709. [PMID: 32007517 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Territoriality is an adaptive behavioral trait that is important for animal's fitness and there still remains much to learn about the proximate mechanisms underlying the development of territoriality. We speculate that the formation of a conditioned place preference (CPP), an increased time allocation to the environment where a rewarding experience occurred, contributes to territoriality. Testosterone (T) plays an important role in modulating territorial behaviors and T pulses can induce a CPP. We confirmed previous findings in California mice (Peromyscus californicus) that T pulses can induce a CPP in singly-housed, but not group-housed males. Housing singly may be similar enough to dispersal in nature to initiate similar hormonal and neuroanatomical changes needed for the development of territoriality. We further revealed that T pulses interact with the single housing experience and appear to enhance the motivation to be aggressive towards a stimulus male. On a neural level, being singly housed upregulated levels of androgen receptors in the preoptic area, which positively correlated with the strength of the CPP. We speculate that this change in androgen sensitivity in the preoptic area is characteristic of males that have dispersed, making them more sensitive to T pulses. Also, single housing increased markers of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens, ventral and dorsal hippocampus, neural changes that may be associated with dispersal, reproduction and territory establishment. These behavioral and neural changes may reflect the life history transition from residing in the natal territory to dispersing and establishing a new territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Frank R Castelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anthony P Auger
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Catherine A Marler
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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2
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Goody SMG, Cannon KE, Liu M, Kallman MJ, Martinolle JP, Mazelin-Winum L, Giarola A, Ardayfio P, Moyer JA, Teuns G, Hudzik TJ. Considerations on nonclinical approaches to modeling risk factors of suicidal ideation and behavior. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:288-301. [PMID: 28757322 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Given the serious nature of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) and the possibility of treatment-emergent SIB, pharmaceutical companies are now applying more proactive approaches in clinical trials and are considering the value of nonclinical models to predict SIB. The current review summarizes nonclinical approaches to modeling three common risk factors associated with SIB: aggression, impulsivity, and anhedonia. For each risk factor, a general description, advantages and disadvantages, species considerations, nonclinical to clinical translation, and pharmacological validation with respect to treatments associated with SIB are summarized. From this review, several gaps were identified that need to be addressed before use of these nonclinical models can be considered a viable option to predict the relative risk for SIB. Other future directions that may compliment these nonclinical approaches, including the use of selectively-bred or genetically-modified rodent models, transgenic models, gene expression profiling, and biomarker analysis, are discussed. This article was developed with the support of the DruSafe Leadership Group of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ, www.iqconsortium.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M G Goody
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | - M Liu
- Drinker, Biddle and IQ Consortium, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M J Kallman
- Kallman Preclinical Consulting, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | | | - A Giarola
- GlaxoSmithKline Safety Pharmacology Department, Ware, UK
| | - P Ardayfio
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J A Moyer
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - G Teuns
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - T J Hudzik
- ALA BioPharm Consulting, Gurnee, IL, USA
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Takatsu-Coleman AL, Patti CL, Zanin KA, Zager A, Carvalho RC, Borçoi AR, Ceccon LM, Berro LF, Tufik S, Andersen ML, Frussa-Filho R. Short-term social isolation induces depressive-like behaviour and reinstates the retrieval of an aversive task: mood-congruent memory in male mice? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38. [PMID: 23182303 PMCID: PMC3692723 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mood-congruent memory (MCM), or the tendency to recall information consistent with one's mood, is a robust phenomenon in human depression, to our knowledge, it has never been demonstrated in animals. METHODS Mice were subjected to social isolation (SI) or crowding for 12 hours and had their depressive-like behaviour (evaluated by the forced swim, tail suspension, sucrose preference and splash tests) or their serum corticosterone concentrations evaluated. In addition, we determined the temporal forgetting curve of the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task (PM-DAT) and examined the effects of SI or crowding on memory retrieval in the PM-DAT. Finally, we verified the effects of metyrapone pretreatment on reinstatement of memory retrieval or on the increase of corticosterone levels induced by SI. RESULTS Twelve hours of SI produced depressive-like behaviour, enhanced corticosterone concentration and reinstated retrieval of a forgotten discriminative aversive (i.e., negatively valenced) task. Depressive-like behaviour was critical for this facilitative effect of SI because 12 hours of crowding neither induced depressive-like behaviour nor enhanced retrieval, although it increased corticosterone levels at the same magnitude as SI. However, corticosterone increase was a necessary condition for MCM in mice, in that the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone abolished SI-induced retrieval reinstatement. LIMITATIONS Our study did not investigate the effects of the social manipulations proposed here in a positively valenced task. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the present paper provides the first evidence of MCM in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Frussa-Filho
- Correspondence: R. Frussa-Filho or C.L. Patti, Departamento de Farmacologia – UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 862 - Ed. Leal Prado, 1° andar –04023062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; or
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Berry A, Bellisario V, Capoccia S, Tirassa P, Calza A, Alleva E, Cirulli F. Social deprivation stress is a triggering factor for the emergence of anxiety- and depression-like behaviours and leads to reduced brain BDNF levels in C57BL/6J mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:762-72. [PMID: 21974975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a main risk factor that can trigger psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and major depression. Neurotrophins, such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), have been identified as neuroendocrine effectors involved in the response to stress and in the neurobehavioural changes associated with depression. Aim of this paper was to study the relationship between neuroendocrine activation (circulating corticosterone and brain BDNF levels) and a wide array of depression- and anxiety-like behaviours (anhedonia, behavioural despair, generalised and social anxiety) resulting from exposure to chronic stress. To this end, 3-month-old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to either chronic disruption of the social structure (SS), to a stable social structure (SG) or to social deprivation (SD), a condition lacking social stimuli. Results show that, despite not developing anhedonia (decreased preference for a sucrose solution), SD mice were characterised by increased emotionality and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity in addition to reduced BDNF levels. By contrast, SG and SS mice showed increased anhedonia accompanied by no alterations in the behavioural and neuroendocrine profile. The results here reported indicate that mice exposed to different social housing conditions use different behavioural strategies to cope with external challenges. In addition they suggest that social deprivation might represent a stressful condition triggering the emergence of both anxiety- and depression-like behaviours and clearly indicate BDNF as a main neurobiological variable mediating these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Berry
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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Kabuki Y, Mizobe Y, Yamada S, Furuse M. Dietary l-tyrosine alleviates the behavioral alterations induced by social isolation stress in mice. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:389-96. [PMID: 19712729 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress induces abnormal mental state and behavior, and can be a risk factor for mental disorders. Although it is reported that l-tyrosine, an amino acid that is a precursor of catecholamine synthesis, alleviated the change of cognition and behavior induced by acute stress, knowledge about its effects on chronic stress is limited. In the present study, the effects of dietary l-tyrosine on behavioral alteration induced by chronic stress were investigated by employing a social isolation stress model in mice. Social isolation stress increased locomotor activity in both the home cage and open field. These increases of locomotor activity were suppressed by dietary l-tyrosine. Moreover, l-tyrosine increased both the concentration and turnover rate of norepinephrine metabolites. These findings partly suggest the availability of dietary l-tyrosine for psychic dysfunctions induced by chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kabuki
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Bartolomucci A, Palanza P, Sacerdote P, Ceresini G, Chirieleison A, Panerai AE, Parmigiani S. Individual housing induces altered immuno-endocrine responses to psychological stress in male mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28:540-58. [PMID: 12689611 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation and lack of social support have deleterious effects on health, thus being regarded as one of the most relevant causes of diseases in human and other mammalian species. However, only few are the studies aimed at evaluating the psychoneuroimmunological functions of individually housed subjects. The present study was designed to understand how the behavior and the physiology of male house mice might be affected by individual housing. We first analyzed whether individual housing of different duration (1-42 days) would result in immuno-endocrine dysfunction (experiment 1). Then we investigated whether housing conditions would affect the reaction to an acute mild psychological stress (experiments 2 and 3). There were three main findings: first, individually housing mice for increasing time periods did not induce any major immuno-endocrine effects compared to a stable sibling group housing. Therefore, prolonged isolation does not seem to dramatically impair mice immuno-endocrine functions. Second, when exposed to a mild acute stress, i.e. forced exposure to a novel environment, isolated mice showed higher basal corticosterone and lower type 1 (IL-2) and type 2 (IL-4) cytokines as well as splenocytes proliferation compared to group housed male mice. Finally, when faced with a free choice between a novel environment and their home cage, individually housed mice showed reduced neophobic responses resulting in increased exploration of the novel environment, thus suggesting a low anxiety profile. Altogether, our findings suggest that individual housing in itself does not change immunocompetence and corticosterone level, but does affect reactivity to a stressor. In fact, individually housed mice showed high behavioral arousal, as well as altered immuno-endocrine parameters, when challenged with mild psychological novelty-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartolomucci
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Università di Parma, Parco area delle scienze 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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7
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Blednov YA, Stoffel M, Chang SR, Harris RA. GIRK2 deficient mice. Evidence for hyperactivity and reduced anxiety. Physiol Behav 2001; 74:109-17. [PMID: 11564458 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
G-protein activated inwardly rectifying potassium channel (GIRK2)-deficient (null mutant) mice were examined in three tests for anxiety: the elevated plus-maze, light/dark box and "canopy" test. In the elevated plus-maze test, GIRK2 null mutant mice spent a higher percentage of time in the open arms and showed a higher number of total entries. A short (6 days) period of social isolation decreased anxiety and also increased the total activity in GIRK2 mutant mice. However, the increase of total activity in GIRK2 null mutant mice was mostly due to an increase in the number of entries into the open arms. The behavior of the wild-type animals was not substantially changed after social isolation. In the light/dark box, GIRK2 homozygous (-/-) mice demonstrated a higher level of locomotion and a higher number of rearings in the light area. In the "canopy" test, GIRK2 mutant mice displayed an increased locomotion in the exposed area and a strong trend to decrease in the number of stretched attend postures (SAP) in the most secure "canopy" area. GIRK2 heterozygous (+/-) animals showed behavioral changes intermediate between wild-type and null mutants only in the elevated plus-maze test after social isolation. In all other tests, GIRK2 heterozygous (+/-) animals did not differ from wild-type mice. Taken together, this data demonstrates that GIRK2 null mutant mice have reduced anxiety with signs of hyperactivity. We suggest that the functional block of dopamine D3 receptors may be a reason for this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, A4800, 2500 Speedway, MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA.
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8
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Gariépy JL, Gendreau PL, Cairns RB, Lewis MH. D1 dopamine receptors and the reversal of isolation-induced behaviors in mice. Behav Brain Res 1998; 95:103-11. [PMID: 9754882 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that the high rates of social reactivity exhibited by isolated male mice in a dyadic encounter were mediated, at least in part, by an increased sensitivity of the D1 dopamine receptors. The present research was guided by the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of isolation are reversible, and that changes in dopaminergic function support this reversibility. To this end, mice selectively bred for high and low levels of aggression were reared in isolation from weaning (21 days) to puberty (45 days), at which point they were either assigned to groups or left in isolation until day 69. By comparison to the continuous isolation condition, mice that eventually formed groups exhibited significantly less reactivity in a dyadic test conducted on day 69, showed a reduced response to dihydrexidine (DHX), and a decreased density of D1 dopamine receptors. This experiment provided evidence for the plasticity of the neurobiological system supporting reactive responses, and confirmed the view that its functional organization is open to experientially-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gariépy
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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9
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Cabib S, Bonaventura N. Parallel strain-dependent susceptibility to environmentally-induced stereotypies and stress-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Physiol Behav 1997; 61:499-506. [PMID: 9108567 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food restriction (9 days) promoted stereotyped behavior in drug-free mice of the DBA/2 (DBA), but not in those of the C57BL/6 (C57), inbred strain. Indeed, behavior presented by food-restricted mice of the DBA strain within the home cage was characterised by a very high response rate within a single response: cage cover climbing. Moreover, enhanced climbing in food-restricted mice of the DBA strain was also observed in a test designed to detect stereotypic effects of drugs in mice. Stereotypic behavior in DBA mice did not depend on nutritional status because: 1. No stereotypies were observed in DBA mice food-deprived for 15 h; 2. no strain-dependent differences in weight loss were observed; and 3. enhanced cage cover climbing was still evident in DBA mice following 24 h of free feeding. Finally, food-restricted DBA mice showed long-lasting sensitization to the locomotor effects of systemic amphetamine, indicating stress-induced behavioral sensitization in this strain of mice. By contrast, no sign of behavioral sensitization was observed in food-restricted mice of the C57 strain. These results indicate that restricted feeding promotes stereotyped behavior, as well as behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, in mice. Moreover, the observed parallelism between strain-dependent susceptibility to environmentally-induced stereotypies and behavioral sensitization supports the hypothesis that these phenomena share common neuro-biological bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cabib
- Istituto di Psicobiologia e Psicofarmacologia (CNR), Rome, Italy
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10
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Guillot PV, Chapouthier G. Olfaction, GABAergic neurotransmission in the olfactory bulb, and intermale aggression in mice: modulation by steroids. Behav Genet 1996; 26:497-504. [PMID: 8917948 DOI: 10.1007/bf02359754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A model to explain individual differences in mice for the propensity to attack male conspecifics is proposed. In the first part of the paper, the relation between olfaction and intermale aggression is discussed emphasizing the importance of olfactory cues provided by the opponent and their subsequent processing by the attacking male. The physiological role of GABA in the olfactory pathway is presented in the second part of the paper. The third part investigates the possible modulating action of steroids on the GABA-A receptor complex, intermale aggression, and olfaction. We hypothesize that at least part of the individual differences in the propensity to attack may be explained by a differential olfactory recognition and discrimination of the opponent as a stranger through a differential processing threshold of the olfactory cues provided by the urine of the opponent. A possible modulation of this threshold by steroids, especially testosterone, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Guillot
- URA 1294, CNRS, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris V René Descartes, France.
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11
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Ferrari PF, Palanza P, Rodgers RJ, Mainardi M, Parmigiani S. Comparing different forms of male and female aggression in wild and laboratory mice: an ethopharmacological study. Physiol Behav 1996; 60:549-53. [PMID: 8840917 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(96)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 mg/kg fluprazine (a serotonergic psychoactive drug with antiaggressive properties) on intrasexual attack, infanticide, and predation (on an insect larva) in males and females of wild and Swiss mice. The results showed that, in both stocks of mice, fluprazine significantly inhibited intrasexual and infanticidal attack in both sexes, but predatory attack was not altered by the drug treatment. Motivational and neural substrates underlying intrasexual attack and infanticide appear, thus, to be related to each other, and similarly modulated in both males and females. Conversely, predatory attack seems to be under a different neurohumoral control. The similar regulation of proximal mechanisms of aggressive behavior observed in wild and Swiss mice suggests a common neurobiology of aggression. For this reason, the outbred laboratory Swiss mice appear to be a reliable model for studies on causal and functional mechanisms of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzionale, Universita di Parma-Viale delle Scienze, Italy.
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12
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Zocchi A, Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra S. Opposite strain-dependent differences for intermale aggressive behavior elicited by individual housing and housing with a female in the mouse. Aggress Behav 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:4<305::aid-ab2480200404>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rodgers RJ, Cole JC. Influence of social isolation, gender, strain, and prior novelty on plus-maze behaviour in mice. Physiol Behav 1993; 54:729-36. [PMID: 8248351 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90084-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural baseline is a critical determinant of response to drugs and other manipulations. In the present study, the influence of several organismic and procedural variables on basal plus-maze profiles in mice were examined. The methodology incorporated traditional behavioural parameters as well as novel measures derived from ethological analysis. Experiment 1 showed that social isolation for 1-3 weeks enhanced aggression in male DBA/2 mice but did not substantially alter their behaviour on the maze. A reduction in stretch attend postures did, however, suggest a minor reduction in anxiety in socially isolated animals. In Experiment 2, males of both DBA/2 and T1 strains exhibited higher levels of general activity on the maze than their female counterparts. Although additional evidence suggested that DBA/2 (but not T1) females were less anxious than males, no major sex differences were noted. Experiment 3 revealed a significant strain difference in plus-maze profiles, with T1 males showing a lower basal level of anxiety than DBA/2 males. This study also demonstrated that DBA/2 and T1 males react very differently to prior novelty experience, with enhanced anxiety evident in the former and reduced anxiety in the latter. Together, these findings point to a range of organismic and procedural variables that may account for inconsistencies in the literature on the elevated plus-maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rodgers
- Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
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14
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Popova NK, Nikulina EM, Kulikov AV. Genetic analysis of different kinds of aggressive behavior. Behav Genet 1993; 23:491-7. [PMID: 8267559 DOI: 10.1007/bf01067985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various kinds of aggressive behavior such as spontaneous intermale aggression, predatory aggression (locust-killing behavior), and irritable (shock-induced) aggression were investigated in inbred strains of mice. Genotype was shown to affect significantly the phenotypic variety of these kinds of aggression. There were, however, no interstrain correlations either between intermale aggression and predatory behavior or between intensity of intermale, shock-induced aggression and locust-killing behavior. Moreover, the intermale aggression level (percentage of fighting mice in each strain) did not correlate with the intensity of fighting. It has been shown by Mendelian analysis on C57BL/6J and BALB/c strains that these indices of intermale aggression are under different genetic control. The selection of Norway rats over 20 generations for reduced fear-induced aggressiveness toward man resulted in a decrease in irritable aggression and loss of an aggressive response to man. No changes in intermale and predatory aggression, however, were found. Hence, different kinds of aggressive behavior--intermale, predatory, and fear-induced aggression--seem to be controlled by different genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Popova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, USSR Academy of Science, Siberian Department, Novosibirsk
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15
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Alleva E. Assessment of Aggressive Behavior in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185277-1.50012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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16
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Everill B, Brain P, Rustana A, Mos J, Olivier B. Ethoexperimental analysis of the impact of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on social interactions in three strains of mice. Behav Processes 1991; 25:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(91)90045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/1991] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Sayegh JF, Kobor G, Lajtha A, Vadasz C. Effects of social isolation and the time of day on testosterone levels in plasma of C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice. Steroids 1990; 55:79-82. [PMID: 2326831 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(90)90029-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult male C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice were housed either in large groups (20 per cage) or individually, and levels of plasma testosterone were measured in samples taken in the morning (9 to 10 A.M.) and in the evening (9 to 10 P.M.). No significant strain differences were found in testosterone levels, but the mean testis weight was significantly higher in the BALB/cBy strain. Two-way analysis of variances of pooled plasma testosterone data showed that social isolation of males results in a significant increase in A.M. (but not P.M.) testosterone concentrations and increased testis weight in both strains. Our results suggest that differential housing of a social species can affect testicular function. Since testicular function can also be influenced by the time of day, the question is raised whether the expression of circadian variation in plasma testosterone level is dependent on population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sayegh
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
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18
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Misslin R, Belzung C, Vogel E. Behavioural Validation of a Light/Dark Choice Procedure for Testing Anti-Anxiety Agents. Behav Processes 1989; 18:119-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-6357(89)80010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/1989] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Siegfried B, Frischknecht HR. Naltrexone-reversible pain suppression in the isolated attacking mouse. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1988; 50:354-60. [PMID: 3202818 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(88)91082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fighting pairs of isolated DBA/2 mice showed a significant increase in tail-flick response latencies independent of whether opponents were losing or winning the combat. The effect lasted less than 10 min in both animals. Elevated pain thresholds were also found in isolates that attacked a nonaggressive conspecific, and were prevented by naltrexone (0.2 mg/kg), while a larger dose (1.0 mg/kg) inhibited the attack behavior. A small increase in pain threshold was observed after exposure of isolates to the test box alone, while isolation per se had no effect on baseline tail-flick latencies. The data demonstrate that endogenous pain suppressing systems are activated during attack and suggest that this opioid-mediated antinociception is a correlate of the isolation syndrome, reflecting enhanced arousal of the attacking animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Siegfried
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Gentsch C, Lichtsteiner M, Frischknecht HR, Feer H, Siegfried B. Isolation-induced locomotor hyperactivity and hypoalgesia in rats are prevented by handling and reversed by resocialization. Physiol Behav 1988; 43:13-6. [PMID: 3413245 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Differences in locomotor activity in the open field were found between individually and group-housed rats (isol greater than soc). Daily handling, initiated at postnatal day 1, was without effect in group-housed rats but prevented the isolation-induced hyperactivity. For tail-flick latency, strikingly similar differences (isol greater than soc; prevention by handling) have been observed. The isolation-induced aberrations in both locomotor reactivity in a novel environment and in pain sensitivity could be reversed by subsequent resocialization. This indicates that the altered sensitivities to external stimuli are caused by the environmental manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gentsch
- Psychiatric University Clinic Basle, Switzerland
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Kudryavtseva NN, Sitnikov AP. Influence of the genotype on the formation of aggressive and submissive behavior in mice. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 18:38-43. [PMID: 3386794 DOI: 10.1007/bf01186903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N N Kudryavtseva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk
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Exploration in two inbred strains of mice and their hybrids: additive and interactive models of gene expression. Anim Behav 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vickers C, Paterson AT. Social behaviour in pairs of C57BL/6 mice of both sexes in the open field: effects of saline drinking and of naloxone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 23:905-9. [PMID: 4080775 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found that saline drinking increases fighting in male pairs and decided to test this treatment (0.9% NaCl for 24 hours before test day 1; SAL) on social behaviour of both males and females. Paired C57BL/6 mice (same-sex pairs) were observed in the open field in daily sessions for three days. One member of each pair (test mouse) was given either SAL treatment, a control injection of saline (SI), an injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg IP; NLX) or a combination of both treatments (NLX + SAL). NLX alone had previously been found to increase aggression in resident/intruder tests at the dose used. Open field testing is not associated with aggressive encounters in our experience. SAL had little effect on (unaggressive) social behaviour in males, but increased social contact seeking in females. The NLX and NLX + SAL treatments had essentially the same effects, irrespective of sex; the treated animals showed behavioural inhibition (reduced social and ambulatory behaviour), while their untreated partners showed significantly more than normal interest in the naloxone treated mice. The results are discussed in terms of opioid involvement in social behaviour.
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Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S. The effect of age on two kinds of aggressive behavior in inbred strains of mice. Dev Psychobiol 1985; 18:477-82. [PMID: 4092836 DOI: 10.1002/dev.420180605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shock-induced aggressive behavior is absent or very weak in C57BL/6 mice at the age of 12 weeks, increases at the age of 16 weeks and reaches the highest levels at the age of 20 weeks. This age-dependent increase of aggressive responses is absent in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice at the three ages examined in our experiments. Social isolation induces a clear age-dependent increase of aggressive behavior in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice (the highest level being evident at 20 weeks of age) but not in C57BL/6 mice which are characterized by the lowest or absence of aggressive responses. These results are discussed in terms of the role of developmental and genetic factors in the expression of shock- and isolation-induced aggressive behavior in the laboratory mouse.
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Frischknecht HR, Siegfried B, Waser PG. Postaggression footshock inhibits aggressive behavior in dominant but not in isolated mice. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1985; 44:132-8. [PMID: 3834917 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior of dominant and isolated mice was assessed in intermale encounters with nonaggressive intruder mice. After an attack period of 90 s, the aggressor was exposed to a footshock punishment and retested the next day. The shock treatment, independent of the intensity and duration, failed to inhibit spontaneous aggression in isolated DBA/2 mice, while it significantly suppressed spontaneous aggression in dominant C57BL/6 mice. The different effects of post-trial shock punishment were not due to a different shock sensitivity and did not depend on the type of opponent used. Strain differences have been ruled out by the use of dominant and isolated ICR mice. Again, shock punishment was ineffective in isolates, while it reduced aggression in dominant animals. The findings were discussed with reference to the impaired learning performance reported for isolated animals, and suggest a difference between the aggression of isolated and that of dominant mice.
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Simler S, Puglisi-Allegra S, Mandel P. Effects of n-di-propylacetate on aggressive behavior and brain GABA level in isolated mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 18:717-20. [PMID: 6407034 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
n-di-Propylacetate (nDPA, valproate) a GABA-T inhibitor, injected IP at the dose of 300 mg/kg antagonized agonistic behavior of isolated DBA/2 mice in a time-dependent fashion in parallel to an increase of GABA levels in olfactory bulb, striatum, posterior colliculus and septum. After 75 min, aggressive responses were higher than those after 15 to 45 min and significantly lower in comparison with those of saline injected mice. After 120 min aggressive behavior was not different from that of control mice. The concentration of GABA in the striatum and olfactory bulb returned to control value 75 and 120 min after drug administration, respectively. After 120 min GABA levels in posterior colliculus and septum were lower than those after 15 to 75 min, although significantly higher in comparison with those of saline injected mice. The results are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of olfactory bulb and striatum in GABA-mediated control of isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice.
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Simler S, Puglisi-Allegra S, Mandel P. gamma-Aminobutyric acid in brain areas of isolated aggressive or non-aggressive inbred strains of mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 16:57-61. [PMID: 7199186 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of social isolation on aggressive behavior and GABA levels in different brain areas, inbred mice of the C57 Bl/6 and the DBA/2 strains were housed individually over a period of 8 weeks. Social isolation induced a clear increase of aggressive responses only in the DBA/2 strain and a decrease of GABA levels in septum, striatum, olfactory bulb and posterior colliculus in both the C57Bl/6 and in the DBA/2 strains. An increase of neurotransmitter concentration was observed in amygdala of DBA mice. DBA mice when compared to C57 mice showed significantly lower levels of GABA in olfactory bulb and striatum. These results are discussed in light of several previous studies which have pointed out a correlation between a deficiency of GABA mediated inhibition in some brain areas and different kinds of aggressive behavior as well as the possibility of a blockade of aggressive behavior by potentiation of GABAergic mediated inhibition. A possible suggestion emerging from our results is that the aggressive responses exhibited by isolated DBA mice but not by isolated C57 mice may be related to lower levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the olfactory bulb and striatum.
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Puglisi-Allegra S, Mandel P. Effects of sodium n-dipropylacetate, muscimol hydrobromide and (R,S) nipecotic acid amide on isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980; 70:287-90. [PMID: 6777802 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An inhibitor of GABA-T (sodium n-dipropylacetate), a GABA agonist (muscimol hydrobromide) and an inhibitor of GABA uptake (R,S) nipecotic acid amide were administered to DBA/2 isolated aggressive mice throughout three successive daily experimental sessions. Aggressive responses, measured by an automated device, were inhibited by the highest doses of the three drugs in each daily session. At the lowest doses, sodium, n-dipropylacetate and nipecotic acid amide failed to inhibit aggression in the first session while they were effective in the subsequent sessions. Muscimol was effective in the first session but did not differ significantly from saline in the second and third session. The highest doses of these three drugs did not affect spontaneous motor activity, indicating that the observed drug effects are rather specific.
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